romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

Q1: What is the definition of a charity?
A1: nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances
Q2: Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?
A2: Charity Commission
Q3: Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?
A3: Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator
Q4: What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?
A4: generally not allowed to pay its Trustees
Q5: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?
A5: not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense
After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

Q1: How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?
A1: applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Q2: What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?
A2: purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity
Q3: Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?
A3: must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose
Q4: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?
A4: losing its tax exempt status
Q5: Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?
A5: Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

Q1: What form must an NPO make available to the public?
A1: 990 forms
Q2: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?
A2: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements
Q3: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?
A3: IRS Form 990
Q4: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?
A4: Project Vote Smart
Q5: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
A5: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Q1: Who is in control of the organization?
A1: board of directors
Q2: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?
A2: executive director
Q3: How is the board of directors most often chosen?
A3: self-perpetuating
Q4: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?
A4: elected by a membership
Q5: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?
A5: Part VI, section A, question 7a
Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

Q1: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?
A1: government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations
Q2: What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?
A2: external funding
Q3: What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?
A3: unreliable funding, long hours and low pay
Q4: What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?
A4: Nonprofit Capacity Building Program
Q5: When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?
A5: 2010
In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

Q1: What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?
A1: a purpose relating to a public good
Q2: When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?
A2: 1976
Q3: When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?
A3: 1985
Q4: What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?
A4: incorporated association
Q5: Who covers incorporated associations or councils?
A5: Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act
Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

Q1: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?
A1: minimal or nonexistent
Q2: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?
A2: taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations
Q3: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?
A3: an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy
Q4: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?
A4: leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

Q1: How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?
A1: employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization
Q2: How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?
A2: strict controls
Q3: What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?
A3: alter the NPO's functions
Q4: What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?
A4: Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization
Q5: What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?
A5: Resource mismanagement
Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.

Q1: What problems with employment do Non Profits face?
A1: Competition for employees with the public and private sector
Q2: What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?
A2: management
Q3: How important do NPOs consider hiring?
A3: secondary priority
Q4: What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?
A4: wage and benefits package
Q5: How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?
A5: stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away
Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.

Q1: What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?
A1: higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work
Q2: What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?
A2: mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause
Q3: What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?
A3: do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally
Q4: Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?
A4: more stable employment
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.

Q1: Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?
A1: will never be able to match the pay
Q2: What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?
A2: benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments
Q3: What is better than having high pay at an NPO?
A3: Pleasurable work conditions
Q4: How much should an NPO pay employees?
A4: as much as they are able
Q5: What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?
A5: generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours
In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a "charity" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.

Q1: What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?
A1: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Q2: What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?
A2: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Q3: How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?
A3: US$38 billion
Q4: How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?
A4: $14.8 billion
Q5: What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?
A5: British Wellcome Trust
Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.

Q1: What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?
A1: Habitat for Humanity
Q2: What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?
A2: Rotary International
Q3: What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?
A3: United Way
Q4: Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?
A4: Red Cross and Red Crescent
Q5: Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?
A5: World Wide Fund for Nature
In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

Q1: What does .org on a URL mean?
A1: organizations that didn't fit anywhere else
Q2: Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?
A2: not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status
Q3: What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?
A3: encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category
Q4: Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?
A4: Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org
Q5: What new domain designation should a museum use?
A5: .museum
Instead of being defined by "non" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term "civil society organization" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, "Social Benefit Organization" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.

Q1: What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?
A1: "non" words
Q2: What type of language are organizations being directed towards?
A2: new, positive-sounding terminology
Q3: What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?
A3: civil society organization
Q4: What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?
A4: citizen sector organization
Q5: What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?
A5: Social Benefit Organization
Raleigh (/ˈrɑːli/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 439,896 as of July 1, 2014. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County.

Q1: What state is Raleigh the capital of?
A1: North Carolina
Q2: What is the biggest city in NC?
A2: Charlotte
Q3: Who is it named after?
A3: Sir Walter Raleigh
Q4: What county is Raleigh in?
A4: Dare
Q5: What is the population of the city?
A5: 439,896
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The "Triangle" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.

Q1: What university is in Raleigh?
A1: North Carolina State University
Q2: What is the MSA of Raleigh?
A2: 1,214,516
Q3: What is the Triangle?
A3: Research Triangle area
Q4: What is another university in the triangle?
A4: Duke
Q5: When was the Triangle created?
A5: 1959
Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city, chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such. The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. In the United States Civil War the city was spared from any significant battle, only falling in the closing days of the war, though it did not escape the economic hardships that plagued the rest of the American South during the Reconstruction Era. The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population, making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century.

Q1: What kind of city is Raleigh?
A1: planned
Q2: What year was it incorporated?
A2: 1792
Q3: What happened in the 20th century?
A3: Research Triangle Park
Q4: What war was near the city?
A4: Civil War
Q5: What type of community is it?
A5: fastest growing
Raleigh is home to numerous cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Walnut Creek Amphitheatre is a large music amphitheater located in Southeast Raleigh. Museums in Raleigh include the North Carolina Museum of Art in West Raleigh, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History and North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences located next to each other near the State Capitol in Downtown Raleigh. Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home, including North Carolina State University, the largest public university in the state, and Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization of the 1960s. One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.

Q1: What energy center is downtown?
A1: Duke
Q2: What university is in Raleigh?
A2: North Carolina State University,
Q3: What is the first historically black university?
A3: Shaw
Q4: What president was born in Raleigh?
A4: Andrew Johnson
Q5: What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?
A5: Walnut Creek Amphitheatre