romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the "Father of Geography ", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.

Q1: When did Archimedes die?
A1: 212 BC
Q2: When was Euclid born?
A2: 325
Q3: Who worked on the five Platonic solids?
A3: Euclid
Q4: Who measured the circumference of the Earth?
A4: Eratosthenes
Q5: Who was the Father of Geomtery?
A5: Eratosthenes
Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

Q1: When was Hipparchus born?
A1: 190
Q2: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?
A2: Earth
Q3: Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?
A3: Pliny
Q4: Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?
A4: Farnese Atlas
Q5: Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?
A5: Aristarchos of Samos
The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

Q1: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?
A1: Antikythera mechanism
Q2: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?
A2: 10th
Q3: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?
A3: Al-Biruni
Q4: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?
A4: 150–100 BC
Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

Q1: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
A1: Praxagoras of Kos
Q2: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
A2: Herophilos
Q3: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
A3: Empiric
Q4: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
A4: Herophilos
Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

Q1: Philip II used a dense military formation called what?
A1: Macedonian Phalanx
Q2: Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?
A2: larger
Q3: The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?
A3: Thureos
Q4: From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?
A4: Mauryan empire
Q5: What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?
A5: African elephant
Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

Q1: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?
A1: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres
Q2: Who invented the Polybolos?
A2: Dionysios of Alexandria
Q3: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?
A3: ballista
Q4: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?
A4: 160 ton
Q5: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?
A5: 12-month
Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.

Q1: Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?
A1: pathos
Q2: Character is called what in Hellenistic art?
A2: ethos
Q3: Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?
A3: Zeuxis
Q4: The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?
A4: passion
Q5: What painting epitomized the female nude?
A5: Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles
People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Q1: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?
A1: Peiraikos
Q2: Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?
A2: Galatians
Q3: All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?
A3: Alexander the Great
Q4: Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
A4: Hellenistic
Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.

Q1: Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?
A1: Zeuxis
Q2: Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?
A2: larger
Q3: Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?
A3: Seleucus
Q4: What is a Greek royal palace called?
A4: basileion
Q5: What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?
A5: villa of Cassander at Vergina
There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

Q1: Who said "then art dissapeared"?
A1: Pliny the Elder
Q2: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?
A2: Vergina
Q3: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?
A3: Golden Age of Classical Athens
Q4: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
A4: 18th
The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

Q1: What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?
A1: 19th
Q2: How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?
A2: a mirror
Q3: The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?
A3: unfair
However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.

Q1: Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?
A1: William Woodthorpe Tarn
Q2: Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?
A2: Russian Revolution
Q3: Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?
A3: Arnaldo Momigliano
Q4: Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?
A4: class
Q5: Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?
A5: C. Préaux
Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

Q1: Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?
A1: the French
Q2: When did Napoleon's empire collapse?
A2: 1815
Q3: Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?
A3: military schools
Q4: What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?
A4: liberal reforms
Q5: What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?
A5: the Napoleonic Code
Q6: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
A6: 15 August 1769
Q7: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
A7: 5 May 1821
Q8: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?
A8: French
Q9: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
A9: the French Revolution
Q10: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?
A10: 1815
Q11: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
A11: 5 May 1821
Q12: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
A12: the French Revolution
Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

Q1: Of what ancestry was Napoleon?
A1: Tuscan
Q2: How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795?
A2: by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons
Q3: How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy?
A3: 26
Q4: Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798?
A4: Egypt
Q5: Against whom was Napoleon's first military campaign waged?
A5: the Austrians
Q6: Where was Napoleon born?
A6: Corsica
Q7: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?
A7: 1793
Q8: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?
A8: 26
Q9: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?
A9: the Austrians and their Italian allies
Q10: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
A10: 1798
After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit.

Q1: When did Napoleon engineer a coup?
A1: November 1799
Q2: What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon's political power?
A2: Battle of Marengo
Q3: What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?
A3: Concordat of 1801
Q4: When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French?
A4: 1804
Q5: What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805?
A5: Holy Roman Empire
Q6: Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?
A6: the Battle of Marengo
Q7: At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity?
A7: the Catholic Church
Q8: When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?
A8: 1804
Q9: Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?
A9: the Battle of Austerlitz
Q10: The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?
A10: the Battle of Trafalgar
Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution.

Q1: What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System?
A1: Iberia
Q2: How long did the Peninsular War last?
A2: six years
Q3: With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?
A3: Battle of Wagram
Q4: How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811?
A4: over 70 million
Q5: When, before Napoleon, had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation?
A5: the Roman Empire
Q6: What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?
A6: Iberia
Q7: Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?
A7: his brother Joseph
Q8: How long did the Peninsular War last?
A8: six years
Q9: Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?
A9: the Battle of Wagram
Q10: By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?
A10: over 70 million people
Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.

Q1: What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?
A1: Russia
Q2: The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?
A2: the Grand Army
Q3: In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?
A3: 1813
Q4: In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?
A4: Prussia and Austria
Q5: In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
A5: 1814