romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]), Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè), and Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

Q1: Who is an American Tibetologist?
A1: Elliot Sperling
Q2: What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?
A2: Tubote
Q3: What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?
A3: Wusiguo
The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

Q1: How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?
A1: approximately 6 million
Q2: How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?
A2: approximately 150,000
Q3: Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?
A3: political reasons
Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

Q1: What is written Tibetan base on?
A1: Classical Tibetan
Q2: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?
A2: Tibetan empire
Q3: From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?
A3: ancient Indian Brāhmī script
The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

Q1: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?
A1: Amdo region
Q2: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?
A2: western Tibet
Q3: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?
A3: Zhang Zhung
Q4: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?
A4: Drigum Tsenpo
Q5: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?
A5: Songtsän Gampo
The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

Q1: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?
A1: Songtsän Gampo
Q2: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?
A2: Princess Wencheng
Q3: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?
A3: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti
Q4: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?
A4: parts of the Yarlung River Valley
In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

Q1: When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?
A1: 821/822 CE
Q2: Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?
A2: Jokhang temple in Lhasa
Q3: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?
A3: mid-9th century
Q4: What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?
A4: Era of Fragmentation
Q5: What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?
A5: political control over Tibet
The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

Q1: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?
A1: Mongol Yuan
Q2: What was a dpon-chen?
A2: great administrator
Q3: Who confirmed the dpon-chen?
A3: Mongol emperor
Q4: Who was the political authority of the region?
A4: Sakya lama
Q5: Who held administrative and military power?
A5: dpon-chen
Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

Q1: Who managed religious and regional political affairs?
A1: Tibet
Q2: Who managed structural and administrative rule?
A2: Mongols
Q3: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?
A3: Mongolian prince Khuden
Q4: Who founded the Yuan dynasty?
A4: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan
Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

Q1: When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?
A1: Between 1346 and 1354
Q2: Who founded the Gelug school?
A2: disciples of Je Tsongkhapa
Q3: Who dominated politics after 1435?
A3: minister family Rinpungpa
Q4: What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?
A4: Karma Kagyu
The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.

Q1: Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?
A1: 5th Dalai Lama
Q2: Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?
A2: Güshi Khan
Q3: What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?
A3: Lhasa state
Q4: What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?
A4: Ganden Phodrang
Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

Q1: When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?
A1: 1720
Q2: When did Amdo come under Qing control?
A2: 1724
Q3: When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?
A3: 1728
Q4: Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?
A4: Qing
Q5: What was the governing councel called?
A5: Kashag
For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

Q1: When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
A1: 1792
Q2: Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
A2: push the invading Nepalese out
Q3: What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?
A3: Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet
Q4: When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?
A4: 18th century
This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

Q1: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.
A1: 1774
Q2: Who came to Tibet from Europe?
A2: Jesuits and Capuchins
Q3: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?
A3: 19th century
In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

Q1: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?
A1: 1904
Q2: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?
A2: 13th Dalai Lama
Q3: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
A3: 600
Q4: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
A4: 12
Q5: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?
A5: Francis Younghusband
After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

Q1: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?
A1: 1911–12
Q2: Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?
A2: Dalai Lama
Q3: When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?
A3: 1913
Q4: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?
A4: 1914
Q5: Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?
A5: illegal
After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

Q1: Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?
A1: Dharamsala
Q2: How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?
A2: between 200,000 and 1,000,000
Q3: How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?
A3: 6,000
Q4: When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?
A4: 1962
Q5: To where did Chinese troops withdraw?
A5: north of the McMahon Line
In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

Q1: When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?
A1: 1980
Q2: When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?
A2: 1989
Q3: What did the government do when it halted reforms?
A3: started an anti-separatist campaign
Q4: When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?
A4: 2008
Q5: For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?
A5: human rights
Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

Q1: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?
A1: Nepal
Q2: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?
A2: 29,029
Q3: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?
A3: Tibetan Plateau
The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

Q1: Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?
A1: Mount Kailash
Q2: Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?
A2: Lord Shiva
Q3: What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?
A3: Khang Rinpoche
Q4: Which lake is the largest in China?
A4: Qinghai Lake
The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

Q1: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?
A1: 18 inches
Q2: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?
A2: Indian monsoon
Q3: What are winters like in Tibet?
A3: intense cold
The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China’s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

Q1: Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?
A1: lowest
Q2: What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?
A2: increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism
Q3: What is Tibet exempt from?
A3: all taxation
Q4: From which area does tourism bring the most income?
A4: sale of handicrafts
From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. "Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years."

Q1: In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?
A1: 2010
Q2: Members of which committee attended the conference?
A2: CPC Politburo Standing Committee
Q3: By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?
A3: 2020
Q4: What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?
A4: education
Q5: How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?
A5: about 45.6 billion
Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

Q1: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?
A1: six red bands in the Tibetan flag
Q2: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?
A2: ethnic Tibetans
Q3: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?
A3: India