romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

Q1: What group initially made use of asphalt?
A1: indigenous peoples
Q2: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt?
A2: adhesive
Q3: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
A3: petroleum
Q4: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
A4: watertight
Q5: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
A5: canoes
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

Q1: What is used asphalt turned back into?
A1: new pavement mixtures
Q2: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
A2: 99%
Q3: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
A3: 95%
Q4: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
A4: maintenance
Q5: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road?
A5: worn or damaged
In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

Q1: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?
A1: five
Q2: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
A2: crude oil
Q3: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?
A3: diesel fuel
Q4: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
A4: Redwater, Alberta
Q5: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
A5: half
Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

Q1: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
A1: 150 °C
Q2: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
A2: liquidity
Q3: What is the liquefied mixture called?
A3: bitumen feedstock
Q4: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
A4: engine exhaust
Q5: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
A5: environmental
The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.

Q1: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?
A1: Romans
Q2: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
A2: 1868
Q3: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
A3: Ottoman
Q4: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
A4: 1912
Q5: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
A5: 2001
The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").

Q1: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
A1: late Middle English
Q2: From what language does asphalt initially come?
A2: Greek
Q3: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
A3: asphalt/bitumen/pitch
Q4: What is the French term for natural asphalt?
A4: asphalte
Q5: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
A5: wall
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Q1: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
A1: interchangeably
Q2: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
A2: United States
Q3: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
A3: Geologists
Q4: What is a naming term for asphalt?
A4: tar
Q5: What is asphalt called outside of the US?
A5: bitumen
The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

Q1: From where does most asphalt come?
A1: petroleum
Q2: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
A2: once-living things
Q3: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
A3: above 50 °C
Q4: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
A4: pressure
Q5: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
A5: kerogen
The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

Q1: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
A1: Athabasca oil sands
Q2: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
A2: Northern Alberta
Q3: What formative period  produced bitumen?
A3: early Cretaceous
Q4: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
A4: 110 million years
Q5: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
A5: 80%
Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

Q1: In what early technology was bitumen used?
A1: photographic
Q2: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
A2: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Q3: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
A3: hours of exposure
Q4: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
A4: 1850s to the 1920s
Q5: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
A5: light
The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

Q1: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
A1: 25 November 1837
Q2: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
A2: 1834
Q3: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
A3: France and Belgium
Q4: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
A4: Samuel Ryland Phipson
Q5: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
A5: mastic
Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Q1: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
A1: 1870
Q2: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
A2: City Hall
Q3: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
A3: bituminous rock
Q4: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
A4: Ritchie Mines
Q5: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
A5: waterproofing
In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Q1: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
A1: 1838
Q2: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
A2: pools and baths
Q3: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
A3: damp proofing
Q4: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used?
A4: 1840s and 50s
Q5: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
A5: patents
The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

Q1: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
A1: Sidney Ells
Q2: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
A2: Dr. Karl A. Clark
Q3: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
A3: 1915
Q4: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
A4: Robert C. Fitzsimmons
Q5: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
A5: roofs
Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210×10^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.

Q1: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?
A1: extremely viscous
Q2: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?
A2: modern oil refineries
Q3: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?
A3: cost is lower
Q4: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?
A4: 65%
A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

Q1: What does mixing bitumen with water create?
A1: emulsion
Q2: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
A2: 70%
Q3: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
A3: cationic and anionic
Q4: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
A4: recycled
Q5: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?
A5: hot-mixed
Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

Q1: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?
A1: Alberta, Canada
Q2: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?
A2: 140,000 square kilometres
Q3: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?
A3: second-largest
Q4: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?
A4: Athabasca oil sands
Q5: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?
A5: 310 billion barrels
Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

Q1: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?
A1: Roofing shingles
Q2: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
A2: Japan black
Q3: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
A3: weather resistance
Q4: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?
A4: permanence
Q5: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
A5: alkaline batteries
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Q1: What language originated the word bitumen?
A1: Sanskrit
Q2: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
A2: pitch creating
Q3: To what English word does the Latin translate?
A3: pitch
Q4:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
A4: French
Q5: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
A5: mastix
Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

Q1: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?
A1: coal tar
Q2: For what was coal tar used in road paving?
A2: binder
Q3: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?
A3: tarmac
Q4: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?
A4: natural gas
Q5: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?
A5: bitumen