romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.

Q1: When was the Peloponnesian War?
A1: 431–404 BC
Q2: What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
A2: Theban
Q3: When was the Battle of Leuctra?
A3: 371 BC
Q4: When was the Battle of Mantinea?
A4: 362 BC
Q5: Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
A5: Philip II
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.

Q1: When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
A1: 352 BC
Q2: Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
A2: Philip II
Q3: When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
A3: 338 BC
Q4: Who formed the League of Corinth?
A4: Philip
Q5: Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
A5: Achaemenid Empire of Persia
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".

Q1: Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
A1: Alexander
Q2: Who was the leading calvary commander?
A2: Perdiccas
Q3: Who order the death of Meleager?
A3: Perdiccas
Q4: What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
A4: Babylon
Q5: Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion?
A5: Arrian
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.

Q1: Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
A1: Cleopatra
Q2: Who was Alexander's sister?
A2: Cleopatra
Q3: Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
A3: Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Q4: Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
A4: Anatolia
Q5: Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
A5: Perdiccas
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.

Q1: When did Antipater die?
A1: 319 BC
Q2: Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
A2: Polyperchon
Q3: When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
A3: 317
Q4: Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
A4: Antigonus
Q5: Who sentenced Olympias to death?
A5: Cassander
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

Q1: How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
A1: 25,000
Q2: Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A2: Ptolemy
Q3: When was the Battle of Gaza?
A3: 312 BC
Q4: Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
A4: Cassander
Q5: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
A5: 310
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

Q1: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
A1: Demetrius
Q2: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
A2: 307
Q3: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A3: Antigonus
Q4: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
A4: Battle of Salamis
Q5: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
A5: Cyprus
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

Q1: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
A1: Seleucus
Q2: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
A2: Antigonus
Q3: When was the Battle of Ipsus?
A3: 301 BCE
Q4: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
A4: Cilicia
Q5: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
A5: Cyprus
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

Q1: When did Cassander die?
A1: 298 BCE
Q2: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
A2: 294
Q3: Who captured Demetrius?
A3: Seleucus
Q4: What year was Seleucus killed?
A4: 281 BCE
Q5: At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
A5: Battle of Corupedium
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Q1: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
A1: Alexandria
Q2: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
A2: Antioch
Q3: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
A3: Hellenistic
Q4: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
A4: Alexander
Q5: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
A5: young and ambitious
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

Q1: When was the Lamian war?
A1: 323-322
Q2: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
A2: 307
Q3: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
A3: Antigonus
Q4: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
A4: Ptolemaic Egypt
Q5: When was the Chremonidean War?
A5: 267-61
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.

Q1: What years did Cleomenes III rule?
A1: 235–222 BCE
Q2: In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
A2: Battle of Sellasia
Q3: Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
A3: Sparta
Q4: What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
A4: independent
Q5: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.
A5: refor
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

Q1: When was the Aetolian League formed?
A1: 370 BCE
Q2: When was the Achaean League formed?
A2: 280 BCE
Q3: Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
A3: Northern League
Q4: What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
A4: sympoliteia
Q5: What league freed Corinth?
A5: Achean
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.

Q1: What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A1: Colossus of Rhodes
Q2: What period did Rhodes prosper?
A2: Hellenistic
Q3: What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
A3: navy
Q4: What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A4: 304-305 BCE
Q5: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.
A5: tes (3
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

Q1: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
A1: Chremonidean War
Q2: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
A2: Pangaeum
Q3: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
A3: 25,000 men
Q4: Who taught Antigonus II?
A4: Zeno of Citium
Q5: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
A5: Epirus
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Q1: When did Doson die?
A1: 221 BC
Q2: Who took control when Doson died?
A2: Philip V
Q3: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
A3: Philip V
Q4: What was Philip V known as?
A4: the darling of Hellas
Q5: When was the Peace of Naupactus?
A5: 217 BC
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).

Q1: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
A1: 215 BC
Q2: When did the First Macedonian War begin?
A2: 212 BC
Q3: When did the First Macedonian War end?
A3: 205 BC
Q4: How did the First Macedonian War end?
A4: inconclusively
Q5: Who defeated Philip?
A5: Titus Quinctius Flamininus
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).

Q1: What years did Queen Teutra reign?
A1: 231 BC to 227 BCE
Q2: From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
A2: Ancient Greeks
Q3: What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
A3: Ancient Macedon
Q4: What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
A4: Illyrian
Q5: What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
A5: Agrianes
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.

Q1: What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
A1: Thrace
Q2: Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
A2: Alexander
Q3: What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
A3: one fifth
Q4: What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
A4: Greek
Q5: Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
A5: Thracian
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.

Q1: What was Southern Italy refered to as?
A1: Magna Graecia
Q2: Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
A2: 8th
Q3: In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
A3: Carthaginian
Q4: Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
A4: Agathocles of Syracuse
Q5: In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?
A5: 300 BCE
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.

Q1: What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
A1: Massalia
Q2: How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
A2: 6,000
Q3: Who controlled Nice and Agde?
A3: Massalia
Q4: Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
A4: Strabo
Q5: When did Massalia side with Pompey?
A5: 49 BCE