romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.

Q1: What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?
A1: Soviet launch of Sputnik
Q2: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?
A2: illegal
Q3: Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?
A3: Project Genetrix
Q4: What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?
A4: NASA
Q5: With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
A5: American scientists
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Q1: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
A1: Kaesong sanctuary
Q2: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
A2: use nuclear force
Q3: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?
A3: National Security Council
Q4: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
A4: death of Stalin
Q5: What was SAC an abbreviation of?
A5: Strategic Air Command
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

Q1: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?
A1: 1950
Q2: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?
A2: July
Q3: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?
A3: Syngman Rhee
Q4: What American official notably opposed the armistice?
A4: Secretary Dulles
Q5: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
A5: Ambrose
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Q1: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?
A1: French
Q2: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?
A2: Suez Crisis
Q3: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?
A3: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Q4: Who invaded Hungary in 1956?
A4: Soviet
Q5: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
A5: 1965
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Q1: What war was being fought by France in 1953?
A1: First Indochina War
Q2: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
A2: Iron Mike
Q3: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
A3: Matthew Ridgway
Q4: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
A4: China
Q5: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
A5: massive
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

Q1: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?
A1: non-combat personnel
Q2: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?
A2: napalm
Q3: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?
A3: May 1954
Q4: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?
A4: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
Q5: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?
A5: allied participation and congressional approval
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.

Q1: What is SEATO?
A1: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Q2: Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?
A2: New Zealand and Australia
Q3: What was the purpose of SEATO?
A3: defense of Vietnam against communism
Q4: What group did France split Vietnam with?
A4: Communists
Q5: Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?
A5: Chinese
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.

Q1: What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
A1: Free Vietnam
Q2: Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
A2: J. Lawton Collins
Q3: When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
A3: February 1955
Q4: Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
A4: Ngo Dinh Diem
Q5: Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?
A5: Republic of Vietnam
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

Q1: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?
A1: ten
Q2: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?
A2: New York City
Q3: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?
A3: 900
Q4: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?
A4: John Foster Dulles
Q5: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?
A5: there were no better alternatives
On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."

Q1: When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?
A1: May 1, 1960
Q2: What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?
A2: East–West summit conference
Q3: What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?
A3: Captain
Q4: Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?
A4: Paris
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.

Q1: What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
A1: weather research aircraft
Q2: Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?
A2: Turkey
Q3: According to the cover story, what did the "weather research" pilot have trouble with?
A3: oxygen equipment
Q4: What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?
A4: trial
Q5: What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?
A5: spy-plane
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".

Q1: Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?
A1: Nikita Khrushchev
Q2: What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?
A2: apologize
Q3: Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?
A3: Berlin
Q4: What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?
A4: stupid U-2 business
Q5: In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?
A5: 1960
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".

Q1: Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?
A1: Truman
Q2: When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?
A2: 1948
Q3: When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?
A3: February 1953
Q4: What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?
A4: military spending
Q5: In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?
A5: District of Columbia
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.

Q1: Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?
A1: school children
Q2: What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?
A2: Civil Rights Act of 1957
Q3: In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?
A3: 1960
Q4: What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
A4: Civil Rights Commission
Q5: Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?
A5: Justice
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Q1: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
A1: Arkansas
Q2: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
A2: 101st Airborne Division
Q3: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
A3: Arkansas National Guard
Q4: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
A4: Orval Faubus
Q5: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
A5: nine
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Q1: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
A1: 1953
Q2: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
A2: he refused
Q3: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
A3: facilitate relations with Congress
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Q1: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
A1: Atomic Energy Commission
Q2: What was the AEC working on at this time?
A2: H-bombs
Q3: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
A3: J. Robert Oppenheimer
Q4: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
A4: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance
In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.

Q1: What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
A1: issue subpoenas to White House personnel
Q2: What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
A2: executive privilege
Q3: Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
A3: Executive
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

Q1: Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
A1: Democrats
Q2: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?
A2: Sam Rayburn
Q3: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
A3: Lyndon B. Johnson
Q4: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
A4: Texas
Q5: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
A5: Joe Martin
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

Q1: What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
A1: worked too much through subordinates
Q2: As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?
A2: reverse of what he has desired
Q3: Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
A3: Republicans of consequence
Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Q1: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
A1: Republicans
Q2: What party did Brennan belong to?
A2: Democrat
Q3: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
A3: Warren
Q4: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
A4: liberal
Q5: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
A5: law-and-order conservatives
Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.

Q1: Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?
A1: West Point
Q2: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?
A2: two or three packs
Q3: When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?
A3: March 1949
Q4: Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?
A4: Columbia
Q5: Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?
A5: Paul Dudley White