romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

Q1: What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?
A1: Sharia law
Q2: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?
A2: Salman Rushdie
Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

Q1: What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
A1: heretical
Q2: What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
A2: right-wing groups
Q3: Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
A3: The liberal wing
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

Q1: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
A1: squirreling
Q2: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
A2: The Religious Technology Center
In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Q1: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
A1: innovation
Q2: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
A2: an abstraction
Q3: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
A3: endoheretics
Q4: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
A4: orthodoxy
The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.

Q1: What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?
A1: The Dinosaur Heresies
Q2: What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?
A2: the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough
Q3: What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?
A3: Jurassic Park
Q4: What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
A4: active poses
Q5: What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?
A5: endoheretic
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

Q1: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
A1: exoheretic
Q2: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
A2: scientific journals
Q3: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
A3: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium
The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Q1: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
A1: an established orthodoxy
Q2: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
A2: metaphors
The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

Q1: In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?
A1: 1955
Q2: Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?
A2: Soviet Union
Q3: Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?
A3: the Cold War
Q4: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?
A4: seven
Q5: The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?
A5: West Germany
While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

Q1: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
A1: NATO
Q2: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment?
A2: Czechoslovakia
Q3: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
A3: Solidarity
Q4: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment?
A4: Czechoslovakia
Q5: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively?
A5: 1989
Q6: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
A6: Solidarity
On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

Q1: In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?
A1: Hungary
Q2: Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?
A2: Václav Havel
The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

Q1: Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?
A1: the USSR
Q2: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?
A2: the USSR
The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

Q1: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?
A1: socialism and communism
Q2: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
A2: Brezhnev
Q3: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?
A3: Western Europe
Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

Q1: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
A1: West Germany
Q2: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
A2: the USSR
The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

Q1: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?
A1: Molotov
Q2: When was reunification first proposed as an idea?
A2: 1952
One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation", the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".

Q1: The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?
A1: the USA
Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".

Q1: Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?
A1: Hastings Ismay
Q2: To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?
A2: burglar
In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.

Q1: In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?
A1: 1954
Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.

Q1: Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?
A1: France
On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.

Q1: In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?
A1: 1954
Q2: Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?
A2: Norway
On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".

Q1: In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?
A1: May
One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.

Q1: Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?
A1: East Germany
Q2: What was the name of the East German armed forces?
A2: the National People's Army
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.

Q1: How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?
A1: eight
In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.

Q1: In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?
A1: 1963
Q2: In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia?
A2: 1966
For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

Q1: What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?
A1: containment
Q2: Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?
A2: Europe
In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

Q1: In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?
A1: 1956
Q2: Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?
A2: Imre Nagy
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

Q1: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?
A1: 1968
Q2: Which country did the Pact conquer?
A2: Czechoslovakia
On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.

Q1: In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?
A1: Hungary
Q2: In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?
A2: 1989
Q3: For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?
A3: 36
On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.

Q1: Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?
A1: Albania
Q2: In which year did Poland join NATO?
A2: 1999
Q3: In which year did Slovakia join NATO?
A3: 2004
In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]

Q1: In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?
A1: 2005
Q2: How many documents remain classified?
A2: 70
Q3: What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?
A3: Seven Days to the River Rhine
Q4: How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?
A4: 250
Q5: In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?
A5: 1979
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Q1: What is materialism?
A1: a form of philosophical monism
Q2: In nature, this is an essential substance?
A2: matter