romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.

Q1: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?
A1: constitutional monarch
Q2: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?
A2: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q3: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?
A3: 18th
Q4: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?
A4: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q5: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?
A5: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government
Q6: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?
A6: exceedingly rare
Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

Q1: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?
A1: ministers
Q2: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?
A2: reserve powers
Q3: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?
A3: his or her ministers
Q4: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?
A4: ministers
Q5: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?
A5: improbable
Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.

Q1: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?
A1: Royal Council
Q2: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?
A2: Earl of Leicester
Q3: As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?
A3: House of Lords
Q4: Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?
A4: House of Commons
Q5: From what did parliament evolve?
A5: Curia Regis, or Royal Council
Q6: What positions were contained within the House of Lords?
A6: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons
Q7: Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?
A7: House of Commons
Q8: A bill could not become a law without whose assent?
A8: the sovereign
Q9: Who is considered the enactor of laws?
A9: the sovereign
The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.

Q1: Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?
A1: Charles I
Q2: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?
A2: raising taxes
Q3: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?
A3: English Civil War
Q4: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?
A4: Anne
Q5: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?
A5: Charles I
Q6: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?
A6: her ministers
Q7: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?
A7: restrict his arbitrary exercise of power
Q8: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?
A8: 11 March 1708
Q9: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?
A9: Anne
During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.

Q1: During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?
A1: Hanoverian dynasty
Q2: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?
A2: George I
Q3: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?
A3: Catholic Emancipation
Q4: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?
A4: George I
Q5: What did George III and George IV both oppose?
A5: Catholic Emancipation
Q6: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?
A6: Coronation Oath
Q7: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?
A7: George IV
Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:

Q1: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?
A1: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
Q2: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?
A2: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes
Q3: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?
A3: 28, 32, and 33
Q4: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?
A4: four-week period
Q5: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State
Q6: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
A6: review of its legality
Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

Q1: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?
A1: Measures
Q2: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?
A2: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Q3: What were "measures" in Wales?
A3: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011
Q4: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?
A4: 2006 and 2011
Q5: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.

Q1: The sovereign grants assent by which order?
A1: Order in Council
Q2: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?
A2: Lord Chancellor
Q3: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?
A3: Chief Pleas of Sark
Q4: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?
A4: Lord Chancellor
Q5: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?
A5: 13 July 2011
Q6: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?
A6: 2007
Q7: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?
A7: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark
Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

Q1: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?
A1: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Q2: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?
A2: Manx
Q3: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?
A3: summary of the long title
Q4: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?
A4: only the short title and a summary of the long title
Q5: On what day does St John's Day occur?
A5: (24 June)
Q6: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
A6: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.

Q1: Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?
A1: Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod
Q2: This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?
A2: Church of England in the Island
Q3: Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?
A3: Order in Council
Q4: Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?
A4: lieutenant governor
Q5: Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?
A5: 1994
Q6: Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?
A6: the lieutenant governor
Q7: During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?
A7: Between 1979 and 1993
If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

Q1: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?
A1: the Governor General of Canada
Q2: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?
A2: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice
Q3: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?
A3: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Q4: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?
A4: Two
Q5: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?
A5: both houses must be notified on the same day
Q6: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?
A6: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons
Q7: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?
A7: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker
While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.

Q1: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?
A1: 1708
Q2: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?
A2: George III
Q3: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?
A3: refused his Assent to Laws
Q4: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?
A4: 1708
Q5: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?
A5: the British government
Q6: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?
A6: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland
In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.

Q1: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?
A1: Governor-General
Q2: Why did this occur?
A2: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Q3: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?
A3: revoked the first assent
Q4: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?
A4: 2001
Q5: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?
A5: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Q6: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?
A6: 2001
Q7: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?
A7: it had not been passed by each house
Q8: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
A8: The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed
Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.

Q1: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?
A1: Tynwald
Q2: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?
A2: 1765
Q3: What does the term the Revestment refer to?
A3: lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765
Q4: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?
A4: by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor
Q5: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?
A5: Order in Council
In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

Q1: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?
A1: the governor-general
Q2: Who grants royal assent in Canada?
A2: lieutenant governors of the provinces
Q3: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?
A3: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.
Q4: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?
A4: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign
Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Q1: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?
A1: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931
Q2: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?
A2: John C. Bowen
Q3: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?
A3: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected
Q4: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
A4: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.