romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.

Q1: What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?
A1: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)
Q2: What is the aim of this?
A2: progressively eliminate child labour
Q3: What are some of the target countries?
A3: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt
Q4: What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?
A4: universal primary school
In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.

Q1: What did the United States pass in 2004?
A1: amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938
Q2: What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?
A2: aged 14–18
Q3: What culture in the US benefits from this Act?
A3: Amish
Q4: What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?
A4: eighth grade
Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.

Q1: What happened in the European Union in 1996?
A1: agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws
Q2: What age were children allowed to do light labour?
A2: 13
Q3: What age were children able to take part in European training programs?
A3: aged 14 years or over
Q4: What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?
A4: babysitting
Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.

Q1: What does child labour do for adults?
A1: leads to poor labour standards
Q2: What happens to the wages of adults?
A2: depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries
Q3: What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?
A3: low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports
Q4: Does ending child labour have a global value?
A4: there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour
Other scholars[who?] suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices.

Q1: What do some scholars agress is the "disease" of child labour?
A1: poverty
Q2: Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?
A2: These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour
Q3: What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?
A3: only option for survival
These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

Q1: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?
A1: economic development
Q2: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?
A2: economic reforms
Q3: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?
A3: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world
Q4: What do international actions do according to these scholars?
A4: increase child labour
In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa—the main ingredient in chocolate— in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest.[not in citation given][better source needed]

Q1: Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?
A1: UNICEF
Q2: What do child labourers work on in West Africa?
A2: production of cocoa
Q3: How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?
A3: 15,000
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.

Q1: What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?
A1: Malian
Q2: After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?
A2: stopped paying their employees
Q3: Where did the children mainly come from?
A3: slums
Q4: Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?
A4: bus stations
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.

Q1: What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?
A1: cocoa industry
Q2: Who dismissed the allegations?
A2: European Cocoa Association
Q3: What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?
A3: 700,000
Q4: Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?
A4: ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom
In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.

Q1: What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?
A1: voluntary
Q2: What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?
A2: International Cocoa Initiative
Q3: How many active programs does the foundation have?
A3: 290
Q4: What happened to the 2005 deadlines?
A4: have not yet been met
In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region. Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.

Q1: Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?
A1: Congo
Q2: What are child creuseurs?
A2: they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs
Q3: What percent of materials go to China?
A3: 90 percent
Q4: What is the cobalt used for?
A4: lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide
BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

Q1: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
A1: mining and smelting operations of Africa
Q2: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
A2: denied
Q3: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
A3: being aware of child miners
Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

Q1: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?
A1: gold
Q2: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?
A2: Mali
Q3: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
A3: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue
Q4: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?
A4: primary and sometimes the only source of income
In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws." Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.

Q1: How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?
A1: 57
Q2: What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?
A2: claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations
Q3: When did the CEO go on trial?
A3: 4 May 2010
Q4: What was the verdict?
A4: not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.
In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.

Q1: Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?
A1: Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)
Q2: Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?
A2: Zara
Q3: What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?
A3: Bangladesh
Q4: What are activists trying to get implemented?
A4: "track and trace" systems
In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.

Q1: Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?
A1: Primark
Q2: What does Primark produce?
A2: clothing
Q3: What did the BBC program make their viewers question?
A3: "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top?
Q4: What else did the BBC expose?
A4: the violent side of the child labour industry
Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic." BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.

Q1: How many years was Primark investigated for?
A1: three years
Q2: What did they claim about the BBC report?
A2: fake
Q3: What did the BBC do?
A3: apologised for faking footage
Q4: What happened to the reward the BBC received?
A4: returned the television award
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

Q1: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?
A1: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution
Q2: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?
A2: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"
Q3: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?
A3: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."
According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went "voluntarily and gladly" to work in factories.

Q1: Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?
A1: agriculture
Q2: How many children worked?
A2: virtually all
Q3: Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?
A3: factory work
Q4: What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?
A4: send their children to school instead of work
According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.

Q1: Where is Thomas DeGregori from?
A1: University of Houston
Q2: What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?
A2: Bangladesh
Q3: What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?
A3: political obstacles
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.

Q1: What is benefical work for children?
A1: Domestic work
Q2: What can children do in countries were trading is involved?
A2: children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers
Q3: All but what type of children must learn to clean?
A3: rich
Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up. Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term. At the material level, children’s work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor. Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment. Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers. Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play.

Q1: What is a natural process of child development?
A1: Work
Q2: What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?
A2: Work
Q3: What are children able to do during intense work situations?
A3: children often find ways to combine their work with play