romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

Q1: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
A1: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830
Q2: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
A2: clause removed by 1840
Q3: How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?
A3: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece
Q4: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
A4: first Greek constitution of 1822
Q5: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?
A5: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Q1: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?
A1: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.
Q2: What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
A2: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome
Q3: What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
A3: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well
Q4: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
A4: Hellene" still meant pagan
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Q1: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
A1: Greek Enlightenment
Q2: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?
A2: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,
Q3: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
A3: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
A4: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Homer refers to the "Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, with its warriors under the command of Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (Γραικοί). In Greek mythology, Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. Aristotle names ancient Hellas as an area in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous river, the location of the great deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the Selloi and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes". Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus and the word probably means "sacrificers" (compare Gothic saljan, "present, sacrifice"). There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name Hellenes. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes. However this etymology connects the name Hellenes with the Dorians who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name Greeks given by the Romans becomes uncertain. The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi (Phocis) and of Demeter near Thermopylae (Locris). According to the legend it was founded after the Trojan War by the eponymous Amphictyon, brother of Hellen.

Q1: What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?
A1: Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,
Q2: From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?
A2: was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.
Q3: Who is this small group named for ?
A3: Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes
Q4: Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?
A4: The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League.
Q5: How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?
A5: with twelve founders
In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

Q1: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
A1: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.
Q2: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
A2: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.
Q3: What  is the origins of the term "old woman " ?
A3: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu
Q4: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
A4: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.
Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans (Δαναοί) as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad, and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization. The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name Achaea after the Dorian invasion. In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age (1300 BC) to southern Europe. Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from Asia minor to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyava or Ahhiya. Egyptian documents refer to Ekwesh, one of the groups of sea peoples who attached Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.

Q1: What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?
A1: Achaeans and Danaans
Q2: What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?
A2: pre-Dorian
Q3: What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?
A3: redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek
Q4: Where was this origin of this redefinition ?
A4: spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos
Q5: What was the age in 1300 BC named ?
A5: early Iron age
In Homer's Iliad, the names Danaans (or Danaoi: Δαναοί) and Argives (Argives: Αργείοι) are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans. The myth of Danaus, whose origin is Egypt, is a foundation legend of Argos. His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom. This myth is connected with a task that can never be fulfilled (Sisyphos) and the name can be derived from the PIE root *danu: "river". There is not any satisfactory theory on their origin. Some scholars connect Danaans with the Denyen, one of the groups of the sea peoples who attacked Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE). The same inscription mentions the Weshesh who might have been the Achaeans. The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city Adana in Cilicia. Pottery similar to that of Mycenae itself has been found in Tarsus of Cilicia and it seems that some refugees from the Aegean went there after the collapse of the Mycenean civilization. These Cilicians seem to have been called Dananiyim, the same word as Danaoi who attacked Egypt in 1191 BC along with the Quaouash (or Weshesh) who may be Achaeans. They were also called Danuna according to a Hittite inscription and the same name is mentioned in the Amarna letters. Julius Pokorny reconstructs the name from the PIE root da:-: "flow, river", da:-nu: "any moving liquid, drops", da: navo "people living by the river, Skyth. nomadic people (in Rigveda water-demons, fem.Da:nu primordial goddess), in Greek Danaoi, Egypt. Danuna". It is also possible that the name Danaans is pre-Greek. A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC), Thutmosis III (1437 BC).

Q1: In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?
A1: Trojans
Q2: From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?
A2: Egypt
Q3: What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?
A3: His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom
Q4: What community did the Denyen live in ?
A4: Denyen
Q5: What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?
A5: A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt
The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC). Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to Chinese alone. Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic. Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony. During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as Ionia and Constantinople experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship. This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage. The cultural changes undergone by the Greeks are, despite a surviving common sense of ethnicity, undeniable. At the same time, the Greeks have retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion, (the word barbarian was used by 12th-century historian Anna Komnene to describe non-Greek speakers), a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the global political and social changes of the past two millennia.

Q1: What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?
A1: most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language
Q2: How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?
A2: Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC)
Q3: Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?
A3: continuity of tradition to Chinese alone
Q4: When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?
A4: During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire
Q5: What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?
A5: retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion
Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population, and the Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country). Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; nonetheless, the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828. A large percentage of the population growth since the state's foundation has resulted from annexation of new territories and the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens

Q1: In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?
A1: Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population
Q2: What's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?
A2: Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population
Q3: Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?
A3: Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth
Q4: Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?
A4: Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.
Q5: Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?
A5: influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.
Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility. After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974, there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s. Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.

Q1: Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of
A1: British Empire
Q2: Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?
A2: Turkish
Q3: Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?
A3: Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Q4: During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?
A4: the Middle East
There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination. This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor. There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states, remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora (pre-19th century).

Q1: What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?
A1: 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey
Q2: What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?
A2: 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.
Q3: How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ?
A3: the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor
Q4: Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?
A4: smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,
The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.

Q1: How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?
A1: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue
Q2: Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?
A2: World Council of Hellenes Abroad
Q3: How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?
A3: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide
Q4: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an
A4: Sorbonne University
Q5: Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?
A5: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million
In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The modern-day Griko community of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000, may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.

Q1: What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?
A1: the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language
Q2: What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?
A2: Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts.
Q3: How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?
A3: Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt.
Q4: What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?
A4: The Hellenistic period