romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.

Q1: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
A1: the Rapanui
Q2: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
A2: 4.6%
Q3: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
A3: the Mapuche
Q4: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
A4: 350 years
Q5: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
A5: 1880s
Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.

Q1: What was Ecuador the site of?
A1: many indigenous cultures
Q2: Where did the Valdivia culture develop?
A2: coastal region
Q3: What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?
A3: the Caras and the Quitus
Q4: What culture did the Inca fear the most?
A4: The Cañaris
Q5: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?
A5: architecture remains
Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.

Q1: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
A1: 96.4%
Q2: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
A2: Inca
Q3: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
A3: valleys of the Sierra region
Q4: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
A4: Highland Quichuas
Q5: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
A5: Kichwa
Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco.

Q1: El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?
A1: the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira
Q2: What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?
A2: Cuzcatlan
Q3: What was the language of the Pipil?
A3: Nawat
Q4: What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?
A4: barbaric invaders
Q5: What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?
A5: Mestizo
About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Q1: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
A1: About five percent
Q2: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
A2: about ten percent
Q3: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras?
A3: rural westernmost areas
Q4: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?
A4: indigenous people
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Q1: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
A1: indigenous civilizations
Q2: When did the Olmecs flourish?
A2: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE
Q3: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
A3: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs
Q4: Who lived in the Yucatan?
A4: the Maya
Q5: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
A5: Tenochtitlan
The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Q1: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity?
A1: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
Q2: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
A2: some public services and documents in their native languages
Q3: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
A3: bilingual primary and secondary education
Q4: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
A4: more than 60
Q5: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
A5: about 67% of them
About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Q1: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
A1: About 5%
Q2: How did Creole English come about?
A2: frequent contact with the British
Q3: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
A3: Miskito
Q4: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
A4: total power
Q5: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
A5: some 10,000
Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

Q1: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?
A1: 45%
Q2: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
A2: Native Peruvian traditions
Q3: What is not very well developed in Peru?
A3: Cultural citizenship
Q4: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
A4: Amazonian
Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Q1: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
A1: the contiguous United States
Q2: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
A2: Alaska Natives
Q3: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
A3: 11
Q4: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
A4: Polynesian
Q5: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A5: geographically and culturally
Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.

Q1: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
A1: 0.97% to 2%
Q2: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
A2: 5.2 million
Q3: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
A3: 1.8 million
Q4: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
A4: Indian reservations
Q5: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
A5: Haudenosaunee
Q6: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
A6: 0.97% to 2%
Q7: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
A7: 1.8 million
Q8: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
A8: 5.2 million
Q9: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
A9: Haudenosaunee
Q10: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
A10: Indian reservations
Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used.

Q1: What do most Venezuelans have?
A1: some indigenous heritage
Q2: How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?
A2: around 29
Q3: Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?
A3: groups are very small
Q4: Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?
A4: Timoto-cuicas
Q5: What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?
A5: agricultural techniques used
The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.

Q1: What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A1: The Native American name
Q2: How may subsets of peoples be named?
A2: shared language, region, or historical relationship
Q3: Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A3: English exonyms
Q4: Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?
A4: earlier explorers and colonists
Q5: Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?
A5: out of prejudice and fear
However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Q1: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
A1: the ways they wish to be referred to
Q2: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
A2: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.
Q3: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?
A3: United States government
Q4: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
A4: none
In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

Q1: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?
A1: the Americas (mainly South America)
Q2: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?
A2: preservation of their culture
Q3: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?
A3: Indian Council of South America
Q4: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?
A4: Canada and the United States,
Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Q1: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
A1: Representatives
Q2: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
A2: destabilize the country
Q3: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
A3: solidarity
Q4: What did the forum question about US interference?
A4: diplomats and NGOs
Q5: What was the forum suspicious of?
A5: plots against Bolivia and other countries
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Q1: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
A1: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Q2: How is Y-DNA passed along?
A2: patrilineal line
Q3: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
A3: chance mutation
Q4: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
A4: mtDNA
Q5: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
A5: average continent-of-ancestry
Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Q1: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
A1: Amerindians
Q2: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
A2: Asian population
Q3: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
A3: Middle Paleolithic
Q4: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
A4: 2012
Q5: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
A5: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Q1: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
A1: stages
Q2: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
A2: 15,000 to 20,000-year
Q3: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
A3: isolated since the initial colonization of the region
Q4: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A4: Alaskan
Q5: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
A5: later migrant populations