romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The US Air Force Fitness Test (AFFT) is designed to test the abdominal circumference, muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010. The annual ergo-cycle test which the USAF had used for several years had been replaced in 2004. In the AFFT, Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components: waist circumference, the sit-up, the push-up, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Airmen can potentially earn a score of 100, with the run counting as 60%, waist circumference as 20%, and both strength test counting as 10% each. A passing score is 75 points. Effective 1 July 2010, the AFFT is administered by the base Fitness Assessment Cell (FAC), and is required twice a year. Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90%. Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.

Q1: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
A1: Fit to Fight program
Q2: What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF?
A2: US Air Force Fitness Test
Q3: How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program?
A3: 1.5-mile
Q4: What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test?
A4: 75 points
Q5: What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests?
A5: 90%
The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces, their role is tactical rather than strategic, operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy's rear.

Q1: What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for?
A1: U.S. ground forces
Q2: What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?
A2: precision strikes
Q3: What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?
A3: front of the battle
Q4: What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops?
A4: bomber aircraft
In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.

Q1: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do?
A1: drop bombs
Q2: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks?
A2: bomber
Q3: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF?
A3: fighter bombers and attack aircraft
Q4: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?
A4: aerial refueling
Q5: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions?
A5: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China
The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years, which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft. The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s.

Q1: When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force?
A1: 1990s
Q2: When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft?
A2: 1980s
Q3: What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?
A3: B-52H
Q4: How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF?
A4: 30 years
Q5: What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?
A5: B-21
Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.

Q1: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations?
A1: Cargo and transport
Q2: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
A2: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy
Q3: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
A3: U.S. Special Operations Command
Q4: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
A4: LC-130H
Q5: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions?
A5: weather reconnaissance aircraft
The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

Q1: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
A1: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS
Q2: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
A2: The Eye in the Sky
Q3: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
A3: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it
Q4: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force?
A4: Electronic Warfare/Jamming
Q5: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
A5: Airborne Command Post
The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.

Q1: What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
A1: air-to-air combat
Q2: What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
A2: F-16 Fighting Falcon
Q3: What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
A3: F-16
Q4: What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
A4: F-4 Phantom II
Q5: What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force?
A5: early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration
The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known "tanker" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.

Q1: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
A1: aerial refueling aircraft
Q2: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
A2: tail-mounted refueling boom
Q3: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
A3: large-scale operations
Q4: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
A4: KC-46A Pegasus
In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps.

Q1: What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?
A1: Robert Gates
Q2: What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
A2: Michael Wynne
Q3: Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?
A3: General Norton A. Schwartz
Q4: What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?
A4: The Washington Post
Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Q1: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
A1: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.
Q2: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
A2: an organization in which mostly its officers fought
Q3: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
A3: primarily a rear echelon support force
Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.

Q1: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
A1: Cultural and career issues
Q2: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
A2: Iraq War
Q3: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
A3: large aircraft losses in training
Q4: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
A4: US Army
Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month." The use of "challenge coins" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the "roof stomp", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.

Q1: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from?
A1: Royal Air Force
Q2: What traditions does the US Air Force have?
A2: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units
Q3: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?
A3: U.S. Army
Q4: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
A4: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement
The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", "Above All", and the newest one, as of 7 October 2010, considered a call and response, "Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win" Each wing, group, or squadron usually has its own slogan(s). Information and logos can usually be found on the wing, group, or squadron websites.

Q1: What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan?
A1: "No One Comes Close"
Q2: What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean?
A2: "One From On High"
Q3: What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?
A3: "Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win"
Q4: Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?
A4: wing, group, or squadron websites
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and lighted wallpaper. As of 2015[update], LEDs powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive, and require more precise current and heat management, than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Q1: What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?
A1: environmental
Q2: What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?
A2: longer lifetime
Q3: What does LED stand for?
A3: Light-emitting diodes
Q4: Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?
A4: more expensive
Q5: What is a popular use for LED lighting?
A5: traffic signals
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

Q1: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?
A1: British
Q2: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?
A2: Electroluminescence
Q3: When was Electroluminescence discovered?
A3: 1907
Q4: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?
A4: Oleg Losev
Q5: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
A5: cat's-whisker
In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.

Q1: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
A1: 1957
Q2: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
A2: Kroemer Braunstein
Q3: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
A3: a GaAs diode
Q4: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
A4: a PbS diode
Q5: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
A5: audio amplifier
In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector. On August 8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled "Semiconductor Radiant Diode" based on their findings, which described a zinc diffused p–n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias. After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent US3293513), the first practical LED. Immediately after filing the patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In October 1962, TI announced the first LED commercial product (the SNX-100), which employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit a 890 nm light output. In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.

Q1: In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered?
A1: Texas
Q2: What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?
A2: tunnel
Q3: In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?
A3: 1962
Q4: What was the first practical LED?
A4: GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode
Q5: The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?
A5: Texas Instruments (TI)
The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high-efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.

Q1: At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?
A1: General Electric Company
Q2: What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?
A2: Nick Holonyak, Jr.
Q3: What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?
A3: red
Q4: What color LED was later created in 1972?
A4: yellow
Q5: What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?
A5: M. George Craford
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

Q1: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
A1: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps
Q2: How much did the early LEDs cost?
A2: US$200 per unit
Q3: What was one use of early LED light in products?
A3: calculators
Q4: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
A4: Hewlett Packard (HP)
Q5: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
A5: 1970s