romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.

Q1: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?
A1: Classical India
Q2: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
A2: c. 320–550 CE
Q3: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
A3: Golden Age of India
Q4: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
A4: Hindu culture
Q5: What numeral system originated in India?
A5: Hindu-Arabic
The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:

Q1: What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?
A1: Indian culture
Q2: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?
A2: Buddhism
Q3: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?
A3: first three rulers
Q4: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?
A4: Strong trade ties
Q5: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?
A5: nearby kingdoms
Kadamba (345 – 525 CE) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state. The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires, for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties known as the Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Hangal.

Q1: During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?
A1: 345 – 525 CE
Q2: Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?
A2: Karnataka, India
Q3: What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?
A3: King Kakushtavarma
Q4: Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?
A4: Mayurasharma
Q5: What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?
A5: Gupta Dynasty
The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.

Q1: What type of trib were the Hephthalites?
A1: nomadic confederation
Q2: Where did the White Huns roam?
A2: Central Asia
Q3: In what country did the White Huns settle?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century?
A4: Pakistan and North India
After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old. Harsha belonged to Kanojia. He brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a center of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favorable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.

Q1: In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?
A1: middle of the 6th century
Q2: To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?
A2: small
Q3: After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?
A3: Maharaja
Q4: When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?
A4: April 606
Q5: To what religion had Harsha been converted?
A5: Buddhism
From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.

Q1: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries
A1: Śrauta sacrifices
Q2: What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?
A2: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
Q3: In what century was Harsha's rule?
A3: 7th century
Q4: What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?
A4: collapsed
Q5: What area did Harsha unite during his reign?
A5: northern India
Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

Q1: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
A1: Vishnu and Shiva
Q2: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
A2: Hindu gods
Q3: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
A3: monumental
Q4: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
A4: elaborate
Q5: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
A5: eighth
From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.

Q1: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?
A1: three
Q2: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?
A2: 6th century
Q3: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?
A3: Prithvi Raj Chauhan
Q4: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?
A4: 11th century
Q5: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?
A5: Lalitaditya Muktapida
The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.

Q1: When did the Chalukya Empire rule?
A1: 6th and the 12th centuries
Q2: What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?
A2: southern and central
Q3: What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns?
A3: Chalukyan architecture
Q4: When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?
A4: 550 and 750
Q5: When was the second reign of Chalukyans?
A5: 970 and 1190
Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhraṃśas.

Q1: When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?
A1: 753
Q2: In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?
A2: Manyakheta
Q3: What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?
A3: Hindu
Q4: By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?
A4: Jainism
Q5: What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?
A5: Amoghavarsha
The Pala Empire (Bengali: পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750–1174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning "protector", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.

Q1: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?
A1: 750–1174 CE
Q2: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?
A2: Buddhist
Q3: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?
A3: golden era of Bengal
Q4: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?
A4: Nalanda
Q5: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?
A5: Gopala I
Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

Q1: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
A1: South India
Q2: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
A2: military, economic and cultural
Q3: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
A3: whole of Southern India
Q4: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel?
A4: Monumental
Q5: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as?
A5: sea power
The Western Chalukya Empire (Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. Vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukya control. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuri, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century. The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada, and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bhāskara II.

Q1: During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?
A1: 10th and 12th
Q2: What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?
A2: transitional
Q3: Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?
A3: central Karnataka
Q4: What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?
A4: native language
Q5: Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?
A5: Sanskrit
The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.

Q1: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?
A1: Muslims
Q2: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
A2: Arab Umayyad Caliphate
Q3: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
A3: Raja Dahir
Q4: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
A4: Muhammad bin Qasim
Q5: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India?
A5: difficult
In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.

Q1: In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?
A1: 712
Q2: Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?
A2: Hindu kings
Q3: In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?
A3: Sindh in Pakistan
Q4: When was the Arab invasion repulsed?
A4: early 8th century
Q5: Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?
A5: Al-Mansurah
Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

Q1: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
A1: Afghanistan and Pakistan
Q2: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India?
A2: trading communities
Q3: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
A3: western coast
Q4: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
A4: Arabian peninsula
Q5: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?
A5: Judaism and Christianity
The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.

Q1: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
A1: 9th century
Q2: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
A2: Kushan
Q3: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
A3: two
Q4: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
A4: 870
Q5: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
A5: Kabul Shahan