romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.

Q1: What does MI stand for?
A1: Myocardial infarction
Q2: WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms?
A2: 30%
Q3: What is the most common symptom of MI?
A3: chest pain or discomfort
Q4: How long can the pain of MI last?
A4: more than a few minutes
Q5: What can the discomfort of MI feel like?
A5: heartburn
Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.

Q1: What can ECG confirm?
A1: ST elevation
Q2: What type of blood tests are used?
A2: troponin
Q3: How do most MIs come about?
A3: coronary artery disease
Q4: What is the main mechanism for MI?
A4: complete blockage of a coronary artery
Q5: Name one test used to recognize MI?
A5: electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography
Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.

Q1: What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?
A1: Aspirin
Q2: Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?
A2: chest pain
Q3: WHat does NSTEMI stand for?
A3: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
Q4: When is bypass surgery recommended?
A4: blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes
Q5: What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?
A5: Supplemental oxygen
The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.

Q1: What is the most common symptom of MI?
A1: Chest pain
Q2: What does ischemia refer too?
A2: a lack of blood
Q3: What does the pain usually stem from with MI?
A3: left arm
Q4: What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?
A4: clenching their fists over their sternum
Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.

Q1: When might an individual experience shortness of breath?
A1: heart limits the output of the left ventricle
Q2: What does diaphoresis refer to?
A2: excessive form of sweating
Q3: What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?
A3: inadequate blood flow to the brain
Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon.

Q1: What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?
A1: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods
Q2: Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's?
A2: discounters
Q3: What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?
A3: online stores such as Amazon.
Q4: Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?
A4: at sales counters within each department.
The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.

Q1: When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin?
A1: at the turn of the 19th century.
Q2: What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution?
A2: the affluent middle-class
Q3: Who was Josiah Wedgewood?
A3: entrepreneurs
Q4: What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?
A4: urbanized social group
Q5: What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded?
A5: women
All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796. At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage "Kendals Arcade" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname "the Harrods of the North", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Other large Manchester stores included Paulden's (currently Debenhams) and Lewis's (now a Primark).

Q1: Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century?
A1: women
Q2: What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store?
A2: Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)
Q3: What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005?
A3: House of Fraser
Q4: What year did the Manchester institution begin?
A4: 1836
Q5: Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919?
A5: Harrods
Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; – in 1909, Louis Blériot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925.

Q1: Who founded Selfridges in 1909?
A1: Harry Gordon Selfridge
Q2: What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time?
A2: the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity
Q3: How was the store most often presented to the public?
A3: paid advertising
Q4: What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?
A4: shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits
The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveautés, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), and Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel César Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers.

Q1: What were the origins of the Paris department store?
A1: magasin de nouveautés
Q2: What year was the first Paris department store founded?
A2: 1784
Q3: What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?
A3: César Birotteau
Q4: What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris?
A4: the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought
Q5: Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?
A5: newspapers
A novelty shop called Au Bon Marché had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, umbrellas and other assorted goods. It originally had four departments, twelve employees, and a floor space of three hundred meters. The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise. The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860. In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de Sèvres on the Left Bank, and enlarged the store again in 1872, with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower. The income rose from twenty million francs in 1870 to 72 million at the time of the Boucicaut's death in 1877. The floor space had increased from three hundred square meters in 1838 to fifty thousand, and the number of employees had increased from twelve in 1838 to 1788 in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors.

Q1: What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products?
A1: Au Bon Marché
Q2: Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?
A2: Aristide Boucicaut
Q3: What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes?
A3: increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860
Q4: What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872
A4: Gustave Eiffel
Q5: What was Boucicaut most widely known for?
A5: marketing innovations
The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris, where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class. In a neighborhood with few public spaces, it provided a consumer version of the public square. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. Its advertisements promised the opportunity to participate in the newest, most fashionable consumerism at reasonable cost. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone.

Q1: Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built?
A1: the northern part of Paris
Q2: What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different?
A2: exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities
Q3: What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to?
A3: bourgeois stores
Q4: How were these stores different than most during that time?
A4: transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods
Arnold, Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold (1794?-1876), an emigrant from Great Britain, as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War Arnold, Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions, the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this “Palace of Trade” expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. In 1925, Arnold, Constable merged with Stewart & Company and expanded into the suburbs, first with a 1937 store in New Rochelle, New York and later in Hempstead and Manhasset on Long Island, and in New Jersey. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975.

Q1: What is recognized as the "first" department store in America?
A1: Arnold, Constable
Q2: Who founded Arnold, Constable?
A2: Aaron Arnold
Q3: Where was the store moved in 1857?
A3: a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.
Q4: What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war?
A4: was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis
Q5: When was the "Palace of Trade" built?
A5: 1869
In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "Marble Palace" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores.

Q1: Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1846?
A1: on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets
Q2: What policy did the Marble Palace introduce?
A2: "free entrance" to all potential customers.
Q3: How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?
A3: nineteen
Q4: What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?
A4: cash and not credit
Q5: What customer services did the Marble Palace offer?
A5: waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases
In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.

Q1: Who opened the original "modern" department store in America?
A1: John Wanamaker
Q2: What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time?
A2: fixed prices marked on every article
Q3: How were important documents and money transported throughout the store?
A3: pneumatic tubes
Q4: When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store?
A4: 1878
Q5: In what state was Wanamakers established?
A5: Pennsylvania
Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the "book signing." Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street.

Q1: In what year was Marshall Field and company established?
A1: 1852
Q2: When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name?
A2: 9 September 2006
Q3: What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?
A3: exceptional customer service
Q4: Where was Marshall's European buying office located?
A4: Manchester, England
Q5: What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's?
A5: personal shopper
David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name.

Q1: What occupation did David Jones have?
A1: merchant
Q2: Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet?
A2: in London
Q3: Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?
A3: Sydney
Q4: What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia?
A4: Appleton & Jones
Q5: When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?
A5: 1838