romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Q1: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
A1: those classed as "Coloured"
Q2: What era did this discrimination take place?
A2: During the apartheid era
Q3: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?
A3: those classed as "Black"
Q4: Where were the "black" areas?
A4: large townships located away from the cities
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Q1: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
A1: affirmative action policies
Q2: Who does the term "black" people include?
A2: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"
Q3: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
A3: a "Non-racial democracy"
Q4: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
A4: ANC (African National Congress)
Q5: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?
A5: "Africans
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Q1: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?
A1: the High Court in South Africa
Q2: What year did this ruling happen?
A2: 2008
Q3: Why was this classification made?
A3: solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits
Q4: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?
A4: Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid
Q5: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits?
A5: they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

Q1: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?
A1: language
Q2: What languages are most common?
A2: Afrikaans or English
Q3: What are less common languages spoken?
A3: Zulu or Xhosa
Q4: What types of names do "coloureds" have?
A4: European-sounding names
Q5: What type of names do "blacks" have?
A5: Bantu names
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Q1: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
A1: 10 to 18 million
Q2: In what time frame were these people enslaved?
A2: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century
Q3: Who enslaved these people?
A3: Arab slave traders
Q4: Why were women slaves more popular?
A4: for them to serve as concubines
Q5: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
A5: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Q1: How many people in Yemen have African lineage?
A1: average of 38%
Q2: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
A2: 16%
Q3: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
A3: 10%
Q4: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
A4: African female-mediated gene
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Q1: Who is seeking minority status from the government?
A1: African-Iraquis
Q2: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
A2: Parliament
Q3: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A3: as Arab
Q4: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
A4: Distinctive and self-identified black communities
Q5: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A5: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Q1: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
A1: About 150,000
Q2: What percent of Israel's population is black?
A2: just over 2%
Q3: When did they migrate to Israel?
A3: during the 1980s and 1990s
Q4: Where did they migrate from?
A4: Ethiopia.
Q5: Where are most of the black converts from?
A5: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Q1: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
A1: around 60,000
Q2: What have these immigrants sought?
A2: asylum
Q3: Where are most of them from?
A3: Sudan and Eritrea
Q4: What languages do they speak?
A4: Niger-Congo
Q5: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
A5: southern Nuba Mountains
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Q1: When did the slave trade begin?
A1: during the period of the Ottoman Empire
Q2: Where were the slaves brought?
A2: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey
Q3: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
A3: İzmir area
Q4: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
A4: 1923
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Q1: Who are the Siddi?
A1: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan
Q2: Who did the Siddi descend from?
A2: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa
Q3: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
A3: "Sayyid"
Q4: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
A4: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area
Q5: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
A5: 1960s
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Q1: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
A1: The Negritos
Q2: Where do the Negritos reside currently?
A2: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Q3: What does Negrito mean?
A3: "little black people"
Q4: What language does the term Negrito come from?
A4: Spanish
Q5: What term is interchangable with Negrito?
A5: Semang
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Q1: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
A1: Muslims
Q2: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
A2: Arab or Berber descent
Q3: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
A3: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans
Q4: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
A4: North Africa or Iberia
Q5: What kind of term is "Moors"?
A5: derogatory
Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Q1: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
A1: Isidore of Seville
Q2: When was this claim made?
A2: 7th century,
Q3: What does mauron mean?
A3: black
Q4: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
A4: Etymologies
Q5: What was "Black by definition"?
A5: Moors
Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

Q1: What are Afro-Spaniards?
A1: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent
Q2: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
A2: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal
Q3: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
A3: Equatorial Guinea
Q4: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
A4: an estimated 683,000
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

Q1: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
A1: over a million black
Q2: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?
A2: 1%
Q3: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?
A3: 0.8%
Q4: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?
A4: 0.2%
Q5: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
A5: after World War II
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

Q1: When did African states become independent?
A1: 1960s
Q2: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
A2: Soviet Union
Q3: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
A3: about 400,000
Q4: Why did students move to Russia?
A4: to pursue higher studies
Q5: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
A5: Eastern bloc.
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Q1: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
A1: in the Balkans
Q2: What town had it's own black community?
A2: Ulcinj
Q3: What country is Ulcinj in?
A3: Montenegro
Q4: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
A4: 100
Q5: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
A5: an estimated 30,000
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Q1: Who has been referred to as "black people"?
A1: Indigenous Australians
Q2: What was the original term related to?
A2: skin colour
Q3: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
A3: since the early days of European settlement
Q4: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians?
A4: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry
Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

Q1: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
A1: Aboriginal Protection Boards
Q2: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
A2: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.
Q3: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
A3: Aborigines were not allowed to vote
Q4: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
A4: Sir Baldwin Spencer
Q5: What year was his report from?
A5: 1913
After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Q1: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
A1: mixed-race people
Q2: What did people fear in 1930?
A2: "half-caste menace"
Q3: What did this menace undermine?
A3: the White Australia ideal
Q4: Who noted this particular fear?
A4: Dr. Cecil Cook
Q5: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
A5: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Q1: Who did the government want raised as white?
A1: "half-caste" individuals
Q2: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
A2: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"
Q3: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
A3: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs
Q4: What was this process referred to?
A4: the Stolen Generation
The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

Q1: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
A1: The second half of the 20th century
Q2: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
A2: 1967
Q3: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
A3: to include Aborigines in the national census.
Q4: What term was embraced during this period?
A4: "black"
Q5: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
A5: Activist Bob Maza
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Q1: Who wrote "Living Black?
A1: Kevin Gilbert
Q2: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
A2: 1978
Q3: What was Living Black about?
A3: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories
Q4: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
A4: the Human Rights Award for Literature
Q5: What was the award in 1998 for?
A5: Inside Black Australia
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

Q1: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
A1: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander
Q2: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
A2: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,
Q3: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
A3: 2012
Q4: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
A4: Anthony Mundine
Q5: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
A5: Andrew Bolt
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Q1: Who described slaves as negars?
A1: John Rolfe
Q2: Where was John Rolfe?
A2: Colonial America
Q3: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
A3: Virginia colony
Q4: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
A4: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"
Q5: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
A5: Cemetery of the Negro