romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Q1: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
A1: primarily economical
Q2: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?
A2: database related application
Q3: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
A3: conceptual and external architectural levels
Q4: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
A4: vendor provides tools
Q5: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
A5: ano
Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.

Q1: Name a reason to take a database backward in time?
A1: database is found corrupted
Q2: Is each database backup kept in the same file?
A2: dedicated backup files
Q3: Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?
A3: database administrator
Q4: What parameter is requiret to restore a database?
A4: desired point in time
Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

Q1: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?
A1: software verification
Q2: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?
A2: sound approximation techniques
Q3: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?
A3: watermarking
Q4: Can query languages be adjusted?
A4: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data
Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Q1: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
A1: Phoenix
Q2: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
A2: 60
Q3: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
A3: Optics Valley
Q4: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census?
A4: 520,116
Q5: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013?
A5: 996,544
Q6: Which county is Tucson in?
A6: Pima County
Q7: Which university is in Tucson?
A7: University of Arizona
Q8: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
A8: 108 miles (174 km)
Q9: How far is Tucson from Mexico?
A9: 60 mi (97 km)
Q10: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
A10: Optics Valley
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Q1: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
A1: southern Arizona
Q2: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
A2: Hohokam
Q3: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found?
A3: Santa Cruz River
Q4: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
A4: Paleo-Indians
Q5: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
A5: 12,000 years ago
Q6: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
A6: about 12,000 years ago
Q7: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
A7: 2100 BC
Q8: When was the Early Agricultural period?
A8: 1200 BC to AD 150
Q9: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
A9: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage
Q10: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
A10: from AD 600 to 1450
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

Q1: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?
A1: 1821
Q2: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?
A2: Hugo O'Conor
Q3: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?
A3: Eusebio Francisco Kino
Q4: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?
A4: 7
Q5: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?
A5: Eusebio Francisco Kino
Q6: What religion was Kino?
A6: Jesuit
Q7: What mission did Kino found?
A7: Mission San Xavier del Bac
Q8: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?
A8: 1700
Q9: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?
A9: Hugo O'Conor
Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the date when Arizona was bought?
A1: June 8, 1854
Q2: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?
A2: 1861
Q3: Arizona is south of which river?
A3: Gila River
Q4: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?
A4: Gadsden Purchase
Q5: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?
A5: 1857
Q6: When was the Gadsden Purchase?
A6: June 8, 1854
Q7: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?
A7: Mexico
Q8: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?
A8: March 1856
Q9: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
A9: August 1861
Q10: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
A10: devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches
From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Q1: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die?
A1: August 19, 1878
Q2: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
A2: Charles A. Shibell
Q3: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
A3: Deputy U.S. Marshal
Q4: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
A4: Frank Stilwell
Q5: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
A5: Wyatt Earp
Q6: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
A6: stagecoach robberies
Q7: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
A7: William Whitney Brazelton
Q8: When was Brazelton killed?
A8: August 19, 1878
Q9: Who killed Brazelton?
A9: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse
Q10: What was Shibell's job?
A10: Pima County Sheriff
By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

Q1: What county is Tuscon located in?
A1: Pima County
Q2: What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?
A2: 535,000
Q3: what were veterans in need of after World War I?
A3: respiratory therapy
Q4: What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?
A4: Veterans Hospital
Q5: What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?
A5: 36,818
Q6: What was Tucson's population in 1900?
A6: 7,531
Q7: What was Tucson's population in 1910?
A7: 13,913
Q8: What was Tucson's population in 1920?
A8: 20,292
Q9: What was Tucson's population in 1940?
A9: 36,818
Q10: What was Tucson's population in 2006?
A10: 535,000
The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

