romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.

Q1: What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?
A1: the World Bank
Q2: What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?
A2: $28,781
Q3: What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?
A3: Slovak Republic and Lithuania
Q4: Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?
A4: 8th
Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]

Q1: How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?
A1: 75%
Q2: What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?
A2: about 85%
Q3: What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?
A3: wood, peat, and biomass
Q4: What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?
A4: 6%
Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.

Q1: When did the global economic recession start?
A1: 2007
Q2: What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?
A2: global economic recession
Q3: Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?
A3: Riigikogu
Q4: What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?
A4: 2010
Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.

Q1: What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?
A1: the gateway between East and West
Q2: What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?
A2: 1994
Q3: Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?
A3: Milton Friedman
Q4: What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?
A4: a uniform rate of 26%
In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.

Q1: What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?
A1: 1999
Q2: What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?
A2: 1991
Q3: What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?
A3: the 1998 Russian financial crisis
Q4: When did Estonia unite with the WTO?
A4: November 1999
Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.

Q1: What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?
A1: energy
Q2: What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?
A2: renewable energy sources
Q3: What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?
A3: wind power
Q4: What is total amount of energy production from wind power?
A4: nearly 60 MW
Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.

Q1: In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?
A1: Eastern
Q2: Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?
A2: Scandinavian markets
Q3: What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?
A3: highly skilled
Q4: What is the largest city in Estonia?
A4: Tallinn
In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.

Q1: When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?
A1: 2007
Q2: What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?
A2: export-generating industries
Q3: How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?
A3: 200 million kilowatt hours
Q4: How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?
A4: 1.562 billion kilowatt hours
Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.

Q1: How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?
A1: 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)
Q2: What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
A2: 2007
Q3: What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
A3: 2013
Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

Q1: What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?
A1: Between 1945 and 1989
Q2: What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?
A2: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
Q3: Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?
A3: Joseph Stalin
Q4: What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?
A4: 1989
At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.

Q1: How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?
A1: a national catastrophe
Q2: What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?
A2: Russian military bases
Q3: What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?
A3: 69%
Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

Q1: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?
A1: Thirteen
Q2: How many counties are in Estonia?
A2: 15
Q3: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?
A3: Hiiumaa
Q4: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?
A4: 98.4%
Q5: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?
A5: 25.6%
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

Q1: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?
A1: 1925
Q2: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?
A2: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law
Q3: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?
A3: more than 3,000 people
Q4: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?
A4: Germans and Jewish minorities
The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.

Q1: What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory"?
A1: The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report
Q2: What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?
A2: 5%
Q3: What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?
A3: more than half
Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.

Q1: What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?
A1: Estonia's constitution
Q2: Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?
A2: separation of church and state
Q3: What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?
A3: belief and religion
Q4: What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?
A4: 75.7%
Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.

Q1: What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?
A1: Russian minority
Q2: Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?
A2: the Russian Orthodox Church
Q3: What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?
A3: Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.

Q1: What language does Estonian share similar words with?
A1: Germanic
Q2: What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?
A2: nearly one third
Q3: What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?
A3: High German
Q4: What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?
A4: about 15 percent
Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.

Q1: What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?
A1: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies
Q2: What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?
A2: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry
Q3: What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?
A3: autonomy
Q4: What is the largest private university in Estonia?
A4: Estonian Business School
The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

Q1: What is the main science institution in Estonia?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Sciences
Q2: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
A2: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
Q3: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
A3: the late 1950s
Q4: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
A4: Tartu and Tallinn
Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

Q1: What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?
A1: liberty and liberalism
Q2: What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?
A2: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption
Q3: What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?
A3: free education
Q4: What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?
A4: closeness to nature
The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

Q1: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Arts
Q2: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
A2: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu
Q3: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
A3: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design
Q4: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
A4: 245
The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.

Q1: What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?
A1: Laulupidu
Q2: What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?
A2: 1869
Q3: How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?
A3: about 100,000 people
Q4: Where does Laulupidu usually take place?
A4: the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds
Q5: When does Laulupidu occur?
A5: every five years in July
Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

Q1: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?
A1: 2001
Q2: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?
A2: 2002
Q3: Who performed the song "Everybody"?
A3: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton
Q4: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?
A4: Maarja-Liis Ilus
Q5: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?
A5: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony
The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

Q1: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
A1: the Northern Crusades
Q2: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
A2: Germany, Sweden, and Russia
Q3: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
A3: the 13th century
Q4: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
A4: The Liber Census Daniae