romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18. On May 27, 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held. On June 18, 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky's call for an international day of prayer.

Q1: What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?
A1: plight of their Church.
Q2: When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?
A2: May 27, 1989
Q3: How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?
A3: an estimated 100,000
On August 19, 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On September 2, 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kiev, 10,000 in Zhytomyr, 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad, and 2,000 in Kharkiv. From September 8–10, 1989, writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, at its founding congress in Kiev. On September 17, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. On September 21, 1989, exhumation of a mass grave begins in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of Ivano-Frankivsk. On September 28, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko.

Q1: What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?
A1: draft election law
Q2: How many protesters were there in Lviv?
A2: 50,000
Q3: Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?
A3: Ivan Drach
Q4: Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?
A4: Kiev
On October 1, 1989, a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium, where a concert celebrating the Soviet "reunification" of Ukrainian lands was being held. On October 10, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people. On October 15, several thousand people gathered in Chervonohrad, Chernivtsi, Rivne, and Zhytomyr; 500 in Dnipropetrovsk; and 30,000 in Lviv to protest the election law. On October 20, faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv, the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s.

Q1: How many people demonstrated on October 1?
A1: 10,000 to 15,000
Q2: Who attacked the protest?
A2: militia
Q3: Where did the attack occur?
A3: in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium
Q4: What was happening in the stadium at the time?
A4: concert
Q5: Prior to the October 20 synod, when was the last one held in Lviv?
A5: 1930s
On October 24, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives. On October 26, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible. From October 26–28, the Zelenyi Svit (Friends of the Earth – Ukraine) environmental association held its founding congress, and on October 27 the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations.

Q1: Where were the strikes?
A1: Lviv
Q2: What were the strikes in protest against?
A2: police brutality
Q3: How many factories had strikes on October 26?
A3: twenty
On October 28, 1989, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1, 1990, Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine, while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups. On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the "victims of the repressions of 1939–1941" soon would be erected.

Q1: What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?
A1: Ukrainian
Q2: Who decided Ukraine's official language?
A2: Ukrainian Supreme Soviet
Q3: For what reason would the Russian be spoken?
A3: communication between ethnic groups
Q4: Where was the January 2 memorial service?
A4: Demianiv Laz
In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president.

Q1: When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?
A1: mid-November
Q2: The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?
A2: Gulag Camp No. 36
Q3: Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?
A3: Perm in the Ural Mountains
Q4: Where were the activists reburied?
A4: Baikove Cemetery.
Q5: Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?
A5: Pope John Paul II
On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.

Q1: What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?
A1: Chernobyl disaster site
Q2: Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?
A2: Ukraine
Q3: When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?
A3: 1986
Q4: What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?
A4: radioactivity symbols
Q5: How was the weather during the protest?
A5: torrential rain
Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.

Q1: Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?
A1: Soviet troops
Q2: Where is the Fergana Valley located?
A2: southeast of the Uzbek capital
Q3: Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?
A3: members of the Meskhetian minority
Q4: Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev?
A4: Rafiq Nishonov
Q5: Who replaced Nishonov?
A5: Karimov
In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire.

Q1: Where was the fatal June 19th riots?
A1: Zhanaozen
Q2: Who were the rioters?
A2: young men
Q3: What did the rioters try to take over?
A3: police station and a water-supply station
Q4: How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?
A4: five
Q5: What was attacked in Mangishlak?
A5: police station
Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as "Black January." Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died – the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.

Q1: Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?
A1: Armenians and Azerbaijanis
Q2: Who was killed in the January 9 riots?
A2: four Soviet soldiers
Q3: How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?
A3: more than 130
Q4: What were the January incidents called?
A4: Black January
Q5: How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?
A5: 26,000
Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc ("Dembloc"). In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.

Q1: What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?
A1: Popular Front
Q2: How many members were from opposition parties?
A2: 45
Q3: How many total members were there?
A3: 350
Q4: Who was elected to be Chairman in May?
A4: Mutalibov
On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.

Q1: How many miles long was the human chain?
A1: 300
Q2: Who organized this chain?
A2: Rukh
Q3: What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?
A3: Ukrainian
Q4: When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?
A4: 1946
Q5: In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?
A5: the Democratic Bloc
On April 6, 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield. On April 29–30, 1990, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party. On May 15 the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On June 4, 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On June 5–6, 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by Metropolitan Filaret.

Q1: Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?
A1: Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Q2: What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?
A2: Ukrainian Republican Party
Q3: What was the first day that the new parliament met?
A3: May 15
Q4: Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?
A4: Metropolitan Mstyslav
On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

Q1: How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?
A1: a week
Q2: Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?
A2: Volodymyr Ivashko
Q3: How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?
A3: four
On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5–7, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first "Youth for Christ" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28–30, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.

Q1: Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?
A1: Leonid Kravchuk
Q2: What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?
A2: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
Q3: Where was the August 9 liturgy held?
A3: St. George Cathedral.
Q4: Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?
A4: 1933
Q5: How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?
A5: 40,000
On October 25–28, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the "renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia’s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.

Q1: Where was the UAOC protest held?
A1: near St. Sophia’s Cathedral
Q2: Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?
A2: Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret
Q3: What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?
A3: liturgy
On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.

Q1: What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?
A1: Vilnius TV Tower
Q2: Where was the TV Tower located?
A2: Lithuania
Q3: What were the Soviets hoping to stop?
A3: independence movement
Q4: How many civilians died in the attack?
A4: Fourteen
Q5: What was attacked by Russians on July 31?
A5: Lithuanian border post in Medininkai
Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

Q1: What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize?
A1: Soviet Union
Q2: What was supposed to be signed on August 20?
A2: New Union Treaty
Q3: Who supported the treaty?
A3: Central Asian republics,
Q4: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?
A4: Communist Party
More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow’s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, "patriots," and Russian nationalists of the USSR – still strong within the CPSU and the military – were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.

Q1: What did radicals want to change the economy to?
A1: market economy
Q2: What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?
A2: disintegration
Q3: What was Yeltsin president of?
A3: the Russian Federation,
Q4: Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?
A4: Moscow’s
Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.

Q1: Who arrived to protect the White House?
A1: Muscovites
Q2: Who did the organizers want to arrest?
A2: Yeltsin
Q3: Where was Yeltsin during the coup?
A3: atop a tank
Q4: What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?
A4: speech-making
Q5: What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?
A5: CNN
On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence."

Q1: Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?
A1: Belarus
Q2: What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?
A2: Belavezha Accords
Q3: When was the meeting held?
A3: December 8
Q4: What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?
A4: the Commonwealth of Independent States
Q5: What was coming to an end?
A5: the USSR
On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. In effect, the largest and most powerful republic had seceded from the Union. Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down.

Q1: When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?
A1: December 12
Q2: Who ratified the Accords?
A2: the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Q3: Who was recalled?
A3: Russian deputies
Q4: Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?
A4: Gorbachev
Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also "accepted" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.

Q1: Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?
A1: Georgia
Q2: How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?
A2: 11
Q3: What did the Protocol establish?
A3: CIS
Q4: What was dissolved by the Protocol?
A4: Union
Q5: Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans?
A5: CBS