Q1: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?
A1: Mount Wrightson
Q2: Which desert is Tuscon in?
A2: Sonoran
Q3: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?
A3: five
Q4: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?
A4: 4,687 ft
Q5: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?
A5: north
Q6: How high is Tucson's airport?
A6: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level
Q7: What desert is Tucson in?
A7: Sonoran
Q8: What mountain range is east of Tucson?
A8: Rincon Mountains
Q9: What mountain range is north of Tucson?
A9: Tortolita Mountains
Q10: What mountain range is west of Tucson?
A10: Tucson Mountains
Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Q1: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
A1: 118
Q2: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
A2: 60
Q3: What is the second largest city in Arizona?
A3: Tucson
Q4: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009?
A4: 32nd
Q5: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
A5: Greater Tucson Metro
Q6: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
A6: 520,116
Q7: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
A7: 980,263
Q8: How does Tucson rank among US cities?
A8: 32nd largest
Q9: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
A9: 52nd largest
Q10: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
A10: 1 million
Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.

Q1: Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?
A1: I-19
Q2: Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?
A2: miles
Q3: What border does I-19 come close to?
A3: U.S.-Mexico border
Q4: Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?
A4: Interstate 10
Q5: Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?
A5: southeast to northwest
Q6: What is the next major town to the west on I-10?
A6: Phoenix
Q7: What is the next major town to the east on I-10?
A7: Las Cruces, New Mexico
Q8: Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?
A8: south
Q9: What is unusual about I-19?
A9: the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts"
At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot and "Locomotive #1673", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks.

Q1: What was the Union Pacific once known as?
A1: Southern Pacific
Q2: What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?
A2: 1900
Q3: What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?
A3: Rio Nuevo
Q4: When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?
A4: At the end of the first decade of the 21st century
Q5: What is Rio Nuevo?
A5: a large retail and community center
Q6: What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?
A6: 17th Street
Q7: What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?
A7: I-10
Q8: What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?
A8: 6th Street
As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown, also have many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown.

Q1: Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?
A1: Josias Joesler
Q2: Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?
A2: Central
Q3: What mall is located in midtown?
A3: El Con Mall
Q4: Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?
A4: Josias Joesler
Q5: Where is Broadway Village shopping center?
A5: at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road
Q6: Where is the Lost Barrio?
A6: just East of downtown
Q7: Where is the El Con Mall?
A7: in the eastern part of midtown
Q8: Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?
A8: between downtown and the University
Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s. According to David Leighton, historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack, known as "The Harlem River Speedway," more commonly called "The Speedway," in New York City. The street was called "The Speedway," from 1904 to about 1906 before the word "The" was taken out.

Q1: What is Tuscon's largest Park?
A1: Reid Park
Q2: What was once named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine?
A2: Speedway Boulevard
Q3: What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard "the ugliest street in America?
A3: James Corbett
Q4: Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?
A4: Arizona Daily Star
Q5: What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?
A5: New York City
Q6: What is Tucson's biggest park?
A6: Reid Park
Q7: What sports field is in Reid Park?
A7: Hi Corbett Field
Q8: What zoo is in Reid Park?
A8: Reid Park Zoo
Q9: What was the "ugliest street in America" in the 1970s?
A9: Speedway Boulevard
Q10: What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?
A10: "Street of the Year"
Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.

Q1: Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?
A1: Fourth Avenue Shopping District
Q2: What neighborhood has historic homes?
A2: Sam Hughes neighborhood
Q3: What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?
A3: bicycle
Q4: Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?
A4: half
Q5: Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?
A5: Third Street
Q6: How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?
A6: half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park
Q7: Which park has a multi-use path?
A7: Rillito River Park
Q8: Which bike path does Highland lead to?
A8: Barraza-Aviation Parkway
Q9: Which shopping area is on East University?
A9: Fourth Avenue Shopping District
South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy.

Q1: What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?
A1: 10%
Q2: What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?
A2: Mexican
Q3: What are painted do to city policy?
A3: outdoor murals
Q4: What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American?
A4: 83%
Q5: What year was South Tuscon reincorperated?
A5: 1940
Q6: When was South Tucson first incorporated?
A6: 1936
Q7: When was South Tucson reincorporated?
A7: 1940
Q8: How large is South Tucson?
A8: 1 sq mi (2.6 km2)
Q9: How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?
A9: 83%
Q10: How much of South Tucson is Native American?
A10: 10%