romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides.

Q1: What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?
A1: boll weevil
Q2: What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?
A2: Boll Weevil Eradication Program
Q3: What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?
A3: US Department of Agriculture
Q4: What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?
A4: Bt cotton
Q5: On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?
A5: synthetic insecticides.
Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

Q1: How is most cotton harvested?
A1: mechanically
Q2: What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?
A2: cotton picker
Q3: What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?
A3: cotton stripper
Q4: What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?
A4: windy
Q5: What type of plant is cotton?
A5: perennial
The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.

Q1: What was the first manufactured fiber?
A1: rayon
Q2: When was rayon first made in France?
A2: 1890s
Q3: What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
A3: chemicals industry
Q4: What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
A4: DuPont
Q5: What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
A5: Nylon
Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]

Q1: What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?
A1: decline in market share
Q2: What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?
A2: Cotton Research and Promotion Act
Q3: What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?
A3: synthetic competitors
Q4: Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?
A4: U.S.
Q5: What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?
A5: markets for cotton
Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.

Q1: For what is cotton used to make?
A1: textile products
Q2: Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?
A2: recycled or recovered cotton
Q3: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?
A3: synthetic fibers
Q4: What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?
A4: knitted or woven
Q5: For what can cotton yarn be used?
A5: crochet and knitting
The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.

Q1: For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?
A1: cottonseed oil
Q2: What product is processed cottonseed oil?
A2: vegetable oil.
Q3: What is cottonseed meal used for feed?
A3: ruminant livestock
Q4: For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?
A4: roughage
Q5: As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?
A5: poisonous pigment
Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". This can also be a refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham, England.

Q1: What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?
A1: Cotton linters
Q2: What do cotton linters look like?
A2: fine, silky fibers
Q3: What are cotton linters called in the UK?
A3: cotton wool
Q4: What is cotton wool called in the US?
A4: absorbent cotton
Q5: What individual first used cotton wool medically?
A5: Sampson Gamgee
Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name.

Q1: What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?
A1: Cotton lisle
Q2: What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?
A2: strong and durable
Q3: What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?
A3: single thread
Q4: Where was the lisle thread originally made?
A4: Lisle, France
Q5: How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns?
A5: more brilliant
The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.

Q1: In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?
A1: China and India
Q2: How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?
A2: largest exporters
Q3: What is the combined international trade in cotton?
A3: $12 billion
Q4: What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?
A4: Dunavant Enterprises
Q5: Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?
A5: Memphis, Tennessee
The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

Q1: How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?
A1: 25,000
Q2: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?
A2: $2 billion per year
Q3: What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?
A3: China
Q4: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?
A4: French
Q5: Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?
A5: former British colonies
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.

Q1: What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?
A1: heavily subsidized
Q2: What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?
A2: Cotton-4
Q3: What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?
A3: leading protagonist
Q4: What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?
A4: reduction
Q5: What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?
A5: WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism
In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to "fair trade" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.

Q1: What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?
A1: child
Q2: What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing?
A2: exposure to pesticides
Q3: What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?
A3: Uzbekistan
Q4: Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?
A4: third largest
Q5: What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?
A5: fair trade
A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

Q1: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
A1: tetraploid cotton
Q2: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus?
A2: Tetraploid
Q3: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?
A3: 2007
Q4: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?
A4: diploid
Q5: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?
A5: diploid counterparts
The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Q1: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
A1: Monsanto and Illumina
Q2: When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
A2: 2010
Q3: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
A3: donate
Q4: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
A4: public relations
Q5: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
A5: cultivated varieties
In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding.

Q1: What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?
A1: data compression
Q2: What can be either lossy or lossless?
A2: Compression
Q3: What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy?
A3: Lossless compression
Q4: What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?
A4: data compression
Q5: What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?
A5: source coding
Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

Q1: What helps reduce resource usage?
A1: Compression
Q2: What must be decompressed?
A2: compressed data
Q3: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off?
A3: Data compression
Q4: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?
A4: data compression
Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.

Q1: What usually exploits statistical redundancy?
A1: Lossless data compression algorithms
Q2: What represents statistical redundancy?
A2: Lossless compression
Q3: What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?
A3: an image
The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv–Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.

Q1: What compression methods are among the most popular?
A1: Lempel–Ziv (LZ)
Q2: What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?
A2: DEFLATE
Q3: What serves as the basis of the Zip method?
A3: LZR
Q4: What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?
A4: Brotli
Q5: What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?
A5: LZX
In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.

Q1: What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?
A1: statistical estimates
Q2: What can achieve superior compression?
A2: Arithmetic coding
Q3: What uses an internal memory state?
A3: Huffman algorithm
Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

Q1: What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?
A1: Lossy
Q2: What can save storage space?
A2: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source
Q3: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?
A3: JPEG image compression