romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Q1: What did the foundation announce in March 2006
A1: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)
Q2: What is the International Justice Mission
A2: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.
Q3: What would the grant allow the IJM to do
A3: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery
Q4: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically
A4: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".
The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Q1: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM
A1: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern
Q2: Where did project lantern open an office
A2: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.
Q3: What did project lantern announce in 2010
A3: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases
Q4: What services were also increased by project lantern
A4: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"
Q5: What was project Lantern exploring
A5: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.
The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

Q1: What was the WSH program launched in 2005
A1: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005
Q2: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
A2: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010
Q3: What efforts have the WSH taken
A3: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation
Q4: What did the foundation decide in 2009
A4: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services
Q5: WHy did the foundation make the switch
A5: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments
In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

Q1: What has been the focus since 2011
A1: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")
Q2: What models have been delivered
A2: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications
Q3: What is the purpose of the new overview
A3: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions
Q4: What did the foundation announce in 2011
A4: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Q1: What is need in the developing world
A1: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need
Q2: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
A2: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected
Q3: How many people have no sanatation facilities
A3: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies
Q4: What country is the worst violator
A4: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people
Q5: India is host to what activity
A5: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Q1: When was reinvent the toilet launched
A1: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
Q2: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet
A2: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation
Q3: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet
A3: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)
Q4: What was excluded by the funding schemes
A4: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts
Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Q1: What countries have received grants
A1: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions
Q2: How much were the grants for
A2: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase
Q3: What did many investigate
A3: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Q1: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
A1: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet
Q2: What compliments the challenge
A2: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying
Q3: What does the Omni processor do
A3: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Q1: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of
A1: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria
Q2: How many children were protected from death
A2: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases
Q3: What are some consequences of the investments
A3: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa
Q4: What has the focus on a few diseases caused
A4: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation
Q5: Vaccinations programs encouraged what
A5: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.

Q1: What did the foundation decide not to fund
A1: has decided not to fund abortion"
Q2: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
A2: the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning
Q3: Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
A3: Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood
In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Q1: what is the US libraries initiative
A1: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet
Q2: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
A2: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet
Q3: what have the grants provided public libraries
A3: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide
Q4: What has the grant enabled
A4: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Q1: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
A1: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels
Q2: What do these efforts include
A2: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs
Q3: how much did it spend in 2009
A3: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.
Q4: It was an early backer of what
A4: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

Q1: What is 1 foundation goal
A1: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States
Q2: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is
A2: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster
Q3: how did they work on college financing
A3: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations
As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

Q1: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
A1: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments
Q2: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do
A2: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education
Q3: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why
A3: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage
Q4: Where does the foundation list grants
A4: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly
Q5: who founded teach plus
A5: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs
The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Q1: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
A1: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences
Q2: What are several of the gates backed policies
A2: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes
Q3: Have the policies been criticized
A3: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm
Q4: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show
A4: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

Q1: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
A1: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Q2: When must the trust resources be spent
A2: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths
Q3: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death
A3: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years
Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

Q1: Who founded Northwestern University?
A1: John Evans
Q2: What year was Northwestern founded?
A2: 1851
Q3: In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?
A3: 1855
Q4: What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?
A4: 1869
Q5: Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?
A5: Education City, Doha, Qatar
Q6: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?
A6: to serve the Northwest Territory
Q7: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?
A7: 1855
Q8: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?
A8: 1869
Q9: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?
A9: 240
Q10: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?
A10: journalism and communication
Q11: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?
A11: Lake Michigan
Q12: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
A12: Chicago