romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).

Q1: In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?
A1: 1524
Q2: What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?
A2: Giovanni da Verrazzano
Q3: What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?
A3: La Dauphine
Q4: What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?
A4: France
Q5: What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?
A5: Nouvelle Angoulême
Q6: When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?
A6: 1524
Q7: Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?
A7: La Dauphine
Q8: Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?
A8: France
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel "La Anunciada" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padrón Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.

Q1: In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?
A1: 1525
Q2: Who commanded the Spanish expedition?
A2: Estêvão Gomes
Q3: What was the nationality of Estêvão Gomes?
A3: Portuguese
Q4: What monarch did Estêvão Gomes serve?
A4: Charles V
Q5: What was the name of Estêvão Gomes's ship?
A5: La Anunciada
Q6: The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?
A6: Rio de San Antonio
Q7: What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?
A7: Padrón Real
In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen ("Half Moon" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).

Q1: What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?
A1: Henry Hudson
Q2: Who was Henry Hudson working for?
A2: Dutch East India Company
Q3: In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?
A3: 1614
Q4: How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?
A4: ten
Q5: What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?
A5: North River
Q6: Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?
A6: Dutch East India Company
Q7: In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?
A7: 1614
Q8: Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?
A8: Henry Hudson
The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.

Q1: Where was Juan Rodriguez born?
A1: Santo Domingo
Q2: What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?
A2: Jan Rodrigues
Q3: What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?
A3: trader
Q4: What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?
A4: Juan Rodriguez Way
Q5: During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?
A5: winter
Q6: Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?
A6: Juan Rodriguez
Q7: Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?
A7: Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 – making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States  – with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.

Q1: On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?
A1: Governors Island
Q2: On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?
A2: Manhattan Island
Q3: In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?
A3: 1625
Q4: What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?
A4: Peter Minuit
Q5: In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?
A5: 1626
Q6: New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?
A6: 1624
Q7: What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?
A7: 1625
Q8: What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?
A8: glass beads
In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the Duke of York (later King James II).

Q1: What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?
A1: New York
Q2: What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?
A2: James II
Q3: What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?
A3: Peter Stuyvesant
Q4: What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?
A4: Director-General
Q5: In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?
A5: 1664
Q6: Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?
A6: Peter Stuyvesant
On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it "New Orange" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674.

Q1: What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?
A1: William III
Q2: What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?
A2: August 24, 1673
Q3: What did Colve call New York after he captured it?
A3: New Orange
Q4: In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?
A4: 1674
Q5: August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?
A5: Anthonio Colve
Q6: The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?
A6: England
Q7: New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?
A7: King William III
At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.

Q1: After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?
A1: Second Anglo-Dutch War
Q2: How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?
A2: 200
Q3: What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?
A3: Run
Q4: In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?
A4: 200
Q5: After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?
A5: Second Anglo-Dutch War
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.

Q1: In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?
A1: 42%
Q2: In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?
A2: Charleston, South Carolina
Q3: Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?
A3: Foley Square
Q4: What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?
A4: courthouse
Q5: Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?
A5: Charleston, South Carolina
Q6: When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?
A6: 1990s
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.

Q1: In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?
A1: 1735
Q2: On what island did Zenger's trial occur?
A2: Manhattan
Q3: In what year was Columbia University chartered?
A3: 1754
Q4: Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?
A4: George II
Q5: What was the original name of Columbia University?
A5: King's College
Q6: Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?
A6: John Peter Zenger
Q7: Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?
A7: 1754
Q8: The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?
A8: New York
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

Q1: What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?
A1: Battle of Long Island
Q2: In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?
A2: Brooklyn
Q3: In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?
A3: August 1776
Q4: About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?
A4: 10,000
Q5: In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?
A5: 1783
Q6: Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?
A6: The Battle of Long Island
Q7: Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?
A7: Brooklyn
Q8: When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?
A8: 1783
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.

Q1: On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?
A1: September 11, 1776
Q2: Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?
A2: Lord Howe
Q3: What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?
A3: Great Fire of New York
Q4: In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?
A4: Manhattan
Q5: What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?
A5: Trinity Church
Q6: Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?
A6: Lord Howe
Q7: Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?
A7: the Great Fire of New York
In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Q1: In what year did New York become the United States capital?
A1: 1785
Q2: Who was the United States' first President?
A2: George Washington
Q3: In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?
A3: Federal Hall
Q4: On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?
A4: Wall Street
Q5: What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
A5: Philadelphia
Q6: Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?
A6: Congress of the Confederation
Q7: New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?
A7: capital
Q8: The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?
A8: 1789
Q9: By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?
A9: 1790
Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.

Q1: In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?
A1: 1799
Q2: What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?
A2: Manhattan
Q3: Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?
A3: Alexander Hamilton
Q4: In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?
A4: 1827
Q5: In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?
A5: 16,000
Q6: The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?
A6: 1799
Q7: When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?
A7: 1827
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.

Q1: What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?
A1: Commissioners' Plan
Q2: In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?
A2: 1825
Q3: What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?
A3: Tammany Hall
Q4: Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?
A4: Irish
Q5: The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?
A5: 1825
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

Q1: What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?
A1: Central Park
Q2: In what year was Central Park founded?
A2: 1857
Q3: Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?
A3: first landscaped
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.

Q1: What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?
A1: Great Irish Famine
Q2: In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?
A2: 200,000
Q3: In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?
A3: a quarter
Q4: In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?
A4: 25%
Q5: What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?
A5: revolutions
Q6: Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?
A6: Great Irish Famine
Q7: How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?
A7: Over 200,000
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.

Q1: Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861?
A1: Fernando Wood
Q2: What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?
A2: $300
Q3: People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?
A3: Irish
Q4: About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?
A4: 120
Q5: What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?
A5: 10,000
Q6: The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?
A6: Colored Orphan Asylum
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.

Q1: In what year was the modern City of New York founded?
A1: 1898
Q2: In what year did the subway begin operation?
A2: 1904
Q3: Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?
A3: the Bronx
Q4: The subway of New York was first available in what year?
A4: 1904
In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.

Q1: In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?
A1: 1904
Q2: How many people died on the General Slocum?
A2: 1,021
Q3: In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?
A3: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Q4: How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
A4: 146
Q5: The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
A5: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
Q6: A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?
A6: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline.

Q1: How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?
A1: 36,620
Q2: What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?
A2: Harlem Renaissance
Q3: What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?
A3: 36,620
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.

Q1: In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?
A1: London
Q2: What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?
A2: megacity
Q3: Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?
A3: Fiorello La Guardia
Q4: For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?
A4: eighty
Q5: In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?
A5: megacity