romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.

Q1: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?
A1: Oskar Luts
Q2: What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?
A2: Kevade
Q3: What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?
A3: Truth and Justice
Q4: Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?
A4: Anton Hansen Tammsaare
The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Q1: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
A1: Tallinn
Q2: When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?
A2: pre-Christian times
Q3: What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?
A3: castles and churches
Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.

Q1: What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?
A1: seasons and simple peasant food
Q2: What are the most common foods in Estonia?
A2: black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.
Q3: What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?
A3: berries, herbs, vegetables
Q4: What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?
A4: Hunting and fishing
Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Q1: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?
A1: Sport
Q2: What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?
A2: 1918
Q3: What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?
A3: the 1920 Summer Olympics
Q4: What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?
A4: 1940
Q5: What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?
A5: Tallinn
Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.

Q1: What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
A1: 1936
Q2: How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?
A2: four
Q3: Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?
A3: BC Kalev/Cramo
Q4: What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?
A4: Tartu Ülikool/Rock
Q5: How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?
A5: Six
South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian", the latter often in combination with "Slavonian" or "Dalmatian".

Q1: What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?
A1: expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Q2: What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?
A2: population migrations
Q3: In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?
A3: western Balkans
Q4: What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?
A4: religion
Q5: What is "Illyrian?"
A5: language
Q6: What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?
A6: "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"
Q7: What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?
A7: expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Q8: Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans?
A8: population migrations
Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

Q1: In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?
A1: mid-19th-century
Q2: What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?
A2: Vienna Literary Agreement
Q3: What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?
A3: Eastern Herzegovinian
Q4: What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?
A4: Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Q5: Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?
A5: Bosnian
Q6: What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?
A6: Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian
Q7: Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?
A7: Serbo-Croatian
Q8: What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?
A8: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac
Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

Q1: What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?
A1: simple
Q2: How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?
A2: twenty-five
Q3: What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?
A3: subject–verb–object
Q4: What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?
A4: pro-drop
Q5: Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?
A5: Serbian Cyrillic
Q6: How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
A6: five
Q7: How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
A7: twenty-five
Q8: From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?
A8: Common Slavic
Q9: Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?
A9: Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin
Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

Q1: When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?
A1: 1824
Q2: Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?
A2: Jernej Kopitar
Q3: Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?
A3: Austrian
Q4: In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as "Bosnian"?
A4: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Q5: What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?
A5: Hague War Crimes tribunal
Q6: Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?
A6: independently
Q7: What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?
A7: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"
Q8: Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
A8: Jacob Grimm
Q9: For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?
A9: prejudice that nation and language must match
In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Q1: Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?
A1: Shtokavian
Q2: Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?
A2: most widespread dialect
Q3: What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?
A3: Vienna Literary Agreement
Q4: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?
A4: administrator von Kállay
West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

Q1: What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?
A1: pravopis
Q2: Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?
A2: Serbo-Croatian
Q3: Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?
A3: Serbian
Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike Russian and, in part, the Čakavian dialect). They also have two numbers: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (paucal or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related Slovene) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (četiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it.

Q1: What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?
A1: masculine, feminine, and neuter
Q2: Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?
A2: in front of the noun they modify
Q3: Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?
A3: one [jedan]
Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called "Neoshtokavian retraction"), but the quality of this new accent was different – its melody still "gravitated" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.

Q1: What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?
A1: "Neoshtokavian retraction"
Q2: Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?
A2: Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian
Q3: Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?
A3: Comparative and historical linguistics
The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

Q1: Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?
A1: Latin and Cyrillic
Q2: Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?
A2: Latin
Q3: How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?
A3: five
South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.

Q1: What is a dialect continuum?
A1: each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.
Q2: What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?
A2: migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans
Q3: Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?
A3: urbanization and wars
The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.

Q1: Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?
A1: Štokavian
Q2: What is morphology to a language?
A2: tense system
Q3: What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?
A3: migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans
Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

Q1: How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?
A1: four
Q2: In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?
A2: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Q3: Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?
A3: Daniel Bunčić
Q4: Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?
A4: Enisa Kafadar