romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه‎ Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Q1: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?
A1: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey
Q2: When was the Ottoman empire founded?
A2: 1299
Q3: Who founded the Ottoman empire?
A3: Oghuz Turks
Q4: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?
A4: northwestern Anatolia
Q5: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?
A5: Murad I
During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

Q1: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?
A1: Suleiman the Magnificent
Q2: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?
A2: 16th and 17th centuries
Q3: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?
A3: 32 provinces
Q4: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?
A4: vassal states
Q5: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?
A5: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Q1: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?
A1: Constantinople
Q2: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
A2: lands around the Mediterranean basin
Q3: When did the Ottoman empire decline?
A3: into the late nineteenth century
Q4: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?
A4: Germany
Q5: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
A5: military setbacks against European powers
The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

Q1: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?
A1: Ottoman
Q2: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?
A2: House of Osman
Q3: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty?
A3: House of Osman
Q4: What is the origin of Osman's name?
A4: Arabic
Q5: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?
A5: The Supreme State of the Ottomans
Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

Q1: Who was the father of Osman I?
A1: Ertuğrul
Q2: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?
A2: 400 horsemen
Q3: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?
A3: 14th century
Q4: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?
A4: Ghazi emirates
Q5: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?
A5: Byzantine Empire
In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.

Q1: Which city did Osman's son capture?
A1: Bursa
Q2: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?
A2: 1324
Q3: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?
A3: Orhan
Q4: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?
A4: Thessaloniki
Q5: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?
A5: 1389
With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

Q1: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
A1: conquest of Constantinople
Q2: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
A2: Byzantine
Q3: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
A3: Timur
Q4: Timur was the founder of what?
A4: Timurid Empire
Q5: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
A5: Battle of Ankara
Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

Q1: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?
A1: Murad II
Q2: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?
A2: Hungary
Q3: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?
A3: Battle of Varna
Q4: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?
A4: Second Battle of Kosovo
Q5: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?
A5: 10 November 1444
The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

Q1: Who was the son of Murad II?
A1: Mehmed the Conqueror
Q2: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?
A2: Constantinople
Q3: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?
A3: its autonomy and land
Q4: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?
A4: Venetian rule
Q5: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??
A5: Albanian resistance
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

Q1: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
A1: 1520–1566
Q2: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
A2: 1521
Q3: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
A3: Battle of Mohács
Q4: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
A4: Hungary
Q5: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
A5: the Siege of Güns
France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.

Q1: France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?
A1: Habsburg rule
Q2: Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?
A2: Corsica
Q3: The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?
A3: Francis I
Q4: What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?
A4: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis
Q5: What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?
A5: Ferdinand
The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, "a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566." Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to "degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends." The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.

Q1: Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?
A1: Stephen Lee
Q2: In what year did Suleiman die?
A2: 1566
Q3: By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely "a shadow" of what it was in 1566?
A3: 1699
Q4: Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?
A4: 1566 to 1703
Q5: What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?
A5: war
The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

Q1: Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?
A1: Sultans
Q2: Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology?
A2: military technology
Q3: What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?
A3: religious and intellectual
Q4: What battle took place in 1683?
A4: Battle of Vienna
Q5: The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?
A5: Europe
The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.

Q1: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?
A1: new maritime trade routes
Q2: What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?
A2: the Cape of Good Hope
Q3: Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?
A3: the Indian Ocean
Q4: Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?
A4: The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire
Q5: New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?
A5: the Portuguese
In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding. The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced. The Ottoman navy recovered quickly, persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa.

Q1: Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?
A1: Philip II
Q2: What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?
A2: Battle of Lepanto
Q3: What siege occurred in 1565?
A3: Siege of Malta
Q4: In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?
A4: 1573
Q5: After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?
A5: North Africa
By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595–1610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603–1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.

Q1: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?
A1: The Long War
Q2: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?
A2: 1593–1606
Q3: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?
A3: Sekban
Q4: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?
A4: 30 million people
Q5: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?
A5: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648–1656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem's murder in 1651. During the Köprülü Era (1656–1703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.

Q1: Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?
A1: Murad IV
Q2: Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?
A2: the Safavids
Q3: When was Kösem murdered?
A3: 1651
Q4: What years define the Köprülü Era?
A4: 1656–1703
Q5: What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669?
A5: Crete
This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Mustafa II (1695–1703) led the counterattack of 1695–96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (in modern Serbia), 11 September 1697.

Q1: Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?
A1: Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha
Q2: What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?
A2: the Great Turkish War
Q3: Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?
A3: Jan III Sobieski
Q4: What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?
A4: the Holy League
Q5: What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?
A5: Treaty of Karlowitz
After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.

Q1: Oltenia is also known as what?
A1: Little Walachia
Q2: The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?
A2: 1716–1718
Q3: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?
A3: Treaty of Passarowitz
Q4: The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?
A4: Austro-Russian–Turkish War
Q5: What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?
A5: port of Azov
Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.

Q1: What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?
A1: Istanbul Technical University
Q2: What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?
A2: an artillery school
Q3: In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?
A3: Ibrahim Muteferrika
Q4: Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?
A4: Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha
Q5: In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?
A5: 1729