romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.

Q1: Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?
A1: ambitious
Q2: The third of the goals concerns what?
A2: health
Q3: What does the fourth goal focus on improving?
A3: education
Q4: What is the topic of the fifth goal?
A4: gender equality
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Q1: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
A1: Rafael M. Salas
Q2: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
A2: Nigeria
Q3: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
A3: Thoraya Ahmed Obaid
Q4: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
A4: Dr Nafis Sadik
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:

Q1: UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?
A1: population and reproductive health programs
Q2: In how many countries does UNFPA operate?
A2: 150
Q3: In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?
A3: non-governmental organizations
Q4: What supports UNFPA's work?
A4: the international community
Q5: The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?
A5: young people
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.

Q1: UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?
A1: reproductive health
Q2: These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?
A2: the reproductive system
Q3: What is the third element?
A3: social health
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.

Q1: Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?
A1: developing countries
Q2: To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?
A2: population concerns
Q3: What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?
A3: policies and strategies
Q4: Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?
A4: Dr. Osotimehin
Q5: The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?
A5: Goodwill Ambassadors
UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.

Q1: UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?
A1: women and young people
Q2: With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?
A2: governments
Q3: With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?
A3: United Nations agencies
Q4: In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?
A4: raise awareness
Q5: Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?
A5: communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector
UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.

Q1: UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?
A1: forced-abortions
Q2: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?
A2: sterilizations
Q3: What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?
A3: anti-family planning groups
Q4: Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?
A4: three
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

Q1: Who contributes to UNFPA?
A1: governments and the private sector
Q2: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?
A2: $1 billion
Q3: How much of its funding was earmarked?
A3: $529 million
Q4: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?
A4: $477 million
UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.

Q1: During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?
A1: the mid-to-late '90s
Q2: Peru was found to have been coercing what?
A2: sterilizations
Q3: UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?
A3: reforms and protocols
Q4: UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?
A4: women seeking assistance
Q5: After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?
A5: laws and practices
From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA’s support for China’s population program “facilitates (its) government’s coercive abortion program”, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.

Q1: Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?
A1: the Bush Administration
Q2: During what period did the administration deny funding?
A2: From 2002 through 2008
Q3: Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?
A3: the US Congress
Q4: What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?
A4: forced abortions and coercive sterilizations
Q5: What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?
A5: the Kemp-Kasten Amendment
UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.

Q1: Which country was administering forced abortions?
A1: China
Q2: How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?
A2: three
Q3: Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?
A3: the State Department
However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

Q1: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?
A1: population control policies
Q2: What was this official's position at the time?
A2: Secretary of State
Q3: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?
A3: Colin Powell
Q4: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?
A4: vehicles and computers
Q5: What papers reported on this incident?
A5: the Washington Post and the Washington Times
Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.

Q1: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?
A1: Christopher H. Smith
Q2: The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?
A2: Potemkin Villages
Q3: Which former director defended UNFPA?
A3: Dr. Nafis Sadik
Q4: Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?
A4: Amnesty International
Q5: What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?
A5: coercive techniques
But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. "We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does," said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA’s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the “Group of 77” developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, ”UNFPA’s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

Q1: What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?
A1: Amnesty International
Q2: In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?
A2: Population Research Institute
Q3: In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?
A3: United Nations Members
Q4: How many members does the “Group of 77” have?
A4: 130
Q5: Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?
A5: the United Kingdom
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.

Q1: Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?
A1: President
Q2: What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?
A2: Bush
Q3: How much funding was blocked?
A3: $244 million
Q4: Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?
A4: the Executive Branch
Q5: How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?
A5: Congressionally
In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.

Q1: Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?
A1: the Netherlands
Q2: Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?
A2: Luxembourg
Q3: Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?
A3: Japan
Q4: In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?
A4: 180
In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

Q1: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?
A1: America
Q2: What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?
A2: nonprofit
Q3: What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?
A3: Americans for UNFPA
Q4: What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace?
A4: federal funding
Q5: Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?
A5: private donations
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries."

Q1: Which president began funding UNFPA again?
A1: Barack Obama
Q2: In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?
A2: 2009
Q3: In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?
A3: January
Q4: The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?
A4: 180
Q5: The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?
A5: 154
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help·info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.

Q1: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?
A1: the Pacific Ocean
Q2: Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?
A2: the Soviet Union
Q3: When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?
A3: 91
Q4: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?
A4: sixteen
Q5: The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?
A5: forty
Q6: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?
A6: five
Q7: How many krais were present in the RSFSR?
A7: six
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".

Q1: Which group originally created the Soviet state?
A1: the Bolsheviks
Q2: Who led the group which created the Soviet state?
A2: Vladimir Lenin
Q3: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?
A3: the Russian Provisional Government
Q4: How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?
A4: five months
Q5: What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?
A5: Sovdepia
Q6: Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?
A6: Vladimir Lenin
Q7: What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?
A7: Russian Provisional Government
Q8: For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?
A8: five months
Q9: What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?
A9: Sovdepia
On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.

Q1: When was the Soviet Union created?
A1: December 30, 1922
Q2: How many republics were in the USSR?
A2: six
Q3: What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?
A3: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Q4: When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?
A4: 1936
Q5: In which war was Russia involved in 1700?
A5: the Great Northern War
Q6: On what date was the Soviet Union created?
A6: December 30, 1922
Q7: How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?
A7: six
Q8: In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?
A8: 1936
Q9: What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
A9: Soviet Constitution of 1936
Q10: In what year was the Great Northern War fought?
A10: 1700
On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.

Q1: When did the Soviet Union break up?
A1: December 25, 1991
Q2: Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?
A2: the Russian Federation
Q3: What is the current official name of Russia?
A3: the Russian Federation
Q4: When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?
A4: April 21, 1992
Q5: When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?
A5: December 25, 1991
Q6: What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?
A6: the collapse of the Soviet Union
Q7: When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?
A7: April 21, 1992
Q8: What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?
A8: 1993 Constitution of Russia
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.

Q1: Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?
A1: Poland
Q2: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?
A2: Norway and Finland
Q3: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?
A3: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China
Q4: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?
A4: Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs
Q5: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?
A5: the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs
Q6: What country borders Russia on the west?
A6: Poland
Q7: Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?
A7: Finland
Q8: In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?
A8: Georgian
Q9: Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?
A9: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

Q1: When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?
A1: November 7, 1917
Q2: Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?
A2: the Russian Provisional Government
Q3: Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?
A3: the October Revolution
Q4: How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?
A4: five months
Q5: What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?
A5: the Russian Republic
Q6: When did the Soviet government assume power?
A6: November 7, 1917
Q7: What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?
A7: the October Revolution
Q8: What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?
A8: the Russian Provisional Government
Q9: In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?
A9: five
On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Q1: Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?
A1: the Soviet Russian Republic
Q2: To which country did Russia give land during World War I?
A2: Germany
Q3: Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?
A3: the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Q4: What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?
A4: the Russian Civil War
Q5: What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?
A5: third
Q6: On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?
A6: the Soviet Russian Republic
Q7: What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A7: peace in World War I
Q8: On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
A8: July 10, 1918
Q9: During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?
A9: the Russian Civil War