romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.

Q1: What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?
A1: material is safe to use and the effectiveness
Q2: Who is protected by EPA regulations?
A2: humans or the environment
Q3: Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.
A3: before November 1984
Q4: How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?
A4: every 15 years
Q5: How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?
A5: label
Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Q1: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
A1: restricted use pesticides
Q2: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
A2: an exam
Q3:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
A3: Records of sales and use
Q4: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
A4: state or territorial
Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

Q1: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?
A1: before 2000 BC
Q2: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?
A2: nicotine sulfate
Q3: What decade did herbicides become common?
A3: 1960s
Q4: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?
A4: Paul Müller
Q5: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?
A5: tobacco leaves
The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Q1: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
A1: 1910
Q2: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
A2: pesticide era
Q3: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
A3: 1970
Q4: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
A4: Seventy-five percent
Q5: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
A5: USA
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Q1: What type of region is somerset
A1: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills
Q2: What are some areas of Somerset county
A2: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels
Q3: How far back was the county populated
A3: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods
Q4: What Kings rise did the county play part in
A4: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion
Q5: What is the city of Bath famous for
A5: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Q1: What are the people of somerset mentioned in
A1: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845
Q2: What archaic name was mentioned in 878
A2: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878
Q3: When did the county stop using Somersetshire
A3: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century
Q4: What was superfluous
A4: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town
After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Q1: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left
A1: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples
Q2: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area
A2: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset
Q3: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for
A3: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot
Q4: What prison does somerset county contain
A4: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610
Q5: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685
A5: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Q1: What ended Somersets cottage industry
A1: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries
Q2: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
A2: Farming continued to flourish
Q3: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
A3: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset
Q4: What did the west somerset mineral way transport
A4: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale
Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Q1: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
A1: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties
Q2: How many counties had no casualties in WW1
A2: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed
Q3: The county was base for what in WW2
A3: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings
Q4: What is the Tauton stop line
A4: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

Q1: Why were decoy towns used in WW2
A1: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night
Q2: What did the decoy towns mimic
A2: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets
Q3: Who layed out  Beacon Batch
A3: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights
Q4: What decoy city was hit
A4: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941
The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

Q1: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant
A1: are largely unaltered from medieval times
Q2: What river forms the border of Somerset
A2: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum
Q3: What did king Edward the 3 do
A3: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset
Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.

Q1: When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town
A1: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366
Q2: How many cities and towns in Somerset
A2: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns
Q3: The largest populations of the county
A3: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater
Q4: What was the strategic purpose to settle this area
A4: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills
Q5: Most Southernly town of somerset
A5: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest
To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Q1: What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels
A1: the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills
Q2: What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty
A2: Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956
Q3: What is the name of the coal field
A3: The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire
Q4: What area support dairy farming
A4: on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.
There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Q1: What's the name of the cave system
A1: an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole
Q2: Name 2 of the county gorges
A2: and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge
Q3: Name some of the county rivers
A3: the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo
Q4: What did King charles levy on river boats
A4: King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.
The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400–1770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.

Q1: What are the Somerset levels
A1: are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills
Q2: what do the Somerset levels consist of
A2: marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors
Q3: what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
A3: the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue
Q4: What is the total area of the levels
A4: The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)
Q5: who started drainage of the Somerset levels
A5: the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons
The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.

Q1: What are the main coastal towns
A1: Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead
Q2: what is the name of the natural reserve area
A2: Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve
Q3: what does the western coastline look like
A3: the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.