romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Q1: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
A1: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951
Q2: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
A2: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.
Q3: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
A3: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.
Q4: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
A4: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.
Q5: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
A5: British Petroleum
Q6: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
A6: September 1973
Q7: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
A7: $3.8 billion
Q8: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
A8: 1979
Q9: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
A9: $40
The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Q1: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
A1: pan-Libyan
Q2: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
A2: regional and tribal
Q3: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
A3: Sabha
Q4: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
A4: counter-revolutionary activity
Q5: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
A5: Arab Socialist Union
The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

Q1: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
A1: sharia
Q2: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
A2: Arabic
Q3: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
A3: 1969 to 1973
Q4: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
A4: Christian
Q5: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
A5: alcohol
The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Q1: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
A1: Arab nationalism
Q2: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
A2: Syria
Q3: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
A3: Nasser
Q4: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
A4: Egypt and Sudan
Q5: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
A5: 1969
After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.

Q1: Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
A1: Nasser
Q2: What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
A2: unified state
Q3: Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?
A3: Egypt, Syria and Sudan
Q4: In what year was the merger charter signed?
A4: 1972
Q5: When did the federation have to be implemented by?
A5: September 1973
After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

Q1: What nations comprised the Four Powers?
A1: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union
Q2: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
A2: U.S.
Q3: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?
A3: U.K.
Q4: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
A4: June 1970
Q5: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
A5: British
Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.

Q1: How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
A1: 12,000
Q2: In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?
A2: Jews
Q3: Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
A3: France and the Soviet Union
Q4: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
A4: U.S.
Q5: Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
A5: Malta
His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

Q1: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
A1: Yasser Arafat
Q2: What organization did Arafat belong to?
A2: Fatah
Q3: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
A3: Black September Organization
Q4: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
A4: Munich
Q5: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
A5: three
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Q1: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
A1: 1970s
Q2: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
A2: Eritrean War of Independence
Q3: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
A3: Europe
Q4: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
A4: colonialism and neocolonialism
Q5: What was the ANC combating?
A5: Apartheid
On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

Q1: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
A1: 16 April 1973
Q2: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
A2: administrative
Q3: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
A3: dissolved
Q4: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
A4: 5
Q5: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
A5: Egypt
As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

Q1: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
A1: General People's Committees
Q2: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?
A2: traditional leaders
Q3: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
A3: traditional party-based representative
The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

Q1: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
A1: pyramid
Q2: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
A2: tribal divisions
Q3: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
A3: Marxists
Q4: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
A4: General People's Committee
In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Q1: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
A1: Mao Zedong
Q2: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
A2: June 1973
Q3: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
A3: pan-Arab
Q4: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
A4: Soviet Union
Q5: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
A5: capitalism
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.

Q1: Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
A1: three
Q2: When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
A2: 1979
Q3: What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
A3: The Green Book
Q4: What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
A4: one
Q5: What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
A5: socialism
In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.

Q1: In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
A1: 1975
Q2: In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
A2: 1976
Q3: How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
A3: 200
Q4: How many students were executed in January of 1977?
A4: two
Q5: Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
A5: Amnesty International
Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

Q1: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
A1: Sadat
Q2: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
A2: Israeli
Q3: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
A3: Haifa
Q4: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
A4: sandstorm
Q5: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
A5: American
Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.

Q1: Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
A1: Syria
Q2: Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
A2: Gaafar Nimeiry
Q3: What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
A3: Sudan People's Liberation Army
Q4: Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?
A4: Chad
Q5: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
A5: uranium
Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.

Q1: What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
A1: Tunisia
Q2: What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
A2: Arab Islamic Republic
Q3: Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
A3: Habib Bourguiba
Q4: With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
A4: Algeria
Q5: Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
A5: Moroccan
On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

Q1: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
A1: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Q2: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
A2: 187
Q3: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
A3: General People's Congress
Q4: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
A4: Libyan Arab Republic
Q5: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
A5: annual