romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

Q1: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?
A1: monopolies
Q2: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?
A2: 17
Q3: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.
A3: Chihuahua
Q4: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
A4: telephone lines
Q5: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?
A5: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.
The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

Q1: The Porfiriato ended in which year?
A1: 1910
Q2: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?
A2: Mexican Revolution
Q3: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?
A3: Díaz
Q4: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?
A4: Madero
Q5: Who took up arms in support of Madero?
A5: Toribio Ortega
The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

Q1: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?
A1: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata
Q2: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?
A2: August 15, 1914
Q3: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?
A3: Teoloyucan
Q4: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?
A4: Carranza
The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

Q1: Which is the main mountain range in the state?
A1: Sierra Madre Occidental
Q2: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?
A2: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)
Q3: Which state has more forests than any other?
A3: Chihuahua
Q4: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?
A4: elevation
Q5: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?
A5: tropical
In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

Q1: Which city is known for its sand dunes?
A1: Samalayuca
Q2: The transition zone between east and west is called what?
A2: the Steppe
Q3: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
A3: Desert
Q4: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
A4: Desert
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

Q1: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?
A1: migratory species
Q2: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?
A2: hummingbird
Q3: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?
A3: golden eagle
Q4: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?
A4: Trogon mexicanus
During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Q1: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
A1: Álvaro Obregón
Q2: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
A2: 42%
Q3: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly?
A3: German
Q4: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
A4: cheese
Q5: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
A5: half
Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.

Q1: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?
A1: climate
Q2: Which fruit does the state rank first in production?
A2: apples
Q3: The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?
A3: milk
Q4: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?
A4: oak
Q5: The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?
A5: zinc
Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.

Q1: What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?
A1: Nueva Vizcaya
Q2: Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?
A2: Chihuahua
Q3: The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?
A3: one century
Q4: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?
A4: mining center
Q5: Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?
A5: Conchos tribe
Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.

Q1: Hidalgo was turned over by whom?
A1: Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares
Q2: In which year was Hidalgo turned over?
A2: 1811
Q3: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?
A3: firing squad
Q4: Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?
A4: blindfold
Q5: In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?
A5: Chihuahua
Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa.

Q1: During which year was the federal government unstable?
A1: 1828
Q2: Who dissolved the government eventually?
A2: Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz
Q3: With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?
A3: Yorkino
Q4: Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?
A4: F. Elorriaga
Q5: Who now headed the civil and military authorities?
A5: J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa
Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

Q1: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
A1: Colonel J.J. Calvo
Q2: The state was in a war with what group?
A2: Apaches
Q3: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
A3: Simón Elías González
Q4: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
A4: 1837
During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

Q1: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?
A1: indigenous tribes
Q2: How many military colonies were established by the state?
A2: 18
Q3: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?
A3: presidios
Q4: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?
A4: six men
The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

Q1: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?
A1: liberal
Q2: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?
A2: Chihuahua
Q3: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?
A3: President Juárez
Q4: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?
A4: Governor Luis Terrazas
Q5: To where was the battalion first deployed?
A5: Puebla
President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces.

Q1: Juarez again based his government in which state?
A1: Chihuahua
Q2: The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?
A2: the French invasion
Q3: On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?
A3: Plaza de Armas
Q4: Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?
A4: General Terrazas
Q5: Which structure in the church became a historical monument?
A5: The bell
The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

Q1: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
A1: corn
Q2: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
A2: G. Casavantes
Q3: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
A3: Governor Trías
Q4: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
A4: water
Q5: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
A5: Díaz
A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

Q1: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
A1: ranching and mining
Q2: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
A2: working class
Q3: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
A3: haciendas
Q4: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
A4: proletariat
On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the División del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and Álvaro Obregón, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked "that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.”

Q1: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?
A1: Venustiano Carranza
Q2: The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?
A2: Huerta
Q3: Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?
A3: Carranza
Q4: Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?
A4: Ciudad Juárez
Q5: Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?
A5: United States
The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

Q1: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
A1: about a third
Q2: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
A2: Coahuila
Q3: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
A3: flat
Q4: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?
A4: north
Q5: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
A5: Rio Grande