romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

Q1: Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?
A1: latewood
Q2: When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?
A2: breadth of ring
Q3: Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?
A3: slow
Q4: What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?
A4: good
Q5: What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?
A5: thick-walled
Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Q1: What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?
A1: second-growth
Q2: Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
A2: open stands
Q3: What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood?
A3: strength
Q4: What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes?
A4: hickory
Q5: What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
A5: U.S. Forest Service
In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring.

Q1: What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?
A1: diffuse-porous
Q2: In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?
A2: structure
Q3: What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?
A3: unaided
In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers. In general it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown. In many uses of wood, total strength is not the main consideration. If ease of working is prized, wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of grain, which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the latewood of one season's growth and the earlywood of the next.

Q1: What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels?
A1: diffuse-porous
Q2: What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly?
A2: medium
Q3: The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring?
A3: water
Q4: What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods?
A4: conifers
Q5: Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?
A5: little
Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

Q1: What's another term used for "conifer" wood?
A1: dicot
Q2: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?
A2: monocot
Q3: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?
A3: bamboo
Q4: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?
A4: grass
Q5: Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"?
A5: palms
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per millilitre (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).

Q1: Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?
A1: specific gravity
Q2: In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?
A2: pulp yield
Q3: What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?
A3: density
Q4: When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?
A4: increases
Q5: When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean?
A5: water-saturated
Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970).

Q1: Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?
A1: physiological
Q2: Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?
A2: one
Q3: What author called wood's density "fairly easily measured"?
A3: Elliott
Age, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees (Timell 1986). Variation of specific gravity within the bole of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction. :)

Q1: What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?
A1: Variation
Q2: What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?
A2: radial
Q3: Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?
A3: bole
Q4: Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?
A4: density
Q5: What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?
A5: seed
It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.

Q1: What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
A1: softwood
Q2: What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
A2: hardwood
Q3: Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
A3: hardwood
Q4: What's an example of a softwood that isn't "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?
A4: yew
Q5: What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
A5: dicotyledons
There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.

Q1: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
A1: strong
Q2: What property of wood varies according to species?
A2: density
Q3: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
A3: strength
Q4: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
A4: hardwood
Q5: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
A5: model building
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements in small quantity.

Q1: What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?
A1: 50%
Q2: What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?
A2: hydrogen
Q3: About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
A3: 1%
Q4: Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?
A4: oxygen
Q5: What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?
A5: magnesium
Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on aromatic rings. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made.

Q1: How many main components make up wood, not counting water?
A1: three
Q2: What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
A2: Cellulose
Q3: After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
A3: hemicellulose
Q4: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
A4: conifers
Q5: Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
A5: cellulose
In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.

Q1: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
A1: lignin
Q2: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
A2: Softwood
Q3: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
A3: coniferyl
Q4: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?
A4: sinapyl
Q5: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
A5: Hardwood
Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.

Q1: What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
A1: extractives
Q2: Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?
A2: resin
Q3: Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?
A3: waxes
Q4: What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
A4: insects
Q5: Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?
A5: turpentine
Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Q1: What type of wood is preferred as fuel?
A1: Hardwood
Q2: What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?
A2: softwood
Q3: What type of areas use more wood for fuel?
A3: rural
Q4: What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?
A4: warmth
Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).

Q1: What wood is decay-resistant when wet?
A1: Elm
Q2: What plumbing component was once made out of elm?
A2: water pipe
Q3: Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?
A3: boats
Q4: What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?
A4: construction material
Q5: Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?
A5: houses
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.

Q1: What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?
A1: lumber
Q2: Outside of North America, if someone said "lumber," to what would they be referring?
A2: felled trees
Q3: What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
A3: timber
Q4: What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
A4: oak
Q5: For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?
A5: Douglas fir
New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

Q1: What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?
A1: timber-framed
Q2: In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?
A2: commercial
Q3: Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?
A3: structural
Q4: What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?
A4: construction
In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

Q1: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
A1: supporting material
Q2: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
A2: roof
Q3: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
A3: cladding
Q4: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?
A4: doors
Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

Q1: What holds together an engineered wood product?
A1: glue
Q2: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?
A2: industrial
Q3: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
A3: application-specific performance requirements
Q4: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?
A4: composite structural unit
Q5: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?
A5: veneers
These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

Q1: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?
A1: wood structural panels
Q2: What's another word for glued laminated timber?
A2: glulam
Q3: What does LVL stand for?
A3: laminated veneer lumber
Q4: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?
A4: plywood
Q5: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?
A5: 100 million
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring, for example laminate flooring.

Q1: What material results from chemically breaking down wood?
A1: cellulose
Q2: What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?
A2: MDF
Q3: How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?
A3: mechanically
Q4: What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?
A4: laminate
Q5: What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?
A5: paper
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Q1: What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?
A1: furniture
Q2: What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?
A2: wooden spoon
Q3: Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?
A3: handles
Q4: What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?
A4: beds
Q5: What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?
A5: chopsticks
Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.

Q1: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
A1: Moisture content
Q2: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
A2: glue
Q3: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?
A3: tire
Q4: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
A4: high strength fabrics
Q5: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?
A5: modify wood
Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving.

Q1: Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?
A1: carvings
Q2: What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?
A2: totem poles
Q3: What type of tree was often used for totem poles?
A3: Western Red Cedar
Q4: What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?
A4: Edinburgh
Q5: What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?
A5: National Museum of Scotland
Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.

Q1: What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?
A1: african blackwood
Q2: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
A2: ripple sycamore
Q3: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
A3: tonewoods
Q4: What's the common name for Picea abies?
A4: European spruce
Q5: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?
A5: tone
Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.

Q1: What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
A1: woodwind instruments
Q2: What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
A2: Arundo donax
Q3: Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
A3: monocot
Q4: What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
A4: reeds