romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.

Q1: Who is the most well know kef artist?
A1: Richard Hagopian
Q2: What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?
A2: American Big Band Jazz
Q3: When did Armenian pop music become popular?
A3: the 1960s and 1970s
Q4: Who were some Armenian pop artists?
A4: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian
Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Q1: What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?
A1: pianist
Q2: What type of band was System of a Down?
A2: heavy metal
Q3: What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?
A3: Armenian revolutionary songs
Q4: What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?
A4: Armenian history and national heroes
Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage.

Q1: What is Obsidian used for?
A1: jewellery and ornamental objects
Q2: What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?
A2: nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes
Q3: What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?
A3: woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims
Q4: What is Vernissage?
A4: arts and crafts market
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.

Q1: How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?
A1: more than 16,000
Q2: Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan?
A2: The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum
Q3: What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?
A3: the Middle Ages
A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.

Q1: Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?
A1: Lake Sevan
Q2: What international sports has Armenia done well at?
A2: chess, weightlifting and wrestling
Q3: What does IIHF stand for?
A3: Ice Hockey Federation
Q4: Which Games does Armenia hold?
A4: Pan-Armenian Games
Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:

Q1: What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?
A1: gymnastics
Q2: What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?
A2: two golds and two silvers
Q3: Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?
A3: Helsinki
Q4: What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?
A4: 1992
Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.

Q1: What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?
A1: FC Ararat Yerevan team
Q2: Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?
A2: FC Bayern Munich
Q3: What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?
A3: 44th
Q4: How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?
A4: eight teams
Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.

Q1: Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?
A1: the Armenian government
Q2: What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?
A2: 2005
Q3: What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?
A3: $700,000
Q4: How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?
A4: $9.3 million
Q5: How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?
A5: $1.9 million
Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia, a combination of different tastes and aromas. The food often has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.

Q1: What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?
A1: eastern and Mediterranean cuisine
Q2: What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?
A2: quality of the ingredients
Q3: What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?
A3: various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits
Q4: What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?
A4: main ingredient as well as to sour food
Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

Q1: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?
A1: Bacteria
Q2: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?
A2: spheres to rods and spirals
Q3: When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?
A3: few micrometres
Q4: What environments can bacteria live?
A4: present in most of its habitats
Q5: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?
A5: symbiotic and parasitic relationships
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Q1: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?
A1: 40 million bacterial cells
Q2: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?
A2: million bacterial cells
Q3: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?
A3: by converting dissolved compounds
Q4: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?
A4: Mariana Trench
Q5: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?
A5: thrive inside rocks
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Q1: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?
A1: ten times as many bacterial cells
Q2: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?
A2: the immune system
Q3: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?
A3: pathogenic
Q4: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?
A4: respiratory infections
Q5: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?
A5: farming
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Q1: What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?
A1: prokaryotes
Q2: What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?
A2: nucleus
Q3: When did the scientific classification change?
A3: 1990s
Q4: What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?
A4: Bacteria and Archaea
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.

Q1: When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?
A1: 4 billion years ago
Q2: Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?
A2: most organisms were microscopic
Q3: What are Stromatolites?
A3: bacterial fossils
Q4: What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?
A4: archaeal/eukaryotic lineage
Q5: How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?
A5: mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

Q1: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?
A1: one-tenth the size
Q2: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?
A2: morphologies
Q3: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?
A3: 0.7 mm
Q4: What are one of the smallest bacteria?
A4: genus Mycoplasma
Q5: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?
A5: not well-studied
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

Q1: What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?
A1: spherical
Q2: What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?
A2: bacilli
Q3: What shape Spirochaetes are?
A3: tightly coiled
Q4: What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?
A4: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section
Q5: Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?
A5: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

Q1: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?
A1: diploids (pairs)
Q2: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?
A2: Filamentous bacteria
Q3: What well known bacteria structure chains?
A3: Streptococcus
Q4: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?
A4: clusters
Q5: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?
A5: branched filaments
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria.

Q1: What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?
A1: biofilms
Q2: How extent can biofilm be?
A2: up to half a meter in depth
Q3: What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?
A3: microcolonies,
Q4: What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?
A4: to enable better diffusion of nutrients
Q5: Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?
A5: bacteria protected within biofilms
Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.

Q1: What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?
A1: amino acids
Q2: Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?
A2: aggregate to form fruiting bodies
Q3: How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?
A3: more resistant
Q4: What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?
A4: multicellular organisation
The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (also known as a lipid, cytoplasmic or plasma membrane). This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not usually have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, and thus contain few large intracellular structures. They lack a true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm, but structures such as the prokaryotic cytoskeleton and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm that give bacteria some complexity have been discovered. These subcellular levels of organization have been called "bacterial hyperstructures".

Q1: What is a cell membrane?
A1: lipid
Q2: What does membrane accomplish?
A2: barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components
Q3: Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?
A3: do not
Q4: Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?
A4: true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles
Q5: What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?
A5: simple bags of cytoplasm
Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Other proteins import nutrients across the cell membrane, or expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm.

Q1: What is crucial for biochemical reactions?
A1: concentration gradients across membranes
Q2: What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?
A2: light-gathering membrane
Q3: How does electron transit occur in bacteria?
A3: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space
Q4: Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?
A4: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures