romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Many insects possess very sensitive and, or specialized organs of perception. Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths, or detect polarized light, while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers. The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6±2.1 Hz (n=190). These wagging movements can signal the arrival of new material into the nest and aggression between workers can be used to stimulate others to increase foraging expeditions. There is a pronounced tendency for there to be a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. There are a variety of different mechanisms by which insects perceive sound, while the patterns are not universal, insects can generally hear sound if they can produce it. Different insect species can have varying hearing, though most insects can hear only a narrow range of frequencies related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes have been found to hear up to 2 kHz., and some grasshoppers can hear up to 50 kHz. Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. For instance, some nocturnal moths can perceive the ultrasonic emissions of bats, which helps them avoid predation.:87–94 Insects that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts.

Q1: Insects have specialized organs of what kind?
A1: perception
Q2: Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?
A2: specialized
Q3: What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?
A3: bees
Q4: Bees can detect what kind of light?
A4: polarized light
Q5: What is a Polistes versicolor?
A5: yellow paper wasp
Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and others as high as twenty-four caterpillars per cell. The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva. The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female, so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell.

Q1: Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?
A1: rudimentary
Q2: Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?
A2: solitary wasps
Q3: What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?
A3: single
Q4: What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?
A4: caterpillars
Q5: Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?
A5: smaller
A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk. Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae).

Q1: What is another name for Colleobola?
A1: Onychiuridae
Q2: Mycetophilldae is another name for what?
A2: Diptera
Q3: Phengodidae is party of what insect family?
A3: beetle
Q4: Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?
A4: bioluminescent
Q5: What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?
A5: fireflies
Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the visible light wavelengths. Color vision has been demonstrated in many species and phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-blue trichromacy existed from at least the Devonian period between 416 and 359 million years ago.

Q1: Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?
A1: light
Q2: What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?
A2: cave crickets
Q3: Most insects have what kind of vision?
A3: acute
Q4: Insects notice what type of movement?
A4: minute
Q5: Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?
A5: infrared
Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.

Q1: What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?
A1: Insects
Q2: Insects can sense what?
A2: sounds
Q3: Insect sounds come from what kind of action?
A3: mechanical
Q4: The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?
A4: appendages
Q5: Moths create what kind of click sounds?
A5: ultrasonic
Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.

Q1: What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?
A1: low
Q2: Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?
A2: movement
Q3: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?
A3: microscopic stridulatory structures
Q4: Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?
A4: communicate
Q5: Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?
A5: underwater
Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity.

Q1: What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?
A1: vibrations
Q2: Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?
A2: different species
Q3: Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?
A3: Nezara viridula
Q4: What is a lycaenid caterpillar?
A4: gossamer-winged butterfly
Q5: Living in association with ants is called what?
A5: myrmecophilous
Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.

Q1: Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?
A1: Chemical
Q2: What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
A2: Chemoreception
Q3: Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
A3: a cell
Q4: What is a message-carrying chemical called?
A4: semiochemical
Q5: Kairomones are a type of what?
A5: semiochemicals
In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, are used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregating conspecific individuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals. Allomonea benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver. Kairomones benefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well known to have developed in social insects.:96–105

Q1: Insects use sound and what other means for communication?
A1: chemical means
Q2: The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?
A2: semiochemicals
Q3: Semiochemicals come from where?
A3: plant metabolites
Q4: Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?
A4: repel
Q5: What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?
A5: Synomones
Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309–311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.

Q1: Termites are considered what type of insect?
A1: Social
Q2: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?
A2: ants
Q3: What is another term for social insect?
A3: eusocial animal
Q4: Social insects live in well organized what?
A4: colonies
Q5: The method that a bee dances is called what?
A5: dance language
Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the Monarch butterfly).:14

Q1: Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?
A1: nests
Q2: Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?
A2: homing
Q3: Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?
A3: thousands
Q4: An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?
A4: philopatry
Q5: An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?
A5: hibernate
The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.

Q1: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
A1: full-time
Q2: What do eusocial insects guard?
A2: eggs
Q3: What do eusocial insects build?
A3: nest
Q4: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
A4: short
Q5: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
A5: growing offspring
Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).

Q1: Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?
A1: flight
Q2: What part of the insect has been up for debate?
A2: wings
Q3: Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?
A3: paranotal theory
Q4: Wings from modified gills is from what origin?
A4: pleural origin
Q5: The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?
A5: epicoxal exites
Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.

Q1: How many legs do adult insects contain?
A1: six
Q2: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?
A2: tripedal
Q3: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?
A3: rapid
Q4: Insects can adopt how many gaits?
A4: a variety
Q5: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?
A5: limbs
Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks (Phasmatodea). A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water, especially members of the Gerridae family, commonly known as water striders. A few species of ocean-skaters in the genus Halobates even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.

Q1: What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?
A1: sedate
Q2: What is another name for walking stick insects?
A2: Phasmatodea
Q3: Some insects can walk on top of what?
A3: water
Q4: What insect can walk on the surface of water?
A4: water striders
Q5: Water striders are part of what insect family?
A5: Gerridae
Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen).

Q1: Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?
A1: paddle-like
Q2: Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?
A2: jet
Q3: Dragonflys shoot water from where?
A3: rectal chamber
Q4: Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?
A4: recessed
Q5: Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
A5: pygidial
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218–228

Q1: Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
A1: Insect ecology
Q2: Another term for surrounding environment is what?
A2: ecosystem
Q3: What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
A3: important
Q4: What type of burial do insects engage in?
A4: dung
Q5: Beetles are also known as what?
A5: scavengers
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) or weevils. In some of these species, sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects. Many of those that live in sandy environments blend in with the coloration of the substrate. Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves, and the bodies of some species (such as O. macklotti and Palophus centaurus) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise. Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift (B. scabrinota, T. californica). In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis, a number of species have been noted to perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side that is thought to reflect the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze. Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by feigning death (catalepsy), where the insect enters a motionless state that can be maintained for a long period. The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also aids Phasmatodea in remaining concealed from predators.

Q1: What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?
A1: Camouflage
Q2: What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?
A2: blend
Q3: Protective coloring is common in what insect family?
A3: beetle
Q4: What is Chrysomelidae?
A4: leaf beetles
Q5: A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?
A5: bird dung
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.

Q1: Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?
A1: defense
Q2: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
A2: deceive
Q3: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
A3: wasps
Q4: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
A4: in Lepidoptera
Q5: What is a well known Mullerian complex?
A5: Taxa