romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

Q1: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
A1: Sierra Madre
Q2: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
A2: Paquime
Q3: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
A3: Sierra Madre Occidental
Q4: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
A4: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara
and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

Q1: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?
A1: silver
Q2: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?
A2: 300 years
Q3: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?
A3: 1692
Q4: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?
A4: Chihuahua City
Q5: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?
A5: El Paso Del Norte
The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Q1: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
A1: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado
Q2: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
A2: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC
Q3: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
A3: corn
Q4: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
A4: 2000 BC
During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

Q1: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
A1: 49,722
Q2: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
A2: Ciudad Juárez
Q3: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
A3: lowest
Q4: Which are the largest two cities in the state?
A4: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

Q1: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?
A1: Chirrines and Cuchas
Q2: Which was the third party?
A2: The military
Q3: In which year was the body installed?
A3: 1826
Q4: Which party had gained control?
A4: liberals
Q5: Who was the Durango governor?
A5: Santiago Baca Ortiz
In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Q1: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
A1: Cibola and Quivira
Q2: Through which present-day state did he travel?
A2: Chihuahua
Q3: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
A3: Paquime
Q4: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
A4: Santa Barbara
Q5: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
A5: epidemic
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

Q1: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?
A1: 95.6%
Q2: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?
A2: 97.3%
Q3: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?
A3: 93.5%
Q4: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?
A4: 12.8%
The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.

Q1: The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico
A1: 12th-largest
Q2: What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?
A2: 396 billion pesos
Q3: Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?
A3: service sector
Q4: Which sector was the second largest?
A4: the manufacturing and industrial sector
Q5: The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?
A5: 884 million dollars
The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.

Q1: Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?
A1: Simón Elías Gonzalez
Q2: Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?
A2: Sonora
Q3: In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?
A3: 1829
Q4: For whom was the revolution named?
A4: Bustamante
Q5: Stringed laws were issued against what group?
A5: secret societies
Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses).

Q1: In which region of the state did culture develop?
A1: northern
Q2: To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?
A2: Big Houses
Q3: Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?
A3: Mogollon
Q4: What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?
A4: Paquime
Q5: To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?
A5: Forty Houses
The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

Q1: Until what year did the state remain calm?
A1: 1841
Q2: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?
A2: 1843
Q3: What was the price of the small force along the border?
A3: 160,603 pesos per year
Q4: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?
A4: 6,000
Q5: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?
A5: Ángel Trías
Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

Q1: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?
A1: Santa Bárbara
Q2: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?
A2: 1598
Q3: The path was important for the expansion of which road?
A3: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Q4: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?
A4: New Mexico
Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

Q1: Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?
A1: Hidalgo
Q2: Who actually achieved independence for the nation?
A2: Agustin de Iturbide
Q3: Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?
A3: September 16, 1810
Q4: Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?
A4: Diego Rivera
Q5: In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?
A5: Mexico City.
On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War.

Q1: In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?
A1: 1847
Q2: How many men did he have?
A2: 924
Q3: What was the pass into the capital known as?
A3: Sacramento Pass
Q4: Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?
A4: The Battle of Sacramento
Q5: How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?
A5: Almost 300
The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.

Q1: Who supported the reaction against the government?
A1: Durango
Q2: Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?
A2: José Urrea
Q3: Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?
A3: Chihuahua
Q4: Who threatened to retaliate?
A4: J.J.Calvo
Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

Q1: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?
A1: Governor Terrazas
Q2: Who was established as the new governor?
A2: Jesús José Casavantes
Q3: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?
A3: José María Patoni
Q4: Which president was forced to flee?
A4: President Benito Juárez
Q5: Until which year did his extended term last?
A5: 1867
The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

Q1: In which year was the new constitution ratified?
A1: 1855
Q2: The state was able to survive through which war?
A2: Reform War
Q3: The conservative movement occurred during which year?
A3: 1858
Q4: 1000 men occupied which cities?
A4: Chihuahua and Parral
Q5: Who established himself as governor?
A5: Cajen