romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Q1: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
A1: President of Columbia University
Q2: Where is Columbia University located?
A2: New York City
Q3: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
A3: Crusade in Europe
Q4: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
A4: Ivy League
Q5: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
A5: Department of the Treasury
Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Q1: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?
A1: Council on Foreign Relations
Q2: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
A2: biographer
Q3: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?
A3: professional
Q4: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
A4: economic
Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Q1: What position was held by James Forrestal?
A1: Secretary of Defense
Q2: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
A2: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Q3: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?
A3: Augusta National Golf Club
Q4: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
A4: Columbia Associates
Q5: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
A5: July 1949
The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

Q1: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?
A1: American Assembly
Q2: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?
A2: Leonard McCollum
Q3: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?
A3: liberal
Q4: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?
A4: New Jersey
Q5: From where did H.J. Porter hale?
A5: Texas
The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Q1: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?
A1: December 1950
Q2: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?
A2: Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Q3: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?
A3: May 31, 1952
Q4: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
A4: President of the United States
Q5: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?
A5: January 20, 1953
President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Q1: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?
A1: Truman
Q2: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?
A2: Democratic
Q3: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?
A3: Robert A. Taft
Q4: What was Taft's political office?
A4: Senator
Q5: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
A5: Henry Cabot Lodge
In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Q1: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?
A1: South
Q2: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?
A2: corruption
Q3: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?
A3: K1C2
Q4: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
A4: peaceful means
Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Q1: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?
A1: Wisconsin
Q2: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?
A2: Korea
Q3: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?
A3: a secret trust
Q4: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
A4: NATO
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Q1: In what century was Eisenhower born?
A1: 19th
Q2: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
A2: James Buchanan
Q3: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
A3: did not have prior elected office
Q4: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
A4: never
Q5: How old was Truman in 1948?
A5: 64
Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Q1: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
A1: Joseph M. Dodge
Q2: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?
A2: Herbert Brownell
Q3: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
A3: Oveta Culp Hobby
Q4: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?
A4: John Foster Dulles
Q5: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
A5: Eight millionaires and a plumber
Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Q1: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
A1: Korean
Q2: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
A2: pre-inaugural
Q3: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
A3: Russia
Q4: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
A4: foreign
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Q1: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
A1: progressive conservative
Q2: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
A2: ten million
Q3: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
A3: Social Security
Q4: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
A4: Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Q5: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
A5: integration
As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Q1: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
A1: right
Q2: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
A2: 1954
Q3: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
A3: moderate, progressive
Q4: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?
A4: Republicans
Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Q1: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?
A1: one
Q2: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
A2: 1955
Q3: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
A3: February 1956
Q4: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
A4: Robert B. Anderson
Q5: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
A5: Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Q1: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?
A1: the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy
Q2: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?
A2: autobahn
Q3: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
A3: June 1956
Q4: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?
A4: economic growth
Q5: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?
A5: issuance of bonds to finance the project
In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Q1: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
A1: Yalta
Q2: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
A2: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch
Q3: What world leader died in March of 1953?
A3: Joseph Stalin
Q4: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
A4: Chance for Peace
Q5: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
A5: Stephen Ambrose
The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

Q1: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?
A1: conventional forces
Q2: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?
A2: New Look
Q3: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?
A3: 1953
Q4: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?
A4: Project Solarium
In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Q1: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
A1: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections
Q2: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
A2: London
Q3: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
A3: Eisenhower
Q4: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
A4: Austria
Q5: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
A5: Open Skies
In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Q1: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
A1: Mexico
Q2: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
A2: Southeast Asia
Q3: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
A3: 1954
Q4: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
A4: West Germany
Q5: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?
A5: Vietnam
With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

Q1: Who was the director of the CIA?
A1: Dulles
Q2: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?
A2: Operation Ajax
Q3: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?
A3: Pbsuccess
Q4: What company made the U-2?
A4: Lockheed
Q5: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
A5: John F. Kennedy
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.

Q1: What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?
A1: Lockheed C-121 Constellation
Q2: What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?
A2: Eastern Airlines Flight 8610
Q3: What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
A3: Air Force One
Q4: What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?
A4: Columbine II
Q5: In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?
A5: 1953