romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.

Q1: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?
A1: There is currently no precise test
Q2: What is diagnosis based on typically?
A2: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time
Q3: When should you suspect asthma?
A3: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing
Q4: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?
A4: Spirometry
Q5: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?
A5: children under the age of six
Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled.

Q1: What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?
A1: Spirometry
Q2: Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?
A2: It is the single best test for asthma
Q3: What helps support the evidence of asthma?
A3: If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator
Q4: What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?
A4: caffeine
Q5: What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?
A5: Single-breath diffusing capacity
Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry, however, and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis. It may be useful for daily self-monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations.

Q1: What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?
A1: ≥20%
Q2: What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?
A2: . Testing peak expiratory flow
Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

Q1: How is asthma clinically classified?
A1: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Q2: How else is asthma classified?
A2: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)
Q3: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?
A3: atopic
Q4: What  is asthma usually classified based on?
A4: severity
Q5: What is a important goal of asthma research?
A5: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.

Q1: What kind of condition is asthma?
A1: a chronic obstructive condition
Q2: What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
A2: bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Q3: Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?
A3: asthma is usually reversible
Q4: What part of the airway does emphysema affect?
A4: alveoli
Q5: What part of the airway does asthma affect?
A5: the bronchi
Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

Q1: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
A1: professional athletes
Q2: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A2: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers
Q3: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A3: when it is dry and cold
Q4: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
A4: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.

Q1: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?
A1: occupational disease
Q2: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?
A2: It is estimated that 5–25%
Q3: What are some of the most common agents?
A3: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes
Q4: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?
A4: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers
Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.

Q1: What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?
A1: allergic rhinitis and sinusitis
Q2: What are some other causes of airway obstruction?
A2: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses
Q3: What other conditions can cause wheezing?
A3: Bronchiolitis and other viral infections
Q4: In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?
A4: COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

Q1: What is a complication of chronic asthma?
A1: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Q2: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?
A2: asthma and COPD
Q3: How is COPD differentiated?
A3: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi
Q4: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
A4: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management
Q5: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
A5: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation
The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

Q1: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
A1: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent
Q2: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
A2: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication
Q3: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
A3: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended
Q4: Why are smoking bans in place?
A4: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma
Q5: Who recoomends immunizations?
A5: World Health Organization
Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.

Q1: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
A1: Avoidance of triggers
Q2: What are some of the more common triggers?
A2: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods
Q3: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
A3: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke
Q4: What did law that limit smoking accomplish?
A4: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma
Q5: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
A5: Yoga
For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.

Q1: What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?
A1: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs
Q2: What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?
A2: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies
Q3: What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?
A3: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.
Q4: What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?
A4: sublingual immunotherapy
The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

Q1: What is the prognosis for asthma?
A1: generally good
Q2: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
A2: due to better recognition and improvement in care
Q3: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
A3: 19.4 million people as of 2004
Q4: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
A4: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.

Q1: By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?
A1: 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma
Q2: How many people die per year from asthma?
A2: 250,000–345,000 people
Q3: What countries is asthma more commonly seen?
A3: It is more common in developed than developing countries
Q4: Why are different countries effected differently?
A4: The reason for these differences is not well known
From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18–44 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities.

Q1: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??
A1: about $3,600
Q2: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?
A2: from $5,200 to $6,600
Q3: Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?
A3: Medicaid
Q4: Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?
A4: the lowest income communities
In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

Q1: When was the first paper written about asthma?
A1: In 1873
Q2: What was first used as a cure for asthma?
A2: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment
Q3: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
A3: pilocarpin
Q4: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used?
A4: in the 1960s
Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.

Q1: Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?
A1: higher-quality
Q2: Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?
A2: high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming
Q3: With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?
A3: videophiles and film enthusiasts
Q4: In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?
A4: Hong Kong
LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

Q1: Where was LaserDisc first available?
A1: Atlanta, Georgia
Q2: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
A2: two years
Q3: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
A3: MCA DiscoVision
Q4: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
A4: "Video Long Play"
Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

Q1: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
A1: Pioneer Electronics
Q2: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?
A2: unofficially
Q3: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
A3: discs
Q4: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
A4: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow
Q5: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
A5: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)
By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.

Q1: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
A1: DVD
Q2: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
A2: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Q3: What was the BBC Domesday Project?
A3: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England
Q4: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
A4: Japan
The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.

Q1: How large was a standard LaserDisc?
A1: 30 cm (12 in) in diameter
Q2: What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
A2: 1s and 0s
Q3: Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
A3: analog