romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.

Q1: Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?
A1: The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region
Q2: The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?
A2: The North Slope and Little Diomede Island
Q3: Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?
A3: Aleut
Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.

Q1: During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?
A1: 17th century
Q2: Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?
A2: Semyon Dezhnyov
Q3: Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?
A3: "bearded men" who "pray to the icons"
Q4: During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?
A4: 1764–1765
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.

Q1: What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?
A1: gold rushes
Q2: What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?
A2: 1912
Q3: In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?
A3: 1906
Q4: Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?
A4: fishing and logging
Q5: From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?
A5: Norway and Sweden
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.

Q1: On what day was Alaska officially named a state?
A1: January 3, 1959
Q2: In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?
A2: 1946
Q3: What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?
A3: Statehood for Alaska
Q4: From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?
A4: mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska
Q5: On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?
A5: July 7, 1958
On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.

Q1: What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?
A1: Good Friday earthquake
Q2: Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?
A2: resultant tsunamis and landslides
Q3: How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?
A3: second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world
Q4: Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?
A4: The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter
Q5: How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?
A5: over one thousand times more powerful
The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.

Q1: At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?
A1: at least 20
Q2: What are the two main native Alaskan language families?
A2: Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene
Q3: How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?
A3: nearly all
Q4: A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?
A4: 2014
According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.

Q1: According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?
A1: 34%
Q2: Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?
A2: Evangelical Protestants
Q3: How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?
A3: least religious states of the USA
Q4: Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?
A4: Washington and Oregon
In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

Q1: Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?
A1: First Russian Orthodox Church
Q2: What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?
A2: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives
Q3: Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?
A3: Quaker population
Q4: What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?
A4: observance of halakha
The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.

Q1: What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?
A1: $40,042
Q2: How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?
A2: 15th in the nation
Q3: How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?
A3: 80%
Q4: Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?
A4: seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab
Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

Q1: In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?
A1: Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak
Q2: What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?
A2: Federal subsidies
Q3: What are some of Alaska's industrial products?
A3: crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products
Q4: How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?
A4: supporting local lodging
Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.

Q1: What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?
A1: Texas, North Dakota, and California
Q2: How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?
A2: fourth
Q3: Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?
A3: Prudhoe Bay
Q4: How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?
A4: 400,000
Q5: Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?
A5: North Dakota's Bakken Formation
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.

Q1: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?
A1: up to 2.1 million barrels
Q2: How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?
A2: 85.4 trillion cubic feet
Q3: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?
A3: wind and geothermal energy
Q4: Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?
A4: hydroelectric
Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

Q1: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?
A1: low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population
Q2: How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?
A2: 30–60¢ higher
Q3: What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?
A3: transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure
Q4: What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?
A4: diesel fuel
Q5: What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?
A5: heating, transportation, electric power and light
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.

Q1: What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?
A1: constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues
Q2: In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?
A2: 1976
Q3: Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?
A3: to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil
Q4: Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?
A4: Governor Keith Miller
Q5: Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?
A5: fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.

Q1: Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?
A1: discourage
Q2: Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?
A2: political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation
Q3: Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?
A3: outside Alaska
Q4: How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?
A4: $734,000
Q5: How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?
A5: $50 billion
Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.

Q1: How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?
A1: minimum of 12 months
Q2: What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?
A2: 5%
Q3: When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?
A3: 1982
Q4: How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?
A4: $1,000
The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.

Q1: Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?
A1: barley and hay
Q2: Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?
A2: restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture
Q3: Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?
A3: Delta Junction area
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20–30¢ higher than the continental United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.

Q1: What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?
A1: shipping costs
Q2: How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?
A2: 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg)
Q3: Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?
A3: Hawaii
Q4: How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?
A4: $3.50
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.

Q1: Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?
A1: Juneau, is not accessible by road
Q2: Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?
A2: western part
Q3: Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?
A3: few
Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.

Q1: What year was the Alaska Railroad built?
A1: around 1915
Q2: To what does "The Railbelt" refer?
A2: region served by ARR tracks
Q3: Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?
A3: Alaska Railroad (ARR)
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.

Q1: The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?
A1: cabooses
Q2: When are cabooses still used occasionally?
A2: some gravel trains
Q3: When was the Parks Highway constructed?
A3: 1970s
Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.

Q1: What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?
A1: the Alaska Marine Highway
Q2: Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?
A2: The Inter-Island Ferry Authority
Q3: Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?
A3: southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula