romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years and the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, first by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, and later by Sephardi immigrants and refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone.

Q1: When did the Dreyfus affair occur?
A1: 1890s
Q2: In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?
A2: the 1920s and 1930s
Q3: What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?
A3: antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression
Q4: By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?
A4: a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, as used by Lubavitch Hasidim.

Q1: What is the Siddur?
A1: prayer book
Q2: The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?
A2: the nusach Ashkenaz
Q3: The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?
A3: "liturgical tradition", or rite
Q4: Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?
A4: Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari
Q5: Nusach Ari is used by whom?
A5: Lubavitch Hasidim
Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins.

Q1: How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
A1: three types of genetic origin testing
Q2: When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
A2: the 1990s
Q3: What does Y-DNA show?
A3: a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line
Q4: What are the three types of origin testing?
A4: autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Q5: Autosomal DNA is what?
A5: a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry
In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or "founder lineages", that were "likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool" originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Additionally, Behar et al. suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from ~150 women, and that most of those were also likely of Middle Eastern origin. In reference specifically to Haplogroup K, they suggested that although it is common throughout western Eurasia, "the observed global pattern of distribution renders very unlikely the possibility that the four aforementioned founder lineages entered the Ashkenazi mtDNA pool via gene flow from a European host population".

Q1: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from "founder lineages"?
A1: 40%
Q2: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women?
A2: from just four women
Q3: The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?
A3: founder lineages
Q4: The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?
A4: Hebrew/Levantine
Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses. A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis.

Q1: When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?
A1: in the later 19th century
Q2: Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?
A2: argued for Khazar descent
Q3: What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?
A3: no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA
Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Szőny), Aquincum (Óbuda), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae (Sárvár), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (Pécs), and Osijek in Croatia, attest to the presence of Jews after the 2nd and 3rd centuries where Roman garrisons were established, There was a sufficient number of Jews in Pannonia to form communities and build a synagogue. Jewish troops were among the Syrian soldiers transferred there, and replenished from the Middle East, after 175 C.E. Jews and especially Syrians came from Antioch, Tarsus and Cappadocia. Others came from Italy and the Hellenized parts of the Roman empire. The excavations suggest they first lived in isolated enclaves attached to Roman legion camps, and intermarried among other similar oriental families within the military orders of the region.Raphael Patai states that later Roman writers remarked that they differed little in either customs, manner of writing, or names from the people among whom they dwelt; and it was especially difficult to differentiate Jews from the Syrians. After Pannonia was ceded to the Huns in 433, the garrison populations were withdrawn to Italy, and only a few, enigmatic traces remain of a possible Jewish presence in the area some centuries later.

Q1: Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?
A1: the 2nd and 3rd centuries
Q2: The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?
A2: a synagogue
Q3: In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?
A3: 433
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

Q1: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
A1: 1095
Q2: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
A2: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)
Q3: What year were the expulsions from England?
A3: 1290
Q4: What year were the expulsions from France?
A4: 1394
Q5: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
A5: Jewish migration pushed eastward
In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.

Q1: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
A1: Rabbi Berechiah
Q2: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
A2: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah
Q3: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
A3: the Talmud
Q4: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
A4: Genesis Rabbah
In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750.

Q1: After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?
A1: a comparatively stable socio-political environment
Q2: What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?
A2: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries
Q3: Massive western emigration occurred around what time?
A3: in the 19th and 20th centuries
Q4: Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?
A4: 1750
Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely to support certain religious interests in Israel, including certain political parties. These political parties result from the fact that a portion of the Israeli electorate votes for Jewish religious parties; although the electoral map changes from one election to another, there are generally several small parties associated with the interests of religious Ashkenazi Jews. The role of religious parties, including small religious parties that play important roles as coalition members, results in turn from Israel's composition as a complex society in which competing social, economic, and religious interests stand for election to the Knesset, a unicameral legislature with 120 seats.

Q1: Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?
A1: the chief Ashkenazi rabbi
Q2: What is the Knesset?
A2: a unicameral legislature with 120 seats
Q3: Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?
A3: halakhic matters
New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Kabbalah, which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework. Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan, both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin.

Q1: What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?
A1: social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism"
Q2: What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?
A2: Kabbalah
Q3: Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?
A3: ecstatic worship
Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would have some Ashkenazi ancestors since the surname was adopted by families who were initially of Ashkenazic origins who moved to Sephardi countries and joined those communities. Ashkenazi would be formally adopted as the family surname having started off as a nickname imposed by their adopted communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash.

Q1: Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?
A1: Syrian Jewish community
Q2: Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
A2: Ash
Q3: What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?
A3: Vladimir Ashkenazy
A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." "Past research found that 50–80 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East," Richards said.

Q1: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?
A1: Middle Eastern peoples
Q2: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?
A2: uncommon in the general European population
Q3: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?
A3: the Middle East
In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborating the pre-2006 origin hypothesis. Testing was performed on the full 16,600 DNA units composing mitochondrial DNA (the 2006 Behar study had only tested 1,000 units) in all their subjects, and the study found that the four main female Ashkenazi founders had descent lines that were established in Europe 10,000 to 20,000 years in the past while most of the remaining minor founders also have a deep European ancestry. The study states that the great majority of Ashkenazi maternal lineages were not brought from the Near East (i.e., they were non-Israelite), nor were they recruited in the Caucasus (i.e., they were non-Khazar), but instead they were assimilated within Europe, primarily of Italian and Old French origins. Richards summarized the findings on the female line as such: "[N]one [of the mtDNA] came from the North Caucasus, located along the border between Europe and Asia between the Black and Caspian seas. All of our presently available studies including my own, should thoroughly debunk one of the most questionable, but still tenacious, hypotheses: that most Ashkenazi Jews can trace their roots to the mysterious Khazar Kingdom that flourished during the ninth century in the region between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire." The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe, and only 8 percent from the Near East, while the origin of the remainder is undetermined. According to the study these findings "point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities."

Q1: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?
A1: 80 percent
Q2: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?
A2: 8 percent
Q3: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?
A3: while the origin of the remainder is undetermined
A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry", as both groups – the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews – shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins.

Q1: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?
A1: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews
Q2: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?
A2: modern-day Italians
Q3: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?
A3: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire
A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. "Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region", the authors concluded.

Q1: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?
A1: 30 geneticists
Q2: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?
A2: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews
Q3: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?
A3: 13 universities and academies
The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

Q1: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
A1: through what is now Italy
Q2: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
A2: pre-Christian times
Q3: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
A3: 212 CE
Q4: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
A4: Emperor Caracalla
Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop Rüdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy.

Q1: Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?
A1: 8th and 9th century
Q2: Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?
A2: 11th century
Q3: What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?
A3: often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers
In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz. During the 12th century, the word appears quite frequently. In the Mahzor Vitry, the kingdom of Ashkenaz is referred to chiefly in regard to the ritual of the synagogue there, but occasionally also with regard to certain other observances.

Q1: When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?
A1: the first half of the 11th century
Q2: Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?
A2: Germany
Q3: In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?
A3: both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz