romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Q1: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
A1: 19th century
Q2: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
A2: early 19th century
Q3: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
A3: education
Q4: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
A4: absolute divine authorship
Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Q1: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
A1: Zionism
Q2: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
A2: Zionist
Q3: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
A3: nationalism
Q4: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
A4: militarism
Q5: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
A5: destructive
In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Q1: Tamudic schools are known as what?
A1: yeshivot
Q2: what are the colleges married men study in called?
A2: Talmudical colleges
Q3: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
A3: interact
Q4: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
A4: doctrines
Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Q1: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
A1: Orthodox Judaism
Q2: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
A2: unacceptable
Q3: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
A3: heretical
Q4: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
A4: Halakhic
Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Q1: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?
A1: American Orthodox Jews
Q2: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
A2: New Jersey
Q3: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
A3: Rockland County
Q4: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
A4: New York State
Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Q1: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
A1: Western European Jewry
Q2: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
A2: traditional
Q3: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
A3: Hirsch's
For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

Q1: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
A1: Shulchan Aruch
Q2: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
A2: uniformity
Q3: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
A3: minhag
Q4: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
A4: philosophical differences
Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Q1: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
A1: Hirsch
Q2: What was Hirsch's approach called?
A2: Torah im Derech Eretz
Q3: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
A3: neo-Orthodoxy
Q4: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
A4: modern world
The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.

Q1: Where does the word animal come from?
A1: Latin animalis
Q2: What does the Latin word animalis mean?
A2: having breath, having soul or living being
Q3: The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?
A3: non-human members of the kingdom Animalia
Q4: The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?
A4: Animalia
Q5: What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?
A5: sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans
All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Q1: What type of cells do all animals have?
A1: eukaryotic
Q2: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
A2: collagen and elastic glycoproteins
Q3: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified?
A3: shells, bones, and spicules
Q4: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
A4: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
Q5: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
A5: cell walls
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.

Q1: What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?
A1: Predation
Q2: The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?
A2: death
Q3: What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?
A3: detritivory
Q4: Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?
A4: their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse
Q5: The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?
A5: various antipredator adaptations
Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

Q1: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?
A1: anemones, corals, and jellyfish
Q2: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?
A2: both the mouth and the anus
Q3: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?
A3: ectoderm and endoderm
Q4: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?
A4: diploblastic
Q5: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?
A5: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.

Q1: What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?
A1: Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular
Q2: What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?
A2: heterotrophic
Q3: What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?
A3: lacking rigid cell walls
Q4: The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?
A4: animals
A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers — an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.

Q1: What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?
A1: blastula
Q2: In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?
A2: swim to a new location
Q3: What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?
A3: an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm
Q4: What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?
A4: mesoderm
Q5: What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?
A5: tissues and organs
Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.

Q1: How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?
A1: 1 billion years
Q2: Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?
A2: triploblastic worms
Q3: Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?
A3: earthworms
Q4: When was the beginning of the Tonian period?
A4: around 1 billion years ago
Q5: What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?
A5: Gromia sphaerica
Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.

Q1: It is believed that animals evolved from what?
A1: a flagellated eukaryote
Q2: What are the closest known living relatives of animals?
A2: choanoflagellates
Q3: What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?
A3: opisthokonts
Q4: The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?
A4: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists
Q5: Where does the name opisthokonts come from?
A5: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells
The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however — for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

Q1: What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?
A1: Bilateria
Q2: How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?
A2: two
Q3: What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?
A3: mouth and an anus
Q4: What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?
A4: coelom or pseudocoelom
Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry. The latter are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed, but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group. Current understanding of the relationships among the major groups of animals is summarized by the following cladogram:

Q1: What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?
A1: Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa
Q2: What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?
A2: bilaterian
Q3: Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?
A3: bilaterian
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

Q1: What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?
A1: Ecdysozoa
Q2: What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?
A2: insects, spiders, crabs
Q3: Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?
A3: repeating segments
Q4: What groups are relatives of the arthropods?
A4: Onychophora and Tardigrada
Q5: What is another name for roundworms?
A5: Nematoda
Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.

Q1: Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?
A1: the great diversity found in animals
Q2: Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?
A2: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Q3: Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?
A3: they are easy to keep and breed
Q4: Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?
A4: starlet sea anemone
The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.

Q1: What are two of the most successful animal phyla?
A1: Mollusca and Annelida
Q2: What are some of the animals in Mollusca?
A2: snails, clams, and squids
Q3: What are some of the animals in Annelida?
A3: earthworms and leeches
Q4: Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?
A4: common presence of trochophore larvae
Q5: What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?
A5: lophophore