romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.

Q1: In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?
A1: 1895
Q2: What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?
A2: Capital University
Q3: What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?
A3: half
In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.

Q1: What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?
A1: 1997
EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.

Q1: What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?
A1: The Geophysics Institute
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.

Q1: What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?
A1: Quito Astronomical Observatory
Q2: What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?
A2: National Polytechnic School
Q3: When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?
A3: 1873
The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.

Q1: EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?
A1: one
Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

Q1: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?
A1: the country's development
MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

Q1: MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?
A1: 50
Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

Q1: What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?
A1: Instituts de technologie
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

Q1: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?
A1: 180
Q2: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?
A2: 160
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

Q1: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
A1: Finland
Q2: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
A2: ammattikorkeakoulus
Q3: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
A3: yrkeshögskola
Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Q1: Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?
A1: technology
In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.

Q1: What are an institute of technology called in France?
A1: institut universitaire de technologie
Q2: What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?
A2: IUT
In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

Q1: What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?
A1: Fachhochschule
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).

Q1: In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?
A1: Polytechnicum
Q2: What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?
A2: 18th
Q3: What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?
A3: Escola Politécnica
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Q1: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?
A1: 1970s
Q2: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?
A2: teaching
Q3: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?
A3: business
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Q1: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?
A1: TU
Q2: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
A2: research
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Q1: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?
A1: medicine
Q2: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
A2: nine
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.

Q1: How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?
A1: 17
Q2: What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?
A2: 290,000
Q3: Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?
A3: Saxony
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are

Q1: What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?
A1: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

Q1: What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?
A1: Higher Education Reform Act
The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

Q1: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?
A1: The Hong Kong Polytechnic
Q2: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?
A2: Hong Kong Technical College
Q3: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?
A3: 1984
Q4: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?
A4: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Q5: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?
A5: 1994
The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

Q1: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?
A1: copper
Q2: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?
A2: 1735
Q3: Who established the Berg-Schola?
A3: Court Chamber of Vienna
There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.

Q1: How many private institutes of technology are there in India?
A1: 16
Q2: How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?
A2: 30
Q3: What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?
A3: AICTE
In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.

Q1: What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?
A1: Diploma in Engineering
There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.

Q1: How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?
A1: four
However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.

Q1: Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?
A1: three
Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

Q1: What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?
A1: Regional Technical College
Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

Q1: What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?
A1: Dublin Institute of Technology
In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

Q1: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?
A1: Politecnico
Q2: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?
A2: two
In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.

Q1: What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?
A1: Genoa
In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.

Q1: What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?
A1: Imperial College of Engineering
Q2: What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?
A2: sciences
Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Q1: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?
A1: Malaysia
Q2: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
A2: UNESCO
Q3: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
A3: Ipoh
At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.

Q1: How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?
A1: 32
Q2: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?
A2: 60,840
Q3: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?
A3: 87,440
The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.

Q1: What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?
A1: University of Technology, Mauritius
Q2: What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?
A2: technology
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.

Q1: What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?
A1: New Zealand
Q2: What does UCOL stand for?
A2: Universal College of Learning
Q3: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?
A3: 1989
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

Q1: What school did Massey University combine with?
A1: Wellington Polytechnic
Q2: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?
A2: 1990s
Q3: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?
A3: Central Institute of Technology
Q4: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
A4: North Island
The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

Q1: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?
A1: Auckland University of Technology
The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.

Q1: In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?
A1: 10th
Q2: What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?
A2: trades
Q3: How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?
A3: three
After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.

Q1: What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?
A1: BE
University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.

Q1: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
A1: F.Sc
Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

Q1: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
A1: Politechnika