romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Q1: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008?
A1: 13 million
Q2: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
A2: over $2 trillion
Q3: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
A3: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Q4: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
A4: HUD
Q5: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
A5: 6
In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.

Q1: Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
A1: Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)
Q2: Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?
A2: Bush administration
Q3: On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
A3: September 10, 2003
Q4: What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
A4: The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation
Q5: Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
A5: House Financial Services Committee
A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.

Q1: What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?
A1: $467 billion
Q2: What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?
A2: 10%
Q3: What does CRA stand for?
A3: Community Reinvestment Act
Q4: What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?
A4: 25%
Q5: What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?
A5: 25%
To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve’s classification of CRA loans as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.

Q1: When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?
A1: 1995
Q2: How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?
A2: $4.5 trillion
Q3: What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?
A3: high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)
Q4: How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?
A4: prime
Q5: When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?
A5: after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.

Q1: What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?
A1: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
Q2: Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?
A2: derivatives
Q3: Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?
A3: Portfolio Magazine
Q4: What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?
A4: derivatives
Q5: What are some names of derivatives?
A5: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.

Q1: Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?
A1: substandard
Q2: What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?
A2: low or no downpayments
Q3: According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?
A3: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans
Q4: Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?
A4: 1997–2007
Q5: Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?
A5: Krugman
Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.

Q1: How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?
A1: 160
Q2: What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?
A2: the Saint-Barthélemy Channel
Q3: What does "Roques" mean in English?
A3: little Turtle rocks
Q4: St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?
A4: the Renaissance
Q5: What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?
A5: satellite islets
Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Q1: What are the people of St. Barts called?
A1: Saint-Barthélemoise
Q2: What is the native language of St. Barts?
A2: French
Q3: About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?
A3: 500–700
Q4: Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?
A4: French
Q5: How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?
A5: racially
On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.

Q1: What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?
A1: Saint Martin
Q2: How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?
A2: five
Q3: When was the last election held for the executive council positions?
A3: in March 2012
Q4: When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?
A4: 15 July 2007
Q5: How many people are on the Territorial Council?
A5: nineteen
One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

Q1: When was the last senate election in St. Barts?
A1: September 2014
Q2: What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?
A2: the European Union
Q3: How many senators represent St. Barts in France?
A3: One
Q4: What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?
A4: 2008
Q5: How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?
A5: thirteen
Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

Q1: What is often difficult on the island?
A1: Agricultural production
Q2: What is grown in patches on the island?
A2: Sweet potato
Q3: What seasoning is found naturally on the island?
A3: salt
Q4: What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?
A4: fishing
Q5: What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?
A5: Gustavia
International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.

Q1: St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?
A1: the rich and famous
Q2: How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?
A3: €61,200,000
Q4: What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?
A4: wealth generated by wealthy tourists
Q5: Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?
A5: by airplane
St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.

Q1: About how many hotels does St. Barts have?
A1: 25
Q2: How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?
A2: 58
Q3: Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?
A3: Portugal
Q4: How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?
A4: 12
Q5: About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?
A5: 400
As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

Q1: What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?
A1: succulent
Q2: Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?
A2: The eastern part
Q3: A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?
A3: several hundred
Q4: What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?
A4: Sea grapes
Q5: Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?
A5: the Pacific islands
Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.

Q1: What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?
A1: aloe or aloe vera
Q2: What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?
A2: cereus
Q3: Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?
A3: South America
Q4: When did the british army invade the island?
A4: 1773
Q5: What type of fig grows on the island?
A5: barbary
Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.

Q1: When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?
A1: May
Q2: When is the beggining of the whale migration season?
A2: December
Q3: What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?
A3: Turtles
Q4: What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?
A4: jellyfish
Q5: Where do green turtles live?
A5: amidst tall sea grasses
The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.

Q1: What color are conch shells?
A1: pearly-pink
Q2: What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?
A2: conch
Q3: Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?
A3: shallow waters
Q4: What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?
A4: ghost
Q5: What do hermit crabs eat?
A5: garbage and sewerage
Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier

Q1: How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?
A1: 1.200
Q2: What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?
A2: sea turtles
Q3: What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?
A3: Anchoring
Q4: What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?
A4: Reserve Naturelle
Q5: Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?
A5: mooring buoys
Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.

Q1: Who built the three forts on St. Barts?
A1: the Swedes
Q2: What was the former name of Fort Oscar?
A2: Gustav Adolph
Q3: When was Fort Gustav built?
A3: 1787
Q4: Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?
A4: ruins
Q5: On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?
A5: La Pointe
French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.

Q1: How many restaurants does the island have?
A1: over 70
Q2: Where are most of the nice restaurants located?
A2: in the hotels
Q3: What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?
A3: les petits creux
Q4: Creole food is often what?
A4: spicier
Q5: What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?
A5: gastronomic