romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

Q1: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?
A1: 2005
Q2: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?
A2: Afro-Asiatic
Q3: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?
A3: E1b1b1a
Q4: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?
A4: Egypt/Libya
Q5: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
A5: 77%
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Q1: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?
A1: 2006
Q2: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?
A2: Ethiopians
Q3: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
A3: Asia
Q4: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
A4: Holden
Q5: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
A5: Afro-Asiatic
According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn.

Q1: When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?
A1: 2014
Q2: According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?
A2: Ethio-Somali
Q3: According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?
A3: Somalis
Q4: According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?
A4: at least 23,000 years ago
Q5: According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?
A5: the Near East
The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):

Q1: In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
A1: 2006
The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.

Q1: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?
A1: northern
Q2: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?
A2: the Quraysh
Q3: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?
A3: Sunni
Q4: What is the majority religion in Somalia?
A4: Islam
Q5: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
A5: Shia
Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.

Q1: What is another name for a Qur'anic school?
A1: dugsi
Q2: What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?
A2: 40
Q3: What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
A3: the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.

Q1: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?
A1: Toronto
Q2: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
A2: the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque
Q3: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?
A3: droughts
Q4: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?
A4: schools
In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond.

Q1: Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?
A1: the Arabian Peninsula
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.

Q1: What is a basic social unit of Somali society?
A1: clan
Q2: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?
A2: northern
Q3: Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?
A3: Hawiye
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

Q1: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?
A1: marriage
Q2: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?
A2: 3
Q3: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?
A3: 55
Q4: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
A4: Darod
Q5: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
A5: 4.3%
In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property.

Q1: What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?
A1: 1975 Somali Family Law
Q2: What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?
A2: the Somali Democratic Republic
Q3: In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?
A3: equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Middle East, South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition.

Q1: What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?
A1: Somalis
Q2: What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?
A2: 85%
Q3: During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?
A3: 20th
Q4: Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?
A4: their seafaring tradition
Q5: Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?
A5: Kenya
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

Q1: What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?
A1: Civil strife
Q2: Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?
A2: Europe
Q3: Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?
A3: Toronto
Q4: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
A4: 69th
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).

Q1: About how many Somalis live in the UK?
A1: 108,000
Q2: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
A2: 78%
Q3: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?
A3: 57,906
Q4: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?
A4: 38,413
Q5: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
A5: 16,721
In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.

Q1: What country is Cedar Rapids located in?
A1: the United States
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis.

Q1: Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?
A1: Minneapolis
Q2: About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?
A2: 20,000
Q3: What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?
A3: Cedar-Riverside
Q4: What is hawala?
A4: money transfer services
Q5: What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?
A5: halal
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.

Q1: In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?
A1: the United Arab Emirates
Q2: What is another name for the city center of Dubai?
A2: Deira
Q3: People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?
A3: Iranians
Q4: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?
A4: Star African Air
Q5: How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
A5: three
Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

Q1: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?
A1: Khartoum
Q2: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?
A2: north
Q3: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?
A3: students
Q4: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?
A4: Eastleigh
Q5: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
A5: Western Cape
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

Q1: What language family does the Somali language belong to?
A1: Afro-Asiatic
Q2: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?
A2: Cushitic
Q3: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?
A3: Afar
Q4: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?
A4: Somali
Q5: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
A5: 1900
The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Q1: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?
A1: 7.78 million
Q2: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?
A2: 12.65
Q3: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?
A3: the Somali diaspora
Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

Q1: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?
A1: Benaadir
Q2: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?
A2: Northern Somali
Q3: What is another name for Benaadir?
A3: Coastal Somali
Q4: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?
A4: Benaadir
Q5: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
A5: southern
A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.

Q1: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?
A1: the Somali alphabet
Q2: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?
A2: Mohamed Siad Barre
Q3: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?
A3: October 1972
Q4: Who created the Somali alphabet?
A4: Shire Jama Ahmed
Q5: Who invented the Osmanya script?
A5: Osman Yusuf Kenadid
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.

Q1: Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?
A1: Arabic
Q2: To what language family does Arabic belong?
A2: Afro-Asiatic
Q3: In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?
A3: Djibouti
Q4: What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?
A4: the Arab League
Q5: For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?
A5: centuries
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia.

Q1: Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?
A1: Northeast
Q2: Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?
A2: Southeast
Q3: What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?
A3: India
Q4: Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?
A4: the Arabian Peninsula
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

Q1: Somali food contains influences from what region?
A1: Southeast Asian
Q2: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?
A2: monumental architecture
Q3: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
A3: Margaret Laurence
Q4: Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
A4: Canadian
Q5: What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
A5: novelist
All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.

Q1: What is a notable game that is played in Somalia?
A1: Shax
Q2: Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?
A2: martial arts
Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (lahan) and singers ('odka or "voice").

Q1: What scale is used by most Somali songs?
A1: pentatonic
Q2: How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?
A2: seven
Q3: What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?
A3: the major scale
Q4: Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?
A4: Sudan
Q5: What does midho mean in English?
A5: lyricists