romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Q1: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
A1: By the 1900s
Q2: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
A2: colored
Q3: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
A3: "black"
Q4: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?
A4: the African-American Civil rights movement
Q5: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
A5: Reverend Martin Luther King
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Q1: How did black people identify in early America?
A1: by their specific ethnic group
Q2: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
A2: individual ethnic affiliations
Q3: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
A3: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast
Q4: How was the new African American identity defined?
A4: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status
Q5: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
A5: French and Spanish colonists
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Q1: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
A1: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors
Q2: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
A2: socially based racial classification related to being African American,
Q3: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
A3: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.
Q4: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
A4: they fulfill the social criteria
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Q1: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
A1: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born
Q2: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
A2: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.
Q3: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
A3: 1835,
Q4: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
A4: the African Methodist Episcopal Church
Q5: What terms did African Americans use instead?
A5: "Negro" or "colored"
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Q1: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
A1: Jesse Jackson
Q2: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
A2: 1988
Q3: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
A3: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants
Q4: Who also argued for the term "African American"?
A4: African-American
Q5: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
A5: because "African" suggests foreignness
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Q1: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
A1: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa
Q2: What classification are given?
A2: socio-political constructs
Q3: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
A3: 17–18%
Q4: What is the Census definition not based on?
A4: scientific or anthropological
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Q1: What did the "one-drop" rule do?
A1: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry
Q2: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
A2: early 20th century.
Q3: When was racial definition more flexible?
A3: 18th and 19th centuries
Q4: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
A4: the American Civil War
Q5: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
A5: 1662
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Q1: How is blackness described in the US?
A1: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.
Q2: What defines "blackness"?
A2: political orientation, culture and behavior
Q3: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
A3: "acting white"
Q4: How does one "act white"?
A4: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans
Q5: In what regards can one "act white"?
A5: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Q1: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
A1: Toni Morrison
Q2: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
A2: Christopher Hitchens
Q3: Who is Toni Morrison?
A3: Nobel Prize-winning novelist
Q4: Why were people offended by this comment?
A4: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain
Q5: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
A5: Rwandan Genocide
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

Q1: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
A1: John Punch
Q2: Who is John Punch?
A2: the first African slave in the Virginia colony
Q3: When was Punch indentured?
A3: 1640
Q4: Why was he indentured for life?
A4: trying to escape
Q5: Why were his children free?
A5: they were born to free English women
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

Q1: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
A1: 12 million
Q2: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
A2: 11.5 million
Q3: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
A3: 5.5 million
Q4: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
A4: 2.76 million
Q5: How is black identified in South America?
A5: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

Q1: How are people in Brazil classified?
A1: by appearance
Q2: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
A2: Brazil
Q3: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
A3: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color
Q4: How are people evaluated in Brazil?
A4: like the colors of the spectrum
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

Q1: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
A1: lighter skin
Q2: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
A2: black
Q3: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
A3: white
Q4: What does Preto mean?
A4: (black)
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

Q1: How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
A1: estimated 3.5 million
Q2: How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
A2: more than half
Q3: Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
A3: Afro-descendants
Q4: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
A4: segregation laws
Q5: What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
A5: intermarriage
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

Q1: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
A1: 6.2%
Q2: How much identified as mixed race?
A2: 40%
Q3: How much identified as white?
A3: 55%
Q4: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
A4: 29%
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

Q1: What has Brazil avoided?
A1: the binary polarization of society into black and white
Q2: What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
A2: civil war
Q3: How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
A3: violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.
Q4: Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?
A4: Elio Ferreira de Araujo
Q5: Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
A5: black and indigenous communities.
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

Q1: In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?
A1: 75%
Q2: In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?
A2: 50%
Q3: What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
A3: one-drop rule
Q4: What does the one drop rule do?
A4: discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.
Q5: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
A5: illiteracy and education levels
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Q1: What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
A1: blacks
Q2: How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?
A2: 80%
Q3: When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
A3: 1965
Q4: When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
A4: 1970s
Q5: What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
A5: Hurricane Katrina
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

Q1: What do critics claim people of color have?
A1: limited media visibility
Q2: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
A2: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.
Q3: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
A3: northern Europeans
Q4: What is another word for "Light Skinned"
A4: mulatto