romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Q1: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
A1: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing
Q2: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
A2: enacted compulsory licensing laws
Q3: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
A3: DMCA
Q4: What else does this law provide to service providers?
A4: safe harbor
Q5: Who does this law target?
A5: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Q1: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
A1: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing
Q2: What must a user do under a prepared license?
A2: adhere to certain conditions
Q3: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
A3: reducing infringement
Q4: What is an example of a free software license?
A4: GNU General Public License
Q5: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
A5: visual and literary works
To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Q1: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
A1: approximately 16 and a half weeks
Q2: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
A2: by couriers
Q3: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
A3: encrypted
Q4: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
A4: Anti-Piracy marks can be added
Q5: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
A5: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens
The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Q1: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
A1: U.S. GAO
Q2: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
A2: three
Q3: What did the FBI use as a source?
A3: estimate
Q4: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
A4: GAO report
According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Q1: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
A1: BSA and International Data Corporation
Q2: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
A2: U.S.
Q3: Which region had the highest loss?
A3: Asia-Pacific
Q4: How much did the EU lose?
A4: $12,383,000
Q5: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
A5: Middle East/Africa region
In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Q1: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
A1: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs
Q2: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
A2: 57 percent
Q3: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
A3: US$63.4 billion
Q4: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
A4: Zimbabwe
Q5: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
A5: 19%
In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Q1: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
A1: Institute for Policy Innovation
Q2: How much money have retailers lost?
A2: over a billion dollars
Q3: How many production-level jobs were lost?
A3: 46,000
Q4: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
A4: U.S. government
Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Q1: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
A1: The Piracy Crusade
Q2: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
A2: tenuous
Q3: What was the industry going through?
A3: artificial expansion
Q4: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
A4: perfect bubble
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Q1: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
A1: $59 billion
Q2: Who accounted for over half the total?
A2: emerging markets
Q3:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
A3: less PC shipments than emerging economies
Q4: What country has the highest retail value of software?
A4: China
Q5: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
A5: 83 percent
Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).

Q1: On what peninsula is Greece located?
A1: Balkan peninsula
Q2: How many geographic regions make up Greece?
A2: nine
Q3: How long is the coastline of Greece?
A3: 8,498 mi
Q4: How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?
A4: 227
Q5: What is the tallest mountain in Greece?
A5: Mount Olympus
Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

Q1: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?
A1: Philip of Macedon
Q2: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?
A2: Alexander the Great
Q3: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?
A3: Rome
Q4: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?
A4: first century AD
Q5: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?
A5: 1830
Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.

Q1: Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?
A1: United Nations
Q2: Which political philosophy does Greece follow?
A2: democratic
Q3: When did Greece join the Eurozone?
A3: 2001
Q4: Greece has the biggest economic power where?
A4: Balkans
The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.

Q1: What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?
A1: Hellas
Q2: What is the official name of Greece?
A2: Hellenic Republic
Q3: From what word is Greece derived?
A3: Graecia
Q4: What does the work Graecia mean?
A4: the land of the Greeks
Q5: Who called Greece Graecia?
A5: Romans
The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Q1: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
A1: 270,000 BC
Q2: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
A2: Petralona cave
Q3: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
A3: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Q4: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
A4: 7th millennium BC
Q5: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
A5: farming
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Q1: Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?
A1: Western civilization
Q2: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
A2: Mycenaean
Q3: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period?
A3: 1200 BC
Q4: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?
A4: Bronze Age collapse
Q5: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
A5: Greek Dark Ages
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.

Q1: When did the Olympic Game begin?
A1: 776 BC
Q2: The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?
A2: Homer
Q3: What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?
A3: 776 BC
Q4: Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?
A4: Greater Greece
Q5: In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?
A5: 508 BC
By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.

Q1: In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?
A1: Persian Empire
Q2: What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?
A2: Battle of Marathon
Q3: The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?
A3: Thermopylae
Q4: The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?
A4: Greco-Persian Wars
Q5: After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?
A5: Golden Age of Athens
Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Q1: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what?
A1: Peloponnesian War
Q2: What often caused strife between Greek states?
A2: Lack of political unity
Q3: Who won the Peloponnesian war?
A3: Sparta
Q4: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
A4: Macedon
Q5: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
A5: Phillip II
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.

Q1: Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?
A1: the Antigonid dynasty
Q2: The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?
A2: 200 BC
Q3: Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?
A3: Battle of Pydna
Q4: In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?
A4: 146 BC
Q5: The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?
A5: 168 BC
The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

Q1: What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?
A1: Augustus
Q2: What saying by Horace became famous?
A2: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"
Q3: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
A3: Nero
Q4: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
A4: Homer
Q5: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
A5: Scipio Africanus
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Q1: In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?
A1: Greek
Q2: What religion did early Greece practice?
A2: paganism
Q3: The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year?
A3: 393
Q4: Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?
A4: Theodosius I
Q5: Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?
A5: Justinian