romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).

Q1: Which two cities are served by major airlines?
A1: Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks
Q2: What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?
A2: air travel
Q3: How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?
A3: almost 2 million
Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.

Q1: Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?
A1: Essential Air Service program
Q2: Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?
A2: Alaska Airlines
Q3: What are some Alaskan regional hubs?
A3: Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.

Q1: What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?
A1: Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service
Q2: What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?
A2: Cessna Caravan
Q3: How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?
A3: 70%
Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

Q1: Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?
A1: bush seaplane
Q2: Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?
A2: Lake Hood
Q3: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?
A3: Alaska
Q4: Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?
A4: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.

Q1: Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?
A1: dogsled
Q2: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?
A2: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
Q3: What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?
A3: the famous 1925 serum run to Nome
Q4: Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?
A4: all other means of transportation had failed
Q5: Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?
A5: "Serum Run"
Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

Q1: Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?
A1: GCI and Alaska Communications
Q2: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?
A2: 2011
Q3: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?
A3: $350 million
Q4: Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?
A4: GCI
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

Q1: How does Alaska finance its state government operations?
A1: petroleum revenues and federal subsidies
Q2: How many states in the US do not have sales tax?
A2: five
Q3: How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?
A3: seven
Q4: Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?
A4: Alaska
Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.

Q1: Which political party does Alaska generally support?
A1: Republicans
Q2: How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?
A2: one
Q3: Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?
A3: Lyndon B. Johnson
Q4: Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?
A4: Barack Obama
The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.

Q1: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?
A1: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Q2: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
A2: The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage
Q3: As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
A3: well over half
The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.

Q1: Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?
A1: 34
Q2: What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?
A2: a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska
Q3: Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?
A3: acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.
As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.

Q1: What are CDPs?
A1: census-designated places
Q2: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?
A2: 355
Q3: Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?
A3: unconnected
Q4: In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
A4: "The Bush"
Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since. The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.

Q1: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?
A1: 2.88%
Q2: What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?
A2: Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla
Q3: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?
A3: Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.

Q1: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?
A1: 1941
Q2: What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?
A2: have police training but do not carry firearms
Q3: What do wildlife enforcers regulate?
A3: hunting and fishing regulations
Q4: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?
A4: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles
There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.

Q1: What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?
A1: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra
Q2: Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?
A2: The Anchorage Opera
Q3: What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?
A3: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival
One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.

Q1: Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?
A1: Ray Mala
Q2: Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?
A2: "Camp Hollywood"
Q3: In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?
A3: Northwest
Q4: Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
A4: from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood
Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy."

Q1: Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?
A1: inductivist
Q2: Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?
A2: Popper
Q3: What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?
A3: decisive experiments
Q4: Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?
A4: classical justificationist
Q5: What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?
A5: critical rationalism
Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and, after Grübl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Grübl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Grübl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.

Q1: In which city was Karl Popper born?
A1: Vienna
Q2: What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?
A2: Lutheranism
Q3: Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?
A3: Burgomaster Herr Grübl
Q4: What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?
A4: 12,000–14,000
Q5: What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?
A5: bibliophile
Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the "pseudo-scientific" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

Q1: At which age did Popper first attend university?
A1: 16
Q2: What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
A2: Marxism
Q3: Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
A3: Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria
Q4: What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
A4: street battle in the Hörlgasse
Q5: To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
A5: social liberalism
He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

Q1: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
A1: cabinetmaker
Q2: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
A2: daycare
Q3: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
A3: Alfred Adler
Q4: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
A4: 1922
Q5: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
A5: elementary teacher
In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled "Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906–1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.

Q1: Who supervised Popper's doctorate?
A1: Karl Bühler
Q2: What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?
A2: The question of method in cognitive psychology
Q3: What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?
A3: mathematics and physics
Q4: Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?
A4: Nazism
Q5: In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?
A5: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Q1: Where did Popper move in 1937?
A1: New Zealand
Q2: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
A2: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand
Q3: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
A3: John Carew Eccles
Q4: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
A4: logic and scientific method
Q5: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
A5: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft