romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of "Free Villages"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.

Q1: Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?
A1: the Caribbean
Q2: Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?
A2: William Knibb
Q3: Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?
A3: the British West Indies
Q4: Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?
A4: Free Villages
Q5: What was named after the slave port of Calabar?
A5: Jamaica's Calabar High School
On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African-Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the predominantly white convention had dealt specifically with the issue of slavery.

Q1: When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?
A1: 20 June 1995
Q2: How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?
A2: More than 20,000
Q3: SBC delegates are called what?
A3: messengers
Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the influence of the movement on the Convention continued into the 20th century. Its influence continues to affect convention policies. In 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.

Q1: What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?
A1: Southern Baptist Landmarkism
Q2: Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?
A2: James Robinson Graves
Q3: When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?
A3: In 2005
Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position. Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991. Members of both groups originally identified as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups "became permanent new families of Baptists."

Q1: The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?
A1: conservative theology
Q2: What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?
A2: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991
Q3: When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?
A3: 1987
Q4: When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?
A4: 1991
Q5: Conservative theology was the official position of what?
A5: Southern Baptist Convention
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.

Q1: What does child labour deprive children of?
A1: deprives children of their childhood
Q2: Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?
A2: exceptions include work by child artists
Q3: Is work done by Amish children an exception?
A3: work such as those by Amish children
Q4: Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?
A4: Legislation across the world
Q5: Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?
A5: These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour
In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

Q1: What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?
A1: 2010
Q2: What is the largest employer of child labour?
A2: agriculture
Q3: Who are children predominantly employed by?
A3: their parents
Q4: Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
A4: Poverty
The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

Q1: Was there a period when child labour was essential?
A1: pre-industrial societies
Q2: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
A2: little need for children to attend school
Q3: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
A3: competent adults
Q4: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
A4: short life expectancy
The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

Q1: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?
A1: 80
Q2: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?
A2: over 120,000
Q3: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?
A3: four
Q4: How many hours did builders work in the winter?
A4: 52
Q5: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?
A5: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades
Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.

Q1: How many families were without a bread winner?
A1: one-third
Q2: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?
A2: 143
Q3: Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution?
A3: high number
Q4: Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?
A4: blacking factory
Q5: During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?
A5: economic hardship
Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

Q1: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?
A1: Lord Shaftesbury
Q2: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?
A2: children under the age of nine
Q3: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?
A3: 1847
Q4: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?
A4: child labour began to decline
Q5: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?
A5: 1803
In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

Q1: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?
A1: early 20th century
Q2: Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?
A2: they are exposed to this heat
Q3: Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?
A3: paid by the piece
Q4: Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?
A4: factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age
In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

Q1: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?
A1: National Child Labor Committee
Q2: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?
A2: 1910
Q3: What did children roll in a factory?
A3: cigarettes
Q4: What did child do in textile mills in the US?
A4: bobbin doffers
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Q1: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
A1: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.
Q2: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
A2: poor
Q3: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?
A3: mines
Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

Q1: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?
A1: year round
Q2: Who did the children work beside?
A2: parents
Q3: Where were rural children employed?
A3: agriculture
Q4: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?
A4: unhealthy and insanitary
Q5: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?
A5: Frieda Miller
Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Q1: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?
A1: Child labour is still common
Q2: Where does child labour currently occur the most?
A2: rural areas
Q3: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?
A3: Two out of three child
Q4: Some child work as guides for whom?
A4: tourists
Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

Q1: What country has the highest percentage of child labour?
A1: Africa
Q2: In Asia how many millions of children are employed?
A2: 114
Q3: Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?
A3: 1%
Q4: Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?
A4: Latin America
Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Q1: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
A1: China
Q2: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
A2: 2014
Q3: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
A3: data sources
Q4: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
A4: garments
Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

Q1: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
A1: 76
Q2: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
A2: North Korea
Q3: What was the Phillipines ranked as?
A3: 25th
Q4: Was Brazil on the list?
A4: Brazil 54th
Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Q1: What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?
A1: nothing better to do
Q2: Do the poor families put a value on education?
A2: parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.
Q3: What community has the most prevalency for child labour?
A3: rural areas
In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Q1: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
A1: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children
Q2: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
A2: girls
Q3: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
A3: learn and practice that trade from a very early age
Q4: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
A4: education of girls is less valued
Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

Q1: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?
A1: Thailand
Q2: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
A2: not a new problem
Q3: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
A3: demand
Q4: What encourages child labour across the globe?
A4: Macroeconomic