romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in "stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria." Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.

Q1: What country wanted to join with Egypt?
A1: Syria
Q2: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?
A2: communists
Q3: What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?
A3: United Arab Republic
Q4: What year was the UAR formed?
A4: 1958
While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

Q1: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?
A1: King Saud
Q2: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?
A2: shoot down Nasser's plane
Q3: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?
A3: King Faisal
Q4: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?
A4: opponent
A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Q1: How many members were in the National Assembly?
A1: 600
Q2: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
A2: 400
Q3: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
A3: Khrushchev
Q4: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
A4: Communist Party
Q5: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
A5: Boghdadi and Amer
In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Q1: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
A1: Camille Chamoun
Q2: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
A2: to unite with the UAR
Q3: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
A3: a second presidential term
Q4: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
A4: Sarraj
Q5: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
A5: limited
On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.

Q1: What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?
A1: Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref
Q2: What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
A2: Nuri al-Said
Q3: Where did US Marines land?
A3: Lebanon
Q4: Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?
A4: to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces
Q5: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?
A5: unblocked
In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Q1: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
A1: Sarraj
Q2: What was Syria like under Sarraj?
A2: police state
Q3: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
A3: Fuad Chehab
Q4: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
A4: improved considerably
Q5: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
A5: 1959
Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.

Q1: What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?
A1: Qasim
Q2: What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?
A2: suppressed a rebellion in Mosul
Q3: What did Nasser suppress as a result?
A3: Egyptian communist activity
Q4: What old ally did Nasser turn against?
A4: Khaled Mohieddin
Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

Q1: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?
A1: elites
Q2: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?
A2: worsening
Q3: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?
A3: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy
Q4: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?
A4: dismissed
Q5: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?
A5: press
On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.

Q1: What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?
A1: secessionist army units
Q2: In what year did Syria leave the UAR?
A2: 1961
Q3: Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?
A3: Latakia
Q4: What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?
A4: nervous breakdown
Q5: How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?
A5: his health began to deteriorate
Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".

Q1: What country experienced a coup in 1962?
A1: North Yemen
Q2: What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?
A2: Saudi Arabia
Q3: Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?
A3: the new government
Q4: In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?
A4: 1967
Q5: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?
A5: miscalculation
On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for "facilitating" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the "leader of the Arabs". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as "fascists".

Q1: What groups completed a coup in Iraq?
A1: Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance
Q2: Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?
A2: Abdel Salam Aref
Q3: What caused the agreement to fail?
A3: Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters
Q4: How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?
A4: fascists
In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Q1: What river did the Israelis want to divert?
A1: Jordan River
Q2: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
A2: act of war
Q3: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
A3: King Hussein
Q4: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
A4: Palestine Liberation Organization
Q5: Who was set to lead the PLO?
A5: Ahmad Shukeiri
After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

Q1: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?
A1: 1961
Q2: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?
A2: Nasser
Q3: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?
A3: Cold War
Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Q1: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
A1: African
Q2: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
A2: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries
Q3: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
A3: anti-colonial propaganda
Q4: What African group did Nasser help to form?
A4: Organisation of African Unity
Q5: What year was the OAU formed?
A5: 1963
In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

Q1: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?
A1: Egypt
Q2: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?
A2: Islamic and socialist
Q3: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?
A3: al-Azhar
Q4: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?
A4: Muslim Brotherhood
Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

Q1: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?
A1: Presidential Council
Q2: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?
A2: merit
Q3: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?
A3: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him
Q4: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?
A4: Amer
Q5: What was the Presidential Council meant to do?
A5: approve all senior military appointments
In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

Q1: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?
A1: Amer
Q2: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?
A2: Nasser
Q3: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?
A3: directly confronting Nasser
Q4: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?
A4: painkillers
Q5: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?
A5: diabetes
In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

Q1: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?
A1: socialism
Q2: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?
A2: National Charter
Q3: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?
A3: widening the Suez Canal
Q4: What year was the National Charter released?
A4: 1962
Q5: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?
A5: universal
Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Q1: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
A1: 51
Q2: What was the new name for the National Union?
A2: Arab Socialist Union
Q3: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
A3: repression
Q4: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
A4: Islamists
Q5: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
A5: submit their resignations in protest
During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Q1: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
A1: He was the only candidate
Q2: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: What was Qutb's sentence?
A3: executed
Q4: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
A4: private sector
Q5: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
A5: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

Q1: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?
A1: Soviet Union
Q2: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?
A2: dispatch troops to Sinai
Q3: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?
A3: Israeli-American
Q4: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?
A4: West Bank
Q5: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?
A5: US