romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Q1: Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
A1: Ottoman and successive Iranian empires
Q2: Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: When did the Armenian Genocide occure?
A3: World War I
Q4: When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
A4: 1920
Q5: When did Armenia gain its independence?
A5: 1991
The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (    ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.

Q1: What name did Armenia gain it's name from?
A1: Aram
Q2: When did Xenophon visit Armenia?
A2: 401 BC
Q3: Who first referenced the Armenians?
A3: Hecataeus of Miletus
Q4: What language does Armenias resemble most?
A4: Persians
Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.

Q1: When was the capital of Armenia established?
A1: 782 BC
Q2: What is the capital of Armenia?
A2: Yerevan
Q3: The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?
A3: Yerevan
Q4: Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?
A4: King Argishti I
During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.

Q1: Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?
A1: King Artaxias I
Q2: What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?
A2: Achaemenid Empire
Q3: When did Armenia reach it's peak?
A3: between 95 and 66 BC
Q4: Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?
A4: Tigranes the Great
In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including the Assyrians (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as Armenia & the Caucasus Mountains), Medes, Achaemenid Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sassanid Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, Ottomans, successive Iranian Safavids, Afsharids, and Qajars, and the Russians.

Q1: Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?
A1: Tiridates I
Q2: What made Armenia so easily invadable?
A2: strategic location between two continents
Q3: Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC?
A3: Ashurbanipal
After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.

Q1: When was the Marzpanate era?
A1: 428–636
Q2: When did the Principality of Armenia end?
A2: 884
Q3: Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?
A3: King Ashot I Bagratuni
Q4: Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?
A4: Dvin
Q5: Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?
A5: Prince of Armenia
In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.

Q1: Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?
A2: 1071
Q3: When was Cilicia founded?
A3: 6 January 1198
Q4: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?
A4: conquered Armenia
Q5: Where did Roupen find refuge?
A5: Tarsus of Cilicia
The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

Q1: Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?
A1: the Zakarid
Q2: What principality did the Zakarid family form?
A2: Zakarid Armenia
Q3: What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?
A3: Syunik and Vayots Dzor
Q4: What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?
A4: Artsakh and Utik
Q5: When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?
A5: early 12th century
In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.

Q1: Which empires seperated Armenia?
A1: Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire
Q2: Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
A2: Ottoman
Q3: Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
A3: Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires
Q4: How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?
A4: century
While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II, in response, organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."

Q1: How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896
A1: 80,000 to 300,000
Q2: What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?
A2: pushing for more rights
Q3: What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?
A3: "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."
Q4: What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?
A4: Hamidian massacres
Q5: What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?
A5: Muslim
During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.

Q1: What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?
A1: Dashnaktsutyun
Q2: What was the Dashnaks objective?
A2: creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia
Q3: Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?
A3: fedayi
Q4: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?
A4: 1890s
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

Q1: When did the Adana massacre take place?
A1: April 1909
Q2: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?
A2: 20,000–30,000
Q3: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?
A3: 1908
Q4: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?
A4: Young Turk Revolution
Q5: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?
A5: 1914
When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

Q1: What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?
A1: World War I
Q2: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?
A2: 29 May 1915
Q3: Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?
A3: Russian Army
Q4: Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?
A4: Anatolia
The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.

Q1: What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?
A1: state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide
Q2: How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?
A2: two phases
Q3: What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
A3: killing of the able-bodied male population
Q4: What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
A4: deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm
Q5: Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?
A5: Syrian desert
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.

Q1: How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??
A1: 600,000
Q2: Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?
A2: Turkish authorities
Q3: What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?
A3: between 1 and 1.5 million
Q4: Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?
A4: Arnold J. Toynbee
Q5: When was Toynbee's report put together?
A5: 24th May 1916
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

Q1: Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?
A1: Nikolai Yudenich
Q2: Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?
A2: Andranik Ozanian
Q3: When was the Bolshevik Revolution?
A3: 1917
Q4: Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?
A4: Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan
Q5: When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?
A5: May 1918
At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.

Q1: When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
A1: 10 August 1920
Q2: What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?
A2: Wilsonian Armenia
Q3: Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?
A3: President Woodrow Wilson
Q4: When did Cilicia declare independence?
A4: 5 August 1920
Q5: Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?
A5: Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.

Q1: When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?
A1: 2 December 1920
Q2: What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?
A2: Alexandropol
Q3: When did the Armenian republic breakdown?
A3: 4 December
Q4: Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?
A4: Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze
Q5: What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?
A5: 1920
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.

Q1: When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?
A1: 4 March 1922
Q2: The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?
A2: Batumi
Q3: What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?
A3: sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır
Q4: Who annexed Armenia?
A4: Bolshevist Russia
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.

Q1: Who provided the Armenians with supplies?
A1: Moscow
Q2: Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?
A2: Joseph Stalin
Q3: Which three parts make up the TSFSR?
A3: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR
Q4: When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?
A4: 1936
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Q1: Who succeeded Stalin?
A1: Nikita Khruschev
Q2: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?
A2: 1967
Q3: When did Vazgen acquire his position?
A3: 1955
Q4: When did Stalin pass away?
A4: 1953
Q5: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?
A5: Yerevan
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

Q1: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?
A1: 1988
Q2: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?
A2: 484,000
Q3: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?
A3: 1923
Q4: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?
A4: Stalin
Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.

Q1: What does NAA stand for?
A1: New Armenian Army
Q2: When was the NAA formed?
A2: May 1990
Q3: Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?
A3: the MVD
Q4: How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?
A4: five Armenians
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.

Q1: Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?
A1: Sovetashen
Q2: Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?
A2: Armenia
Q3: When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?
A3: 17 March 1991