romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
On 1 April, Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.

Q1: On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur?
A1: 1 April
Q2:  The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?
A2: Talleyrand's
Q3: What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?
A3: the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur
Q4: Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?
A4: Fontainebleau
Q5: What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?
A5: mutinied
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

Q1: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?
A1: the Treaty of Fontainebleau
Q2: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?
A2: Elba
Q3: In what sea is Elba located?
A3: the Mediterranean
Q4: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?
A4: Emperor
Q5: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?
A5: Austria
The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.

Q1: What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?
A1: The 5th Regiment
Q2: On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?
A2: March 7, 1815
Q3:  When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?
A3: "Vive L'Empereur!"
Q4:  Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?
A4: an iron cage
Q5:  After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?
A5: Belgium
Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Q1: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
A1: Paris
Q2:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
A2: 22 June
Q3:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
A3: three days
Q4:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
A4: 29 June
Q5:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
A5: Josephine
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Q1: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
A1: 1840
Q2:  On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
A2: 15 December 1840
Q3: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
A3: the Arc de Triomphe
Q4:  In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
A4: St Jérôme's Chapel
Q5: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
A5: 1861
In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

Q1: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
A1: 1955
Q2: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
A2: Louis Marchand
Q3:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
A3: arsenic poisoning
Q4: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
A4: Sten Forshufvud
Q5: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
A5: well preserved
They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.

Q1: What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?
A1: potassium tartrate
Q2: What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?
A2: his thirst
Q3: According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?
A3: that he was murdered
Q4: In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?
A4: 2007
There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

Q1: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
A1: arsenic poisoning
Q2: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
A2: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer
Q3:  A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
A3: hair
Q4: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?
A4: 100 times
Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

Q1: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A1: civil
Q2: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
A2: religion
Q3: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
A3: Pope Pius VI
Q4: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
A4: Juan Cole
Q5: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
A5: religious
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

Q1: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A1: 2 December 1804
Q2:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A2: Notre Dame de Paris
Q3: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
A3: Pope Pius VII
Q4: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
A4: 1 April 1810
Q5: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
A5: the Spanish Inquisition
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

Q1: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?
A1: the Concordat of 1801
Q2: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?
A2: Pope Pius VII
Q3: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?
A3: the Roman Catholic Church
Q4:  What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?
A4: 15 July 1801
Q5: What were the Organic Articles a part of?
A5: the Concordat
While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

Q1: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
A1: the papacy
Q2: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
A2: Napoleon's
Q3: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
A3: the pope
Q4:  The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
A4: Napoleon
Q5: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
A5: 1801
Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

Q1: How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?
A1: 5 ft 6 in
Q2: How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?
A2: 168 cm
Q3: How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?
A3: an innovator
Q4: What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"
A4: George F. E. Rudé
Q5: How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?
A5: hypnotic
Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

Q1: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
A1: luck
Q2:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
A2: 1805-06
Q3:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
A3: 1812
Q4: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
A4: Dwyer
Q5: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
A5: cheated
In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

Q1: What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
A1: France
Q2: How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
A2: 40,000
Q3: Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?
A3: Wellington
Q4: In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
A4: 1806
Q5: Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
A5: King Frederick William III
During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Q1: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
A1: the British press
Q2: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
A2: Boney
Q3: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
A3: Tory
Q4: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
A4: 5 feet 2 inches
Q5: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
A5: 5 ft 6 in
When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

Q1: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
A1: colonel
Q2:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
A2: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard
Q3: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
A3: blue
Q4: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
A4: white
Q5:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
A5: white
Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

Q1: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
A1: the Banque de France
Q2: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
A2: the Concordat of 1801
Q3: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
A3: the Organic Articles
Q4: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
A4: public worship
Q5: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
A5: the Holy Roman Empire
Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

Q1: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
A1: the Code Civil
Q2: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
A2: the Napoleonic Code
Q3: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
A3: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
Q4: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
A4: Code of Criminal Instruction