romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

Q1: How is UTF-32 widely used?
A1: internal representation of text in programs
Q2: What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters?
A2: Seed7
Q3: what version of python can be used with UTF-32?
A3: 2.2
Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

Q1: What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?
A1: most letter/diacritic combinations
Q2: How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?
A2: U+0065
Q3: How is the accent added to the small latin e?
A3: U+0301
Q4: What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent?
A4: U+00E9
The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.

Q1: The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?
A1: radicals
Q2: Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?
A2: ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly
Q3: What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?
A3: greatly reduced the number of required code points
Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).

Q1: What does ACE stand for?
A1: Arabic Calligraphic Engine
Q2: Who created ACE?
A2: DecoType
Q3: When was ACE created?
A3: 1980s
Q4: Who created OpenType?
A4: Adobe and Microsoft
Q5: Who created Graphite?
A5: SIL International
Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.

Q1: where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences?
A1: in fonts
Q2: Can real stacking be accomplished?
A2: Real stacking is impossible
Q3: what is a solution to the placement of combining marks?
A3: assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing
Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.

Q1: What subset of Unicode is used by Windows?
A1: WGL-4 with 652 characters
Q2: What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of?
A2: Multilingual European Subsets
Q3: What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4?
A3: MES-2
Q4: How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4?
A4: since Windows NT 4.0
Q5: MES-1 uses what scripts only?
A5: Latin scripts only
Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

Q1: What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character?
A1: open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character"
Q2: What is the code for the Unicode replacement character?
A2: U+FFFD
Q3: What is the name of Apple's font?
A3: Last Resort
Q4: What company uses the Unicode Fallback font?
A4: SIL International
Q5: What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly?
A5: a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character
Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

Q1: What is the dominant scheme for internal processing?
A1: Unicode
Q2: What is Unicode available through Windows on?
A2: Microsoft Layer
Q3: What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16?
A3: UCS-2
Q4: What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems?
A4: Unicode
MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.

Q1: What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode?
A1: the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding
Q2: Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified?
A2: MIME standards
Q3: How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email?
A3: two different mechanisms
Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., font substitution. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns for most typefaces.

Q1: How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire?
A1: fewer than a dozen fonts
Q2: What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as?
A2: "pan-Unicode" fonts
Q3: Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what?
A3: basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols
In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.

Q1: What is the code for separating lines?
A1: U+2028
Q2: What is the code for separating paragraphs?
A2: U+2029
Q3: How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X?
A3: Cocoa text system
Q4: How does the newliine normallization format work?
A4: every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline
Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Q1: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
A1: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names
Q2: What is TRON?
A2: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters
Q3: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?
A3: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged
Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

Q1: what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?
A1: Advanced Typographic
Q2: Where is information provided to designate which character form to select?
A2: plain text
Q3: How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations?
A3: Unicode variation sequences
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Q1: Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what?
A1: preexisting character encodings
Q2: How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
A2: three different encoding forms
Q3: Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard?
A3: version 3.0
Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).

Q1: What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?
A1: Injective mappings
Q2: A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?
A2: Shift-JIS or EUC-JP
Q3: what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?
A3: U+FF5E
Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

Q1: How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated?
A1: 128
Q2: What is another word for ligatures?
A2: conjuncts
Q3: What is the ISCII standard?
A3: 128 code points
Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

Q1: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language?
A1: Thai Industrial Standard 620
Q2: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized?
A2: its ordering of Thai characters
Q3: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly?
A3: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order
Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

Q1: How are characters with diacritical marks represented?
A1: either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks
Q2: What encoding does Charis SIL use?
A2: Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies
Q3: What is the issue with underdots and their placement?
A3: often be placed incorrectly
Q4: Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence?
A4: diacritical marks
Q5: How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed?
A5: identically
Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.

Q1: What city has the biggest population in Michigan?
A1: Detroit
Q2: What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?
A2: Wayne County
Q3: How many people inhabit metro Detroit?
A3: 5.3 million
Q4: What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?
A4: Detroit River
Q5: In what region of the country is Detroit located?
A5: Midwest
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.

Q1: How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area?
A1: one-half
Q2: How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?
A2: 5,700,000
Q3: How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?
A3: 1,337 square miles
Q4: In which census are these numbers coming from?
A4: 2010
Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.

Q1: By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?
A1: 25
Q2: The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?
A2: auto
Q3: What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?
A3: entertainment
Q4: What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?
A4: abandonment of properties