romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Q1: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
A1: nobles
Q2: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
A2: Cao Xueqin
Q3: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
A3: 1715–1763
Q4: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
A4: temples and imperial residences
Q5: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
A5: Qing Dynasty
There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Q1: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
A1: Rubia
Q2: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
A2: the wealthy
Q3: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
A3: Polish Cochineal
Q4: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
A4: Kermes vermilio
Q5: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?
A5: Margodes polonicus
But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

Q1: Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?
A1: Hernán Cortés
Q2: In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?
A2: 16th
Q3: During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?
A3: 1519-1521
Q4: In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?
A4: 1523
Q5: How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?
A5: several times a year
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

Q1: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?
A1: carmine
Q2: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?
A2: change color
Q3: What was madder lake made from?
A3: rubia tinctorum plant
Q4: During what century did carmine start to see use?
A4: 15th
Q5: What was kermes lake made from?
A5: kermes insects
During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

Q1: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?
A1: French Revolution
Q2: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?
A2: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap
Q3: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?
A3: celebrate
Q4: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?
A4: 1792 and 1793
Q5: Who was Saint Denis?
A5: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris
As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.

Q1: What was Turkey red called in France?
A1: rouge d'Adrinople
Q2: In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?
A2: the 1740s
Q3: What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?
A3: carmine
Q4: What did turkey red get its color from?
A4: madder
Q5: In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?
A5: 19th
The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Q1: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?
A1: 19th
Q2: Who painted the Night Cafe?
A2: Vincent van Gogh
Q3: In what year was The Night Cafe painted?
A3: 1888
Q4: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?
A4: Theo
Q5: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?
A5: red and green reinforced each other
Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Q1: During which century did Matisse work?
A1: 20th
Q2: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?
A2: strengthened
Q3: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?
A3: red
Q4: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?
A4: blue
Q5: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?
A5: the central element
Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

Q1: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A1: Harvard University
Q2: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A2: 1962
Q3: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?
A3: Naphtol and Lithol
Q4: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?
A4: 1979
Q5: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?
A5: ruined and had to be taken down
Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

Q1: What was red ochre composed of?
A1: minerals
Q2: How were pigments like red lake created?
A2: mixing organic dyes
Q3: What was red lake composed of?
A3: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum
Q4: What was the source of color in Red lac?
A4: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects
Q5: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?
A5: Red lac
In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

Q1: Which colors are part of the RGB model?
A1: red, green and blue
Q2: What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?
A2: white
Q3: The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?
A3: additive primary colors
Q4: Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?
A4: the Renaissance
Q5: What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?
A5: red and blue
So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.

Q1: Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?
A1: zero to 255,
Q2: What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?
A2: 16,777,216
Q3: What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?
A3: 255, 00, 00
Q4: Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?
A4: 220, 20, 60
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.

Q1: What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?
A1: Rayleigh
Q2: What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?
A2: scatter more strongly
Q3: What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?
A3: removed almost completely
Q4: In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?
A4: longer
Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

Q1: When was the first ruby laser invented?
A1: 1960
Q2: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?
A2: 1962
Q3: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?
A3: Red helium–neon
Q4: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?
A4: a 660 nm laser
Q5: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?
A5: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers
During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

Q1: At which period of the year are phosphates high?
A1: the summer growing season
Q2: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?
A2: phosphate
Q3: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?
A3: the stem of the plant
Q4: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?
A4: anthocyanin pigments
Q5: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?
A5: greater the production of anthocyanins
Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).

Q1: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?
A1: pheomelanin
Q2: There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?
A2: the lips
Q3: Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?
A3: eumelanin
Q4: In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?
A4: 1510
Q5: What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?
A5: fiery
Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).

Q1: In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?
A1: the face
Q2: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?
A2: increased performance
Q3: In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?
A3: tae kwon do
Q4: What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?
A4: decreases performance
Q5: The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?
A5: testosterone
Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.

Q1: What trait do people most commonly link red with?
A1: courage
Q2: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?
A2: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs
Q3: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?
A3: a red cross on a white field
Q4: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?
A4: St. George's Cross
Q5: Who was Saint George believed to be?
A5: a Roman soldier
Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.

Q1: When was Saint Valentine martyred?
A1: 296 AD
Q2: Who was Saint Valentine?
A2: a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest
Q3: In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?
A3: 14th
Q4: In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?
A4: Islamic
Q5: Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?
A5: Saudi Arabia
Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

Q1: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?
A1: Scarlet
Q2: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?
A2: good fortune and prosperity
Q3: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?
A3: 4th
Q4: Who was Saint Nicholas?
A4: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra
Q5: In what nation is Myra?
A5: Turkey