romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."

Q1: When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?
A1: 712
Q2: Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?
A2: Sindh
Q3: At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?
A3: Rajasthan
Q4: Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?
A4: Nagabhata
Q5: To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?
A5: Pratihara
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.

Q1: Where was the Dome of the Rock built?
A1: Jerusalem
Q2: In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?
A2: 692
Q3: During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?
A3: Abd al-Malik
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).

Q1: Who was the son of Sarjun?
A1: John of Damascus
Q2: Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?
A2: Crete
Q3: Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
A3: Mardaites
Q4: What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?
A4: Kairouan
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.

Q1: Who was the son of Yazid?
A1: Muawiya II
Q2: When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
A2: 683
Q3: In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
A3: 684
Q4: Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
A4: Ibn al-Zubayr
Q5: From whom was Marwan descended?
A5: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Q1: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
A1: Marwan
Q2: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
A2: 685
Q3: Where was Al-Mukhtar based?
A3: Kufa
Q4: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
A4: Ali
Q5: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
A5: 692
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.

Q1: Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?
A1: khalifah
Q2: Where was the government of the Umayyads based?
A2: Damascus
Q3: Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?
A3: religious officials
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.

Q1: What was the main city of Tokharistan?
A1: Balkh
Q2: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
A2: Samarkand
Q3: In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
A3: 724
Q4: Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
A4: al-Harith ibn Surayj
Q5: What notable battle occurred in 731?
A5: Battle of the Defile
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.

Q1: What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?
A1: Kaysanites Shia
Q2: Who led the Hashimiyya movement?
A2: Abbasid family
Q3: Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?
A3: Muhammad ibn Ali
Q4: Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?
A4: Hashim
Q5: What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?
A5: 717
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

Q1: When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
A1: 711
Q2: What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
A2: 759
Q3: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
A3: Marwan ibn Muhammad
Q4: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
A4: Franks
Q5: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
A5: 739
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

Q1: Who was the father of Hisham?
A1: Abd al-Malik
Q2: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
A2: northern
Q3: When did Hisham's reign start?
A3: 724
Q4: Where did Hisham base his court?
A4: Resafa
Q5: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
A5: Battle of Akroinon
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.

Q1: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
A1: Maysum
Q2: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
A2: Kalb
Q3: Where was the Kalb tribe based?
A3: Syria
Q4: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
A4: Christian
Q5: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
A5: Arab
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.

Q1: What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
A1: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Q2: For whom did Umar end the jizya?
A2: converts to Islam
Q3: In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
A3: 720
Q4: What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
A4: poisoned
Q5: What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
A5: Mawali
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.

Q1: Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
A1: Abu Muslim
Q2: What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
A2: black flag
Q3: Where did Marwan die?
A3: Egypt
Q4: Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
A4: Nasr ibn Sayyar
Q5: When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
A5: 749
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.

Q1: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
A1: Sunni
Q2: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
A2: Al-Tabri
Q3: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
A3: Arab
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.

Q1: What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
A1: cohort
Q2: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
A2: Marwan II
Q3: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
A3: manjaniq
Q4: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
A4: Greek
Q5: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
A5: cavalry
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.

Q1: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
A1: Mu'awiyah
Q2: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
A2: Khurasan
Q3: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
A3: 4,000,000
Q4: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
A4: donkeys
Q5: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
A5: 19
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.

Q1: What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
A1: Byzantine
Q2: Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
A2: Heraclius
Q3: Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
A3: Jerusalem
Q4: Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
A4: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Q5: Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
A5: Hind bint Utbah
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Q1: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
A1: dhimmis
Q2: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
A2: Jews
Q3: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
A3: Christians
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."

Q1: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
A1: mawali
Q2: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
A2: G.R. Hawting
Q3: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
A3: old Arab
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.

Q1: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
A1: John of Damascus
Q2: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
A2: Roman
Q3: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
A3: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

Q1: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
A1: khalifat Allah
Q2: Where was the Abbasid court based?
A2: Baghdad
Q3: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
A3: mulk
Q4: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
A4: khalifat rasul Allah
Q5: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
A5: deputy of God
Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370×10^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.

Q1: What is another term for asphalt?
A1: bitumen
Q2: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
A2: Utah
Q3: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
A3: most
Q4: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
A4: 142,000 square kilometres
Q5: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
A5: oil refineries