romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

Q1: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?
A1: bacharelatos
Q2: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
A2: Bologna Process
Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Q1: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
A1: Millennia Institute
Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Q1: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?
A1: 5
Q2: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
A2: three
The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.

Q1: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?
A1: queen Maria Theresa
Q2: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?
A2: 1735
Q3: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?
A3: silver and gold
Q4: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?
A4: 1764
Q5: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?
A5: teaching
South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.

Q1: What are polytechnics called in South Africa?
A1: Technikons
Q2: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?
A2: 1993
Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).

Q1: When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?
A1: 2004
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).

Q1: Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?
A1: technical colleges
Q2: What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?
A2: bachelor's degrees
Q3: What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?
A3: Pathumwan Institute of Technology
There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).

Q1: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?
A1: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Q2: What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
A2: Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.

Q1: What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?
A1: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Q2: What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?
A2: Suranaree University of Technology
Q3: What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?
A3: 1989
Q4: What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?
A4: Mahanakorn University of Technology
In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

Q1: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?
A1: Bursa Technical University
Q2: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?
A2: six
Q3: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?
A3: Ankara and Trabzon
Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.

Q1: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?
A1: 1970
Q2: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?
A2: the UK Council for National Academic Awards
Q3: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?
A3: Central Institutions
Q4: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?
A4: Royal Polytechnic Institution
In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

Q1: How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?
A1: two
Q2: What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?
A2: Loughborough University of Technology
Q3: In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?
A3: 1960s
Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.

Q1: What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
A1: the Further and Higher Education Act 1992
Q2: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
A2: CNAA
Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.

Q1: If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?
A1: university colleges
Q2: What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?
A2: 20th century
Q3: A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?
A3: high school
Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

Q1: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
A1: 1824
Q2: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
A2: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.

Q1: What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?
A1: middle class
Q2: When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?
A2: 1950s
Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.

Q1: What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?
A1: Caracas
Q2: Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?
A2: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."

Q1: Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?
A1: World Wide Web
Q2: Which company made the Wayback Machine?
A2: Internet Archive
Q3: Where is Internet Archive headquartered?
A3: San Francisco
Q4: What individuals founded Internet Archive?
A4: Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
Q5: What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?
A5: three dimensional index
Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.

Q1: What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?
A1: Linux
Q2: When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?
A2: if the content has changed
Q3: What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?
A3: to archive the entire Internet
The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.

Q1: What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?
A1: The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
Q2: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?
A2: Mr. Peabody and Sherman
Q3: What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?
A3: WABAC machine
In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.

Q1: When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?
A1: 1996
Q2: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?
A2: crawlers
Q3: What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?
A3: robots exclusion standard
Q4: What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?
A4: Archive-It.org
Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

Q1: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?
A1: digital tape
Q2: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
A2: researchers and scientists
Q3: At what milestone was the archive made public?
A3: fifth anniversary
Q4: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
A4: University of California, Berkeley
Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

Q1: What are the saved versions of a site called?
A1: Snapshots
Q2: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
A2: six months
Q3: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
A3: variable
After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.

Q1: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
A1: After August 2008
Q2: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
A2: Jeff Kaplan
Q3: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
A3: November 2010
As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.

Q1: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
A1: three petabytes
Q2: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
A2: 12 terabytes/month
Q3: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
A3: PetaBox rack systems
Q4: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
A4: Capricorn Technologies
In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.

Q1: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?
A1: 2009
Q2: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?
A2: Sun Open Storage
Q3: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?
A3: Sun Microsystems' California campus
In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.

Q1: When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?
A1: 2011
In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".

Q1: When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?
A1: March 2011
Q2: The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?
A2: 2008
Q3: The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?
A3: 2010
In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.

Q1: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?
A1: Save a Page
Q2: When was Save a Page made available?
A2: October 2013
In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.

Q1: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?
A1: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
Q2: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?
A2: Chordiant
Q3: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?
A3: the robots.txt file
Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."

Q1: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?
A1: Internet Archive
Q2: Which party did Internet Archive side with?
A2: Chordiant