romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

Q1: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?
A1: formal
Q2: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?
A2: capital
Q3: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?
A3: beginning of a line of verse
Q4: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?
A4: capitalised
Q5: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?
A5: oh
Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

Q1: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?
A1: majuscule
Q2: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?
A2: pen
Q3: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?
A3: Alcuin
Q4: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?
A4: Europe
Q5: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?
A5: faster readability
Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

Q1: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?
A1: Letter case
Q2: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?
A2: special
Q3: Which is the most common variant of case in text?
A3: lowercase
Q4: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?
A4: upper-case
Q5: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?
A5: easier to distinguish than lowercase
Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.

Q1: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?
A1: generally have the same height
Q2: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?
A2: ascenders
Q3: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?
A3: lower than the average
Q4: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?
A4: 8
Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

Q1: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?
A1: letter cases
Q2: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?
A2: unicameral script
Q3: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?
A3: Georgian
Q4: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?
A4: bicameral
In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Q1: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
A1: old Roman cursive
Q2: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
A2: Knut Kleve
Q3: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
A3: Europe
Q4: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters?
A4: stylistic
Q5: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
A5: handwritten
As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:

Q1: What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?
A1: headings
Q2: Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?
A2: title case
Q3: Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?
A3: R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style
Q4: The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?
A4: not universally standardized
As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

Q1: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?
A1: make casing operations an unholy mess
Q2: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?
A2: shapes
Q3: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?
A3: single codepoint
Q4: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?
A4: sets of symbols
Q5: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?
A5: letter case
During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

Q1: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?
A1: Jornado
Q2: Along which river did they hunt bison?
A2: Rio Grande
Q3: How did the Chichimeca survive?
A3: hunting, gathering, and farming
Q4: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?
A4: Tepehuan
Q5: The Jornado painted onto what surface?
A5: rock
During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Q1: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
A1: Dolores
Q2: What was the name of the Proclamation?
A2: Grito de Dolores
Q3: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
A3: priest
Q4: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
A4: Ignacio Elizondo
Q5: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
A5: United States
At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

Q1: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?
A1: Mendarozqueta
Q2: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?
A2: José Urrea
Q3: Who had actually won the original vote?
A3: Gutierrez
Q4: Who was his deputy?
A4: P. J. Escalante
Q5: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?
A5: Escalante
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

Q1: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
A1: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Q2: In which year was the treaty signed?
A2: 1848
Q3: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?
A3: Texas
Q4: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?
A4: three months
Q5: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?
A5: General Price
In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

Q1: Which countries owned Mexican debt?
A1: Spain, England, and France
Q2: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
A2: Manuel Doblado
Q3: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
A3: President Juárez
Q4: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
A4: General Juan Prim of Spain
Q5: Which country refused to accept?
A5: France
Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Q1: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
A1: Maximilian
Q2: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
A2: 500
Q3: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
A3: four
Q4: Which four states opposed the French?
A4: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California
Q5: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
A5: 1865
After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

Q1: In which year did Benito Juarez die?
A1: 1872
Q2: The two candidates were heroes of what battle?
A2: Battle of Puebla
Q3: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle?
A3: The Plan of Tuxtepec
Q4: Which party rebelled against the administration?
A4: Lerdista party
Q5: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?
A5: El Paso del Norte
In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

Q1: Which year did Orozco revolt?
A1: 1912
Q2: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
A2: Villa
Q3: Who saved Villa's life?
A3: Raúl Madero
Q4: With whom did Orozco side?
A4: Huerta
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

Q1: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
A1: Durango
Q2: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
A2: Desert
Q3: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
A3: Grand Canyon
Q4: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
A4: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley
Q5: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
A5: Rocky Mountains
Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

Q1: Which city did Villa raid?
A1: Columbus, New Mexico
Q2: Which American president pursued Villa?
A2: President Wilson
Q3: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?
A3: nearly a year
Q4: In which city was Villa killed?
A4: Parral
Q5: In which year was Villa assassinated?
A5: 1923