romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

Q1: How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?
A1: hardwired
Q2: The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?
A2: SELECT
Q3: What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?
A3: microphone
Q4: What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?
A4: square
Q5: What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?
A5: circular
Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.

Q1: When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?
A1: summer 1988
Q2: What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?
A2: Mediagenic
Q3: Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?
A3: cartridges
Q4: As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?
A4: risk
Q5: What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?
A5: 1988
When Nintendo released the NES in the US, the design styling was deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the video game crash of 1983. One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force (ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR. The newly designed connector worked quite well when both the connector and the cartridges were clean and the pins on the connector were new. Unfortunately, the ZIF connector was not truly zero insertion force. When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly, as well as pressing the cartridge’s ROM board back into the cartridge itself. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges caused the pins to wear out from repeated usage over the years and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo’s choice of materials; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing. Many players would try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually hurt the copper connectors by speeding up the tarnishing.

Q1: What does ZIF stand for?
A1: zero insertion force
Q2: The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?
A2: VCR
Q3: The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?
A3: bent the contact pins slightly
Q4: What material were the connector springs made of?
A4: nickel
Q5: What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?
A5: copper
In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers.

Q1: To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?
A1: Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers
Q2: What did the repair centers promise?
A2: ensure that the machines were properly repaired
Q3: What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?
A3: paying a fee
Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

Q1: The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?
A1: radio frequency (RF)
Q2: The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?
A2: composite video
Q3: The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?
A3: 12
Q4: The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?
A4: RF modulator
The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other—the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so.

Q1: How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?
A1: 7
Q2: Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?
A2: identical
Q3: The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?
A3: primary controller
Q4: What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?
A4: Famicom microphone
A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of "Family Game", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: 小天才) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India.

Q1: What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?
A1: Dendy
Q2: Where was the Dendy sold?
A2: Soviet Union
Q3: Which country marketed a clone called "Family Game?"
A3: Argentina
Q4: What was the name of the clone in Poland?
A4: Pegasus
Q5: India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?
A5: Samurai
The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11" to 14") is meant to be placed atop it.

Q1: How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?
A1: 11.7
Q2: How large was the typical television recommended for the device?
A2: typically 11" to 14"
Q3: Where was the Television meant to be placed?
A3: atop
Q4: What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?
A4: Game Pak slot
It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.

Q1: According to Sergio DellaPergola, what percent of Jews worldwide do Ashkenazi Jews's make up?
A1: 74%
Q2: During what century did Ashkenazi Jews make up around three percent of the Jewish population worldwide?
A2: 11th century
Q3: Prior to which major event were there approximately 16.7 million Jews in the world?
A3: Holocaust
Q4: During what year did Ashkenazi Jews account for 92 percent of Jews worldwide?
A4: 1931
Q5: By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?
A5: 92 percent
Q6: How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?
A6: 16.7 million
Q7: From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?
A7: three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent
Q8: Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?
A8: Sergio DellaPergola
Q9: The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?
A9: 10 million and 11.2 million
In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.

Q1: In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?
A1: Yoma
Q2: Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?
A2: cradle of Germanic tribes
Q3: Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?
A3: Slavic
Q4: Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?
A4: Saadia Gaon
Q5: Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?
A5: Germanikia in northwestern Syria
No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced.

Q1: Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?
A1: King Dagobert I of the Franks
Q2: Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?
A2: very few Jews
Q3: In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?
A3: traders or artisans
Q4: In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?
A4: 465 CE
Q5: During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?
A5: conversion to Christianity
People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the "melting pot". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to "melt down" their own particular exilic identities within the general social "pot" in order to become Israeli.

Q1: What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?
A1: 47.5%
Q2: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?
A2: Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews
Q3: What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?
A3: the concept of the "melting pot"
Q4: What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?
A4: 35–36%
Q5: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?
A5: east European Ashkenazim
Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.

Q1: Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?
A1: Yiddishkeit
Q2: Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?
A2: a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish
Q3: What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?
A3: "Jewishness"
Q4: In the past most Jews prayed in what language?
A4: liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew
Q5: In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?
A5: Yiddish
In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

Q1: For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
A1: For roughly a thousand years
Q2: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
A2: University of Huddersfield in England
Q3: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?
A3: Central Europe
Q4: In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?
A4: many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths
Q5: Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
A5: high frequencies
Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.

Q1: In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?
A1: have not always been warm
Q2: What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?
A2: led to protest movements
Q3: How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?
A3: as second-class citizens
Q4: Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?
A4: Saadia Marciano
Q5: Where was Saadia Marciano from?
A5: Moroccan Jew
A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.

Q1: What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?
A1: 35 to 55 percent
Q2: Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?
A2: admixture is considerably higher
Q3: Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?
A3: a genetically more divergent population
Q4: In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?
A4: more diverse
Q5: Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?
A5: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset
Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages.

Q1: Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?
A1: ancient Levantine origins
Q2: Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?
A2: they have arrived at diverging conclusions
Q3: Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?
A3: researching both their paternal and maternal lineages
Q4: Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?
A4: the Levant