romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Q1: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
A1: 20th-century
Q2: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
A2: Le Corbusier
Q3: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
A3: Architect
Q4: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
A4: 20th-century
Q5: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
A5: heart
Q6: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
A6: I am happy
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Q1: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
A1: Function
Q2: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
A2: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Q3: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
A3: Vitruvius
Q4: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
A4: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
Q5: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
A5: both popularity and skepticism
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Q1: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
A1: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Q2: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
A2: philosophies
Q3: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
A3: their approach to building design
Q4: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
A4: poststructuralism
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Q1: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
A1: late 20th century
Q2: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
A2: sustainability
Q3: To what should a building be friendly?
A3: environment
Q4: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
A4: non-sustainable power sources
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Q1: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
A1: shelter, security, worship
Q2: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
A2: knowledge
Q3: What was building considered?
A3: a craft
Q4: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
A4: architecture
Q5: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
A5: building materials
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.

Q1: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
A1: vernacular buildings
Q2: Why did the economy begin to expand?
A2: a surplus in production
Q3: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
A3: trial and error
Q4: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
A4: vernacular
Q5: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
A5: rural
Q6: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
A6: urbanization
Q7: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
A7: rapidly
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

Q1: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
A1: Egypt and Mesopotamia
Q2: What are two examples of past civilizations?
A2: Egypt and Mesopotamia
Q3: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
A3: the divine and the supernatural
Q4: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
A4: political power
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

Q1: Name one Asian architectural writer.
A1: Kao Gong Ji
Q2: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
A2: China
Q3: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
A3: 7th–5th centuries BCE
Q4: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
A4: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Q5: India produced which early architectural text?
A5: Shilpa Shastras
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Q1: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
A1: pantheistic religion
Q2: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
A2: Buddhist architecture
Q3: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
A3: 3rd century BCE
Q4: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
A4: the macrocosm and the microcosm
Q5: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
A5: the Shastras
Q6: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
A6: Buddhist
Q7: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
A7: pantheistic religion
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

Q1: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
A1: European architecture
Q2: When was Islamic architecture first seen?
A2: 7th century CE
Q3: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
A3: Byzantium
Q4: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
A4: religious and social needs
Q5: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
A5: pointed arch
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Q1: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
A1: abbeys and cathedrals.
Q2: What were the most important buildings of the time?
A2: abbeys and cathedrals
Q3: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
A3: clerics and tradesmen
Q4: What style is Gothic?
A4: pan-European
Q5: What is another pan-European style?
A5: Romanesque
Q6: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
A6: 900 CE onwards
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

Q1: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
A1: 1400
Q2: When did the Classical learning revival begin?
A2: 1400 onwards
Q3: What continent did this revival take place on?
A3: Europe
Q4: What was the name for the time period?
A4: Renaissance
Q5: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
A5: role of the individual
Q6: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
A6: artist, architect and engineer
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Q1: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?
A1: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
Q2: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
A2: form, space and ambience
Q3: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
A3: pragmatic aspects
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

Q1: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
A1: Nunzia Rondanini
Q2: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
A2: Through its aesthetic dimension
Q3: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
A3: social life
Q4: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
A4: social development
Q5: What does architecture share with other sciences?
A5: functional aspects
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

Q1: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
A1: art for art's sake
Q2: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
A2: quest for perfection or originality
Q3: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
A3: form
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

Q1: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
A1: civic ideals
Q2: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
A2: new building types
Q3: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
A3: religious or empirical ones
Q4: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
A4: Architectural "style"
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

Q1: When were architectural writings first made?
A1: ancient time
Q2: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
A2: specific formal prescriptions
Q3: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
A3: canons
Q4: When did Vitruvius write his canons?
A4: 1st-century BCE
Q5: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
A5: religious
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

Q1: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
A1: guilds
Q2: What records of the guilds are still in existence?
A2: written contracts
Q3: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
A3: ecclesiastical buildings
Q4: What is another term for master mason?
A4: Magister lathomorum
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.

Q1: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
A1: proportions and structure
Q2: Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
A2: generalist
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

Q1: What two fields began to grow apart?
A1: architecture and engineering
Q2: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
A2: technical aspects of building design
Q3: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
A3: "gentleman architect"
Q4: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
A4: context and feasibility
Q5: Where did most architects learn their trade?
A5: in the offices of other architects
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Q1: What started with the Industrial Revolution?
A1: mass production and consumption
Q2: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
A2: ornamented products
Q3: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
A3: Aesthetics
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

Q1: What kind of books did housebuilders use?
A1: pattern books and architectural journals
Q2: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
A2: current architectural design
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.

Q1: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor?
A1: 20th
Q2: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
A2: Modern Architecture
Q3: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
A3: 1907
Q4: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
A4: to produce better quality machine made objects
Q5: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
A5: the Bauhaus school
When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

Q1: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
A1: avant-garde movement
Q2: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
A2: the middle and working classes
Q3: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
A3: the rapidly declining aristocratic order
Q4: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
A4: functionalist
Q5: What details did Modernists' do away with?
A5: historical references and ornament
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

Q1: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
A1: Frank Lloyd Wright
Q2: What are two of Wright's designs?
A2: Robie House and Fallingwater
Q3: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
A3: to promote harmony
Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

Q1: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
A1: the Industrial Revolution
Q2: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
A2: steel-frame construction
Q3: What style came after Modernism?
A3: International Style
Q4: What is an example of International Style?
A4: Twin Towers
Q5: Who designed the Twin Towers?
A5: Minoru Yamasaki
Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

Q1: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
A1: decorative richness
Q2: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
A2: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
Q3: What material was used in Brutalist structures?
A3: unfinished concrete
Q4: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
A4: postwar generation
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.

Q1: What school was a response to Brutalism?
A1: the school of metaphoric architecture
Q2: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
A2: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
Q3: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
A3: nature
Q4: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
A4: expressionist architecture