romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

Q1: Canis latrans is what animal?
A1: coyote
Q2: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
A2: American black bear
Q3: The main cause of degradation has been what?
A3: grazing
Q4: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
A4: rattlesnake
The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

Q1: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
A1: 1921
Q2: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?
A2: 50.09%
Q3: The second largest group of people were whom?
A3: whites
During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state’s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]

Q1: What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?
A1: NAFTA
Q2: Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?
A2: maquiladoras
Q3: How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?
A3: 294,026
Q4: What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?
A4: Small business
Q5: Most maquiladoras today produce what?
A5: electronics, automobile, and aerospace components
Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

Q1: What type of sensation is pitch?
A1: auditory
Q2: What is pitch closely related to?
A2: frequency
Q3: Each persons perception of sound is called?
A3: Pitch
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

Q1: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?
A1: 12
Q2: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?
A2: 1
Q3: A440 in linear pitch are what size?
A3: 69
Q4: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?
A4: 100
Q5: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?
A5: 60.5
The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).

Q1: What is the most common method of organization?
A1: twelve-note chromatic scale
Q2: The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?
A2: the twelfth root of two
Q3: All these different methods have what in common?
A3: the octave
According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, "high" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and "low" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased.

Q1: Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?
A1: sound
Q2: Pitch is a close proxy for what?
A2: frequency
Q3: High pitch is what type of oscillation?
A3: rapid
Q4: Low pitch is what type of oscillation?
A4: slower
A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Q1: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
A1: sound generated
Q2: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
A2: numerous
Q3: Harmonics are an important class of what?
A3: overtones
Q4: Integer multiples are collectively called?
A4: the partials
The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Q1: The pitch of complex tones can be?
A1: ambiguous
Q2: A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
A2: two
Q3:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
A3: the missing fundamental
Q4: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
A4: divisor of the frequencies present
The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

Q1: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?
A1: the tone's frequency content
Q2: The jnd is typically tested by?
A2: playing two tones in quick succession
Q3: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?
A3: 1,400
It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

Q1: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?
A1: snare drum
Q2: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?
A2: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound
Q3: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?
A3: indefinite pitch
For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches "A220" and "A440" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows

Q1: The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?
A1: spelling
Q2: The description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as what?
A2: A4
Q3: Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?
A3: logarithmic
Q4: Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?
A4: numerical
Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay—a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation—has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music—and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in.

Q1: The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?
A1: autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve
Q2: Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?
A2: unnecessary
Q3: Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?
A3: ambiguities
The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

Q1: When did King Richard I begin his reign?
A1: 1189
Q2: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?
A2: lions
Q3: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?
A3: a crown
Q4: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?
A4: 1949
Q5: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?
A5: 1966
Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

Q1: What color were England's first away kits?
A1: blue
Q2: What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?
A2: red
Q3: Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?
A3: grey
Q4: In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?
A4: navy blue
Q5: When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?
A5: home matches
England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4–1 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1–0 in the group stage.

Q1: In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?
A1: 2014
Q2: In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?
A2: Uruguay
Q3: In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?
A3: 1974, 1978 and 1994
Q4: After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?
A4: sixteen
Q5: What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?
A5: 4–1
Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

Q1: In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?
A1: 1949
Q2: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?
A2: 7–1
Q3: In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?
A3: 1954
Q4: To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed?
A4: Syd Owen
Q5: After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?
A5: Uruguay
In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1 May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012. England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy.

Q1: In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?
A1: 2012
Q2: Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?
A2: John Terry
Q3: Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?
A3: Roy Hodgson
Q4: In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?
A4: the quarter-finals
Q5: A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?
A5: Italy
The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson.

Q1: Which governing body controls the England national football team?
A1: The Football Association
Q2: Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?
A2: Scotland
Q3: In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?
A3: 1872
Q4: What is the name of England's home field in London?
A4: Wembley Stadium
Q5: Who is the current team manager of England's football team?
A5: Roy Hodgson
To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history.

Q1: In which year did England join FIFA?
A1: 1906
Q2: England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?
A2: 1908
Q3: England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?
A3: 1946
Q4: What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?
A4: 1950
Q5: In what year did Wembley Stadium open?
A5: 1923
England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

Q1: In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
A1: third place
Q2: In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?
A2: eight
Q3: Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?
A3: tied for ninth-best
Q4: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?
A4: 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000
Q5: In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?
A5: 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008
England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

Q1: A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A1: West Germany
Q2: What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A2: 3–2
Q3: In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?
A3: 1974
Q4: Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?
A4: Mexico
Q5: Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?
A5: Spain