romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.

Q1: What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?
A1: literacy
Q2: Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?
A2: 1949
Q3: Who issued the first round of official characters?
A3: The People's Republic of China
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

Q1: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A2: Juan de Bermúdez
Q3: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?
A3: pigs
Q4: What company permanently settled Bermuda?
A4: the English Virginia Company
Q5: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A5: Juan de Bermúdez
Q6: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?
A6: 1503
Q7: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?
A7: two
Q8: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?
A8: pigs
Q9: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?
A9: 1609
The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

Q1: What is the capital of Bermuda?
A1: St. George's
Q2: What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?
A2: Somers Isles Company
Q3: In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?
A3: 1707
Q4: What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?
A4: the Somers Isles Company
Q5: In what year did the islands become a British colony?
A5: 1707
Q6: What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?
A6: Newfoundland became part of Canada
Q7: What was Bermuda's first capital?
A7: St. George
Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate. Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.

Q1: What two business drive Bermuda's economy?
A1: offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism
Q2: What type of climate does Bermuda have?
A2: subtropical
Q3: Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?
A3: Bermuda Triangle
Q4: What protects the island from storms?
A4: coral reef that surrounds the island
Q5: What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?
A5: insurance and reinsurance, and tourism
Q6: What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?
A6: global recession
Q7: Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?
A7: a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.
Q8: Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?
A8: protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.
Q9: What is the climate of Bermuda?
A9: subtropical
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.

Q1: Bermuda is located in what ocean?
A1: Atlantic Ocean
Q2: Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?
A2: Sargasso Sea
Q3: Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?
A3: north
Q4: Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?
A4: west
Q5: Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?
A5: due east
Q6: What natural features compose Bermuda?
A6: low-forming volcanoes
Q7: In what major ocean is Bermuda located?
A7: Atlantic Ocean
Q8: Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?
A8: Miami
Q9: Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?
A9: North Carolina
The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.

Q1: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?
A1: marine organisms
Q2: During the ice age, what area of land was above water?
A2: approximately two hundred square miles
Q3: Has the seamount always been above sealevel?
A3: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence
Q4: What type of volcano forms the archipelago?
A4: a submarine volcano
Q5: Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?
A5: periods of complete submergence,
Q6: What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?
A6: an island
Q7: The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?
A7: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

Q1: In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named "Long Island"?
A1: two
Q2: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Horseshoe Bay"?
A2: two
Q3: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Long Bay"?
A3: three
Q4: Where can St. George's Town be found?
A4: St George's Island within St George's Parish
Q5: What are three of the bays named?
A5: Long Bay
Q6: What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?
A6: Horseshoe
Q7: St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?
A7: St George's
Q8: What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?
A8: Hamilton Parish
Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30–40 ft or 9–12 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.

Q1: What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?
A1: the south shore of the island
Q2: Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?
A2: Scuba
Q3: Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?
A3: World Heritage Site
Q4: What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?
A4: pink
Q5: Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?
A5: south shore of the island
Q6: What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?
A6: pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters
Q7: What has St. George been designated as?
A7: World Heritage Site
Q8: Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?
A8: numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water
Q9: Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?
A9: Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.

Q1: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?
A1: bats
Q2: What is the national bird of Bermuda?
A2: Bermuda petrel or cahow
Q3: What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?
A3: Bermuda rock skink
Q4: What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?
A4: diamondback terrapin
Q5: What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?
A5: bats
Q6: What is the national bird of Bermuda?
A6: Bermuda petrel or cahow
Q7: Why is the National bird of importance?
A7: example of a Lazarus species
Q8: What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?
A8: Bermuda rock skink
Q9: Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?
A9: this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds
The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.

Q1: When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?
A1: 20th century, especially after the Second World War.
Q2: Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?
A2: Britain
Q3: According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?
A3: Bermudian
Q4: Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?
A4: Portuguese
The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, "coloured" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as "coloured" are today described as "black", or "of African heritage", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as "coloured" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.

Q1: There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?
A1: black and white
Q2: Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?
A2: white Protestants of English heritage
Q3: Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?
A3: coloured
Q4: Why is it problematic that the "coloured" population of Bermuda is now referred to as "black" or "African heritage"?
A4: obscures their non-African heritage
Q5: There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?
A5: Asian
Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed "Bermudian blacks", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.

Q1: What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?
A1: Bermudian blacks
Q2: Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?
A2: conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate
Q3: Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?
A3: Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion
Q4: What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?
A4: the source of the African ancestry
In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.

Q1: Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?
A1: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies
Q2: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?
A2: South-West Africa
Q3: What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?
A3: Genetic studies
Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.

Q1: What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?
A1: Native Americans
Q2: Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?
A2: St David's Islanders
Q3: During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?
A3: colonial period
Q4: Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?
A4: exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery
Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.

Q1: What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?
A1: English
Q2: What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?
A2: Portuguese
Q3: What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?
A3: British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean
Q4: Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?
A4: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots