romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

Q1: On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?
A1: 11 November 1975
Q2: How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?
A2: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr
Q3: Who won the 1975 election by large margin?
A3: Fraser
Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

Q1: Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
A1: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
Q2: What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
A2: a severe drought
Q3: Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
A3: Australian Democrats
Q4: Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
A4: Bob Hawke
Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Q1: How was Howard different from Paul Keating?
A1: he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag
Q2: In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?
A2: pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax
Q3: Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?
A3: The Howard Government
Q4: Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?
A4: the ANZUS treaty
Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.

Q1: Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?
A1: the Liberal and National parties
Q2: In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?
A2: the new Liberal National Party of Queensland
Q3: Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?
A3: former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman
Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.

Q1: How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?
A1: 42 votes to 41
Q2: Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?
A2: Dr Brendan Nelson
Q3: To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?
A3: Malcolm Turnbull
The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Q1: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
A1: Malcolm Turnbull
Q2: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
A2: Tony Abbott
Q3: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
A3: Julie Bishop
Q4: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
A4: the Abbott Government
Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Q1: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
A1: Ken Wyatt
Q2: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
A2: 2010
Q3: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
A3: 1971
The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

Q1: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
A1: six
Q2: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
A2: Menzies
Q3: Who makes party policy?
A3: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members
Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 – their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.

Q1: Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?
A1: strongly against
Q2: What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?
A2: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955
Q3: When did Menzies resign from Parliament?
A3: 26 January 1966
A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

Q1: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?
A1: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock
Q2: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?
A2: 11.4%
Q3: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?
A3: the infamous birthday cake interview
In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.

Q1: How long was Tom Playford in political power?
A1: from the 1933 election to the 1965 election
Q2: How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?
A2: a record five
Q3: During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?
A3: 1968 election to the 1970 election
In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean "those who serve in close attendance to the nobility", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word "samurai" appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

Q1: What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?
A1: translator
Q2: What are samurai usually called in Japanse?
A2: bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)
Q3: Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?
A3: Kokin Wakashū
Q4: When is the first known use of 'samurai'?
A4: 905–914
By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

Q1: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?
A1: bushi
Q2: What were samurai affiliated with?
A2: a clan
Q3: How much of Japan were samurais?
A3: less than 10%
Q4: Where do samurais' teachings live on?
A4: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts
Q5: What class were samurais?
A5: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taihō Code, of 702 AD, and the later Yōrō Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called "Gundan-Sei" (軍団制) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]

Q1: When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
A1: 663 AD
Q2: Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?
A2: Tang China and Silla
Q3: What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
A3: a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs
Q4: Who led the Taika Reform?
A4: Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)
Q5: When was the Taika Reform?
A5: 646 AD
In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taishōgun (征夷大将軍) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyūdō), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the "Shogun" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.

Q1: In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?
A1: early Heian period
Q2: When was the early Heian?
A2: the late 8th and early 9th centuries
Q3: Who did Kammu fail to conquer?
A3: Emishi
Q4: What was the full title for Shogun?
A4: sei'i-taishōgun
Q5: Who introduced the Shogun concept?
A5: Emperor Kammu
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

Q1: When was the Genpei war?
A1: late 12th century
Q2: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?
A2: Minamoto no Yoritomo
Q3: What was Minamoto's position?
A3: clan leader
Q4: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?
A4: Minamoto no Yoritomo
Q5: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?
A5: 1192
Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the Hōgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160.

Q1: What rebellion happened in 1160?
A1: Heiji Rebellion
Q2: Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?
A2: the rival Minamoto and Taira clans
Q3: How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?
A3: four-year
Q4: What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?
A4: Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans
The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.

Q1: Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?
A1: Taira no Kiyomori
Q2: Who established the first samurai-led administration?
A2: Taira no Kiyomori
Q3: Who succeeded the Taira clan?
A3: the Minamoto
Q4: What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?
A4: figurehead
Q5: How did the Taira clan expand power?
A5: had its women marry Emperors
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.

Q1: When did the Gempei War begin?
A1: 1180
Q2: When did the Gempei War end?
A2: 1185
Q3: Which clans fought in the Gempei War?
A3: The Taira and the Minamoto
Q4: What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?
A4: Honshu and Kyushu
Q5: When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?
A5: 1192
In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

Q1: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?
A1: Yuan
Q2: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A2: 40,000
Q3: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A3: 900
Q4: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
A4: northern Kyūshū
Q5: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
A5: 10,000
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

Q1: What was built around Hakata Bay?
A1: a great stone barrier
Q2: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
A2: 1276
Q3: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
A3: 1277
Q4: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
A4: 20 kilometers
Q5: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
A5: executed