romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

Q1: When do saxophones first appear in scores?
A1: the late 19th century
Q2: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
A2: Symphonic Dances
Q3: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
A3: as a member of the orchestral ensemble
Q4: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
A4: "tenor tuba"
Q5: Who wrote The Planets?
A5: Gustav Holst
The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

Q1: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?
A1: The Wagner tuba
Q2: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?
A2: Symphony No. 7 in E Major
Q3: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?
A3: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Q4: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
A4: freelance musicians
Q5: What Debussy piece features a cornet?
A5: La Mer
Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

Q1: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
A1: Electric
Q2: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
A2: popular
Q3: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
A3: electronic
Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Q1: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?
A1: early classical music,
Q2: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
A2: the acoustic guitar
Q3: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?
A3: popular
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

Q1: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
A1: equal temperament
Q2: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
A3: meantone temperament
Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

Q1: What have classical trained performers done extensively?
A1: studied classical music
Q2: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
A2: individual lessons from professors
Q3: To what level is training for classical music often required?
A3: postgraduate
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Q1: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
A1: sight-reading
Q2: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
A2: harmonic
Q3: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
A3: classical music
Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

Q1: What brothers have had significant classical training?
A1: Van Halen brothers
Q2: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
A2: classical
Q3: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
A3: commercial
Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

Q1: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
A1: male
Q2: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
A2: harpist
Q3: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
A3: 1997
Q4: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
A4: the Berlin Philharmonic
Q5: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
A5: Dieter Flury
In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

Q1: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
A1: 1997
Q2: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
A2: Anna Lelkes
Q3: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
A3: harp
Q4: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
A4: six
Q5: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
A5: Albena Danailova
In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male." A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."

Q1: The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?
A1: female
Q2: The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?
A2: male
Q3: What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?
A3: 'blind' auditions
Q4: In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?
A4: violin
Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like the concerto, symphony, sonata, and opera.

Q1: Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?
A1: complexity
Q2: What is usually written in song forms?
A2: popular styles
Q3: The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?
A3: sophisticated
Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.

Q1: What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?
A1: movements
Q2: How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?
A2: four
Q3: What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?
A3: slow
Q4: A movement broken up further is called what?
A4: sections
Q5: The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?
A5: Allegro
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.

Q1: What period was from 500-1400?
A1: Medieval
Q2: What years dictate the Baroque period?
A2: 1600–1750
Q3: How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?
A3: by calendar century
Q4: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?
A4: the contemporary/postmodern musical era
Q5: The years 1804-1910 marked what era?
A5: Romantic
The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice "era" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic "periods". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.

Q1: What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?
A1: Haydn
Q2: Haydn is classified as typical of what era?
A2: Classical
Q3: Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?
A3: Beethoven
Q4: Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?
A4: Brahms
Q5: Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?
A5: era
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.

Q1: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?
A1: neo
Q2: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?
A2: 20th-century
Q3: Who wrote Pulcinella?
A3: Stravinsky's
Q4: What era is Pulcinella similar to?
A4: Classical
Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.

Q1: When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?
A1: 2695 BC
Q2: Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?
A2: Burgh
Q3: What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?
A3: early Christian liturgical music,
Q4: Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?
A4: ancient Greeks
Q5: Who helped codify musical notation?
A5: Pythagoras
The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.

Q1: The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
A1: Rome
Q2: What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
A2: Monophonic chant
Q3: What does Polyphonic mean?
A3: multi-voiced
Q4: When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
A4: 1100
Q5: Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
A5: motets
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.

Q1: When was the Renaissance era?
A1: from 1400 to 1600
Q2: What era was from 1400 to 1600?
A2: Renaissance
Q3: The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
A3: Renaissance
Q4: What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
A4: Social dancing
Q5: Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
A5: Renaissance
It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.

Q1: The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?
A1: staff
Q2: How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?
A2: oral
Q3: What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?
A3: change
Q4: What can a musical scored be performed without?
A4: the composer's presence
Q5: When was the movable-type printing press invented?
A5: the 15th century
Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp, lute, vielle, and psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder), shawm (an early member of the oboe family), trumpet, and the bagpipes. Simple pipe organs existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.

Q1: The record is part of what wind family?
A1: the flute family
Q2: The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?
A2: the oboe
Q3: Where were the first pipe organs confined to?
A3: churches
Q4: When had the viol emerged by?
A4: the 16th century
Q5: What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?
A5: Printing
The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified. It began with the Baroque era, running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century. The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820. The Romantic era ran through the 19th century, ending about 1910.

Q1: When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?
A1: The common practice period
Q2: What began with the Baroque era?
A2: The common practice period
Q3: What era did the classical era follow?
A3: Baroque era
Q4: When did the classical era end?
A4: around 1820
Q5: When did the romantic era end?
A5: about 1910
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Q1: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music?
A1: Baroque
Q2: What does basso continuo mean?
A2: a continuous bass line
Q3: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
A3: more complex
Q4: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era?
A4: the sonata form
Q5: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
A5: tonalities
During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common. Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies. Instrumental ensembles began to distinguish and standardize by size, giving rise to the early orchestra for larger ensembles, with chamber music being written for smaller groups of instruments where parts are played by individual (instead of massed) instruments. The concerto as a vehicle for solo performance accompanied by an orchestra became widespread, although the relationship between soloist and orchestra was relatively simple.

Q1: Keyboard music became popular during what era?
A1: Baroque
Q2: The violin family is what type of instrument?
A2: stringed
Q3: Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?
A3: staged musical drama
Q4: What became more common during the Baroque era?
A4: vocal forms
Q5: What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?
A5: embellishments
The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

Q1: What theories began to be put in wider practice?
A1: equal temperament
Q2: What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
A2: a wider range of chromatic possibilities
Q3: What did Bach not use?
A3: equal temperament
Q4: A modern piano is generally what?
A4: tuned
Q5: What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
A5: meantone
The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).

Q1: When was the Classical era?
A1: 1750 to 1820
Q2: What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?
A2: the piano
Q3: What became more standardized during the classical era?
A3: The basic forces required for an orchestra
Q4: How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?
A4: 10
Q5: What is an opera buffa?
A5: a form of comic opera
Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.

Q1: What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?
A1: Wind
Q2: What is the single reed family called?
A2: the clarinet family
Q3: What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?
A3: double reeded
Q4: Who expanded the single reeds role?
A4: Mozart