romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

Q1: Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?
A1: not
Q2: Where does the sun get its energy from?
A2: nuclear fusion of hydrogen
Q3: How does hydrogen function when it s burned?
A3: energy carrier
The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO
2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H
2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.

Q1: What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?
A1: elemental
Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.

Q1: Why is hydrogen employed?
A1: to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties
Q2: How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?
A2: a potential electron donor
Q3: What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?
A3: ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3
H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle.

Q1: What enzymes are used to produce H2?
A1: hydrogenases
Q2: When does hydrogen gas occur?
A2: in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water
Q3: What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?
A3: hydrogen cycle
Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

Q1: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?
A1: Water splitting
Q2: Where does water splitting occur?
A2: in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms
Q3: What organisms can form H2 gas?
A3: alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria
Q4: How are these gases formed?
A4: by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast
Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

Q1: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
A1: potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form
Q2: What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?
A2: cracks and explosions
Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

Q1: What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?
A1: the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio
Q2: How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?
A2: days or weeks
Q3: What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?
A3: container geometry
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Q1: What do people typically call a web browser?
A1: browser
Q2: What platform is a browser used on?
A2: World Wide Web
Q3: What does URL mean?
A3: Uniform Resource Identifier
Q4: What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
A4: Hyperlinks
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Q1: The primary function of a browser is to use what?
A1: the World Wide Web
Q2: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?
A2: private networks
Q3: A browser can also access files where?
A3: file systems
The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.

Q1: When was the first browser created?
A1: 1990
Q2: Who invented the first browser?
A2: Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Q3: What was Berners-Lee a director of?
A3: the World Wide Web Consortium
Q4: What organization did Berners-Lee create?
A4: World Wide Web Foundation
In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

Q1: Who released Mosaic?
A1: Marc Andreessen
Q2: When was Mosaic released?
A2: 1993
Q3: When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?
A3: Netscape
Q4: What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
A4: Netscape Navigator
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

Q1: Who released the Internet Explorer browser?
A1: Microsoft
Q2: When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?
A2: 1995
Q3: The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?
A3: browser war
Q4: What was bundled with Internet Explorer?
A4: Windows
Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Q1: Opera was introduced in what year?
A1: 1996
Q2: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
A2: Opera-mini version
Q3: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
A3: mobile phone web browser
Q4: Opera is also available on which video game console?
A4: Nintendo's Wii
In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.

Q1: What did Netscape launch in 1998?
A1: Mozilla Foundation
Q2: Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
A2: open source software model
Q3: What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
A3: Firefox
Q4: When was Firefox released?
A4: late 2004
Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.

Q1: When was the first beta release for Safari?
A1: January 2003
Q2: Who created Safari?
A2: Apple
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.

Q1: Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
A1: Chrome
Q2: When was Chrome released?
A2: September 2008
Q3: As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?
A3: Internet Explorer
Q4: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
A4: May 2012
Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through "lock-in" to Microsoft's browser.

Q1: What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?
A1: Internet Explorer
Q2: Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?
A2: sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users
Q3: What other OS could use Internet Explorer?
A3: Mac
In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." Microsoft Corp v Commission

Q1: Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
A1: the European Commission
Q2: When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
A2: January 2009
Q3: The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
A3: competition between web browsers
Q4: The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
A4: product innovation
Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.

Q1: What browser was automatically included with OS X?
A1: Safari
Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.

Q1: Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
A1: Google
Q2: What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
A2: Chrome
Q3: The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?
A3: Google Chrome
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

Q1: What is the main use of a browser?
A1: to bring information resources to the user
This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Q1: What does URL stand for?
A1: Uniform Resource Locator
Q2: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
A2: The prefix of the URL
Q3: What does http stand for?
A3: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Q4: What does ftp stand for?
A4: File Transfer Protocol
Q5: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
A5: default newsgroup reader
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Q1: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
A1: rendering
Q2: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
A2: Flash applications and Java applets
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Q1: What can resources have to connect to other resources?
A1: hyperlinks
Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

Q1: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
A1: rich user interfaces
Q2: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?
A2: Internet suites
Q3: What does IRC stand for?
A3: Internet Relay Chat
All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Q1: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
A1: pop-up blockers
A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

Q1: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
A1: browser extension
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.

Q1: A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?
A1: bookmarked
Q2: What are "bookmarks" called in Internet Explorer?
A2: Favorites
Q3: The top browsers have a built-in what?
A3: feed aggregator
Q4: Firefox does web feeds as what?
A4: live bookmarks
Q5: The Opera feed reader is more what?
A5: traditional
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

Q1: HTTP Secure is supported by what?
A1: Most browsers
Q2: Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?
A2: form and search history
Q3: A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?
A3: current security vulnerabilities
Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Q1: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
A1: proprietary web browsers
Q2: Non-standard dialects led to what?
A2: problems with interoperability
Q3: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
A3: HTML and XHTML
Q4: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
A4: rendered in the same way
Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.

Q1: A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?
A1: Web browsers
Q2: The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?
A2: functionalities
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Q1: What is the capital of Massachusetts?
A1: Boston
Q2: What is the approximate population for 2014?
A2: 655,884
Q3: How many square miles does Boston cover?
A3: 48 square miles
Q4: What was the population of Boston in 2014
A4: 655,884
Q5: How many square miles is Boston?
A5: 48 square miles
Q6: What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?
A6: 24th
Q7: Which of the United States is Boston located in?
A7: Massachusetts
Q8: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
A8: 48
Q9: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
A9: Greater Boston
Q10: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
A10: 4.7 million people
Q11: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
A11: Boston
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).

Q1: When was Boston founded?
A1: 1630
Q2: Where was Boston Founded?
A2: Shawmut Peninsula
Q3: List one major event that took place in Boston.
A3: Boston Massacre
Q4: How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?
A4: 20 million
Q5: What year was Boston founded?
A5: 1630
Q6: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
A6: the Shawmut Peninsula
Q7: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
A7: tourists
Q8: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
A8: 20 million