romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Q1: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
A1: Catalan
Q2: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
A2: in all schools
Q3: Since the transition, what is the official language?
A3: Catalan
Q4: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
A4: mass media
In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Q1: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
A1: Andorra
Q2: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
A2: 1993
Q3: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
A3: Andorranization policies
Q4: What is an Andorran school policy?
A4: Catalan medium education
Q5: What is the only language of Andorra?
A5: Catalan
On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Q1: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
A1: language shift processes
Q2: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
A2: 60 or older
Q3: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
A3: 2004
Q4: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
A4: 30%
Q5: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
A5: Catalan
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Q1: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
A2: Italian
Q3: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
A3: ingrained diglossic attitudes
Q4: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
A4: diglossic attitudes
Q5: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
A5: Catalan
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

Q1: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
A1: Occitano-Romance
Q2: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
A2: linguists
Q3: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
A3: Spanish ones
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Q1: What is Catalan a variety of?
A1: Occitan language
Q2: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
A2: varying degrees
Q3: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
A3: differences
Q4: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
A4: many traits
Q5: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
A5: closely related
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Q1: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
A1: many traits
Q2: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
A2: Iberian Peninsula
Q3: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
A3: Ibero-Romance group
Q4: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
A4: Spanish and Portuguese
Q5: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
A5: Occitan
According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Q1: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
A1: 87%
Q2: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
A2: 85%
Q3: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
A3: 80%
Q4: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
A4: 76%
Q5: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
A5: 75%
During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Q1: What has Catalan often been considered?
A1: dialect of Spanish
Q2: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
A2: Francoist
There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Q1: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
A1: rest of Roman Hispania
Q2: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
A2: Occitan
Q3: What is Occitan a branch of?
A3: Western Romance
The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Q1: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
A1: Germanic
Q2: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
A2: Latin origin
Q3: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
A3: Germanic superstrate
The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Q1: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
A1: Arabic element
Q2: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
A2: Arabic loanwords
Q3: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
A3: Spanish
Q4: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
A4: of Arabic origin
Q5: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
A5: Latin origin
Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Q1: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
A1: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance
Q2: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
A2: unique
Q3: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
A3: lexical
Q4: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
A4: enyorar
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Q1: What are the Paisos Catalans
A1: Catalan Countries
Q2: What is that determination based on?
A2: cultural affinity and common heritage
Q3: What status does Catalan Countries have?
A3: no official status
Q4: What is the interpretation of the term?
A4: Various interpretations
Q5: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
A5: Països Catalans
In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Q1: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
A1: many monosyllabic words
Q2: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
A2: consonant clusters
Q3: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
A3: obstruent
Q4: What do many words feature?
A4: couplets
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Q1: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A1: Central Catalan
Q2: What is Central Catalan?
A2: standard pronunciation
Q3: What are the descriptions for?
A3: standard pronunciation
Q4: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
A4: section pronunciation
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Q1: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
A1: Vulgar Latin
Q2: How many stressed phenoms are there?
A2: seven
Q3: Where is this a common feature?
A3: Western Romance
Q4: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
A4: Spanish
Q5: What differs in vowel reduction?
A5: Dialects
Q6: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
A6: Vulgar Latin
Q7: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
A7: seven
Q8: Where is this system common?
A8: Western Romance
Q9: What language is the exception?
A9: Spanish
Q10: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
A10: Dialects
In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Q1: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
A1: three
Q2: What vowel stays distinct?
A2: /i/
Q3: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
A3: different
Q4: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
A4: In Central Catalan
Q5: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
A5: section pronunciation
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Q1: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
A1: Catalan sociolinguistics
Q2: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
A2: Catalan sociolinguistics
Q3: What is this a subdiscipline of?
A3: Catalan philology
Q4: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
A4: analyse the relation
Q5: What outside affects does this study include?
A5: other languages in contact
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Q1: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
A1: uniformity
Q2: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
A2: other Romance languages
Q3: What is high among dialects?
A3: intelligibility
Q4: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
A4: 90% to 95%
Q5: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
A5: Alguerese
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Q1: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
A1: treatment of unstressed a and e
Q2: How are a and e in western dialects?
A2: distinct
Q3: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
A3: merged
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Q1: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
A1: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian
Q2: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
A2: four
Q3: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
A3: Eastern block
Q4: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
A4: subdialects
Q5: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
A5: Western Catalan
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Q1: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A1: Central Catalan
Q2: Where are the most speakers found?
A2: Central Catalan
Q3: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
A3: Barcelona province
Q4: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
A4: eastern half
In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Q1: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
A1: Eastern Catalan
Q2: What is the exception to this reduction?
A2: Majorcan
Q3: Which vowel remains distinct?
A3: /i/
In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Q1: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
A1: Majorcan
Q2: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
A2: Eastern Catalan
Q3: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
A3: Western Catalan
Q4: What letter remains distinct?
A4: /u/
Q5: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
A5: Western Catalan
In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Q1: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
A1: five
Q2: Which letters remain distinct?
A2: /a u i/
Q3: Where did this pattern come from?
A3: Proto-Romance
Q4: In what other languages is this pattern found?
A4: Italian and Portuguese
Q5: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
A5: further reduction
Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Q1: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
A1: Balearic
Q2: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
A2: /e/
Q3: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
A3: higher incidence
In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Q1: What language is parle or tem ?
A1: Valencian
Q2: What language  is parlo or temo ?
A2: Northwestern
Q3: What language is parl?
A3: Balearic
Q4: What language form is parli?
A4: Northern
In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Q1: Where do you find medieval plurals?
A1: nouns and adjectives
Q2: What letter is lost in some words?
A2: /n/
Q3: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
A3: homes
Q4: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
A4: joves
Q5: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
A5: proparoxytone
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Q1: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
A1: word choices
Q2: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
A2: as an archaism
Q3: What form is innovative?
A3: Central Catalan
Q4: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
A4: Eastern and Western
Q5: What does an archaism explain?
A5: lexical divergence
Q6: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
A6: as an archaism
Q7: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
A7: as an innovative element
Q8: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
A8: Eastern and Western
Q9: What language has a lexical unity?
A9: Catalan
Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Q1: What is Standard based on?
A1: Eastern Catalan
Q2: What form is excepted by most speakers?
A2: Standard Catalan
Q3: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
A3: traditional ones
The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Q1: What is jo compro changed to ?
A1: jo compre
Q2: What common Valencian forms are used?
A2: many verbal forms
Q3: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
A3: verbal forms
In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Q1: Where is IEC's standard used?
A1: the Balearic Islands
Q2: How is the standard used there?
A2: adapted for the Balearic dialect
Q3: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
A3: non-ending
In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Q1: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
A1: Alghero
Q2: What definite article is found rather than el?
A2: lo
Q3: What is -v- used for?
A3: imperfect tense
Q4: What dialect employs many archaic words?
A4: Alguerese
Q5: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
A5: weak pronouns
In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Q1: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
A1: La Franja
Q2: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
A2: 2011
Q3: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
A3: Catalan
Q4: Where is the language to be regulated located?
A4: La Franja
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Q1: How is Valencian classified?
A1: Western dialect
Q2: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
A2: northwestern varieties
Q3: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
A3: Western Catalonia
Q4: What forms are mutually intelligible?
A4: Catalan and Valencian
Q5: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
A5: 90% to 95%
Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Q1: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
A1: as the same language
Q2: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
A2: as the same language
Q3: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
A3: the Valencian Academy of Language
Q4: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
A4: Valencian Academy of Language