romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), "L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010" international hub for truffles (Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named 'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing, Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.

Q1: What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?
A1: Noni Bacca Winery
Q2: What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?
A2: Ashe County
Q3: Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?
A3: grape
Q4: North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?
A4: 15%.
Q5: What city was named Beer City USA?
A5: Asheville
Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in turn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.

Q1: Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?
A1: R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
Q2: The invention of cigarettes made what popular?
A2: Tobacco
Q3: What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?
A3: 1874
Q4: How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?
A4: 425 million
Q5: What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?
A5: Tobacco
Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay, makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. Located in Goldsboro, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport.

Q1: Where is Camp Lejeune located?
A1: Jacksonville
Q2: What is Camp Lejeune?
A2: Marine Corps Base Camp
Q3: Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?
A3: Jacksonville
Q4: Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?
A4: Goldsboro
Q5: Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?
A5: Southport
The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (平安?) means "peace" in Japanese.

Q1: What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?
A1: Heian
Q2: The Heian period is named after what city?
A2: Heian-kyō
Q3: What does heian mean in Japanese?
A3: peace
Q4: What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?
A4: Fujiwara
Q5: The Heian period was known for what types of art?
A5: poetry and literature
The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.

Q1: What was the name of the period before the Heian era?
A1: Nara
Q2: The Heian period began in what year?
A2: 794 A.D
Q3: What warrior class rose during the Heian era?
A3: samurai
Q4: Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?
A4: Kyōto
Q5: What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?
A5: Kanmu
Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.

Q1: What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?
A1: Fujiwara
Q2: Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?
A2: Taira no Masakado
Q3: Masakado led an uprising in what province?
A3: Hitachi
Q4: What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?
A4: Fujiwara no Sumitomo
Q5: In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?
A5: 939 A.D
When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō (Kyōto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dōkyō and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. Kyōto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. The early Heian period (784–967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. Kammu endeavoured to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. Known as the ritsuryō, this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan, despite the "tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries". Despite the decline of the Taika-Taihō reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors.

Q1: Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?
A1: 1,000
Q2: Nara was the former capital for how many years?
A2: 70
Q3: What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?
A3: Buddhist
Q4: What time period was the early Heian era?
A4: 784–967
Q5: Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?
A5: Tang
Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taishōgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.

Q1: What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?
A1: Emishi
Q2: What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?
A2: Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
Q3: What was Tamuramaro's military title?
A3: Sei-i Taishōgun
Q4: The Emishi were defeated in what year?
A4: 801
Q5: The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?
A5: Honshū
Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units. While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state. In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. Japan began to turn inward.

Q1: In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?
A1: 806
Q2: What office replaced the imperial guards?
A2: Metropolitan Police Board
Q3: What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?
A3: Emperor's Private Office
Q4: Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?
A4: 838
As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.

Q1: In what century did the Soga family take the throne?
A1: sixth
Q2: A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?
A2: Fujiwara
Q3: Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?
A3: Daigo
Q4: Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?
A4: 897-930
Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held. Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to shōen holders in return for a share of the harvest. People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation, a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform.

Q1: What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?
A1: shōen
Q2: Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?
A2: a share of the harvest
Q3: The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?
A3: early tenth century
Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters, was abbreviated to hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese. Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and, with it, to the rise in Japan's famous vernacular literature, much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts. Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by "the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna", The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid- and late Heian periods, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day.

Q1: What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?
A1: katakana
Q2: What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?
A2: hiragana
Q3: Who is the author of The Pillow Book?
A3: Sei Shōnagon
Q4: Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?
A4: Murasaki Shikibu
Q5: What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?
A5: yamato-e
As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taihō Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.

Q1: What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?
A1: Land management
Q2: What grew during the second phase of shoen development?
A2: "house governments,"
Q3: What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?
A3: Taihō Code
Q4: Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?
A4: Fujiwara
Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.

Q1: The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?
A1: 792
Q2: Warriors appointed to a province were called what?
A2: oryoshi
Q3: Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?
A3: tsuibushi
Q4: Where did final authority over the military lie?
A4: imperial court
Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).

Q1: Who had increased access to better military technology?
A1: Shōen holders
Q2: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?
A2: civil and religious
Q3: Which class became a new military elite?
A3: provincial upper class
Q4: What does the word "bushi" mean?
A4: warrior
Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class.

Q1: Bushi formed new associations in what century?
A1: tenth
Q2: How did military families gain prestige?
A2: connections to the imperial court
Q3: Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?
A3: Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan
The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

Q1: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?
A1: Go-Sanjō
Q2: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?
A2: Go-Sanjō
Q3: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?
A3: insei
The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.

Q1: The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
A1: In-no-cho
Q2: The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
A2: Minamoto
Q3: What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
A3: insei system
Q4: The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
A4: 1086 to 1156
A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Q1: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
A1: Fujiwara no Yorinaga
Q2: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
A2: Hōgen Rebellion
Q3: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
A3: Taira and Minamoto
Q4: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
A4: 1159
Q5: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?
A5: Taira
Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Q1: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
A1: Taira Kiyomori
Q2: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
A2: 19
Q3: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
A3: Antoku
Q4: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
A4: 45
Q5: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
A5: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji
With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

Q1: What was the term used to describe military governors?
A1: daimyos
Q2: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?
A2: jito
Q3: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?
A3: Go-Toba