romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

Q1: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?
A1: Ribbentrop
Q2: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?
A2: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant
Q3: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?
A3: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin
In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Q1: Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?
A1: Soviet Union
Q2: What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?
A2: Hungarian and Romanian borders
Q3: Who started refining Romanian oil?
A3: Germany
After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

Q1: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?
A1: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy
Q2: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?
A2: Ribbentrop
Q3: Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?
A3: Britain and the USA
In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Q1: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
A1: Hitler
Q2: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
A2: Japan
Q3: Why did Stalin sign the pact?
A3: reinforce a public affection for Germany
Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Q1: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
A1: Soviet positions in eastern Poland
Q2: How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
A2: 4.3 million casualties
Q3: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
A3: three million Soviet prisoners
Q4: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
A4: matter of weeks
The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

Q1: How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?
A1: 9,800 pages
Q2: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?
A2: Exploitation German Archives
Q3: Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?
A3: Thuringia
Q4: Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?
A4: personal insurance for his future well-being
Q5: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?
A5: the American zone
The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Q1: Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
A1: the Manchester Guardian
Q2: Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
A2: President Truman
Q3: Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
A3: London
Q4: Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
A4: Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie
Q5: What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
A5: flat-footed
In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Q1: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?
A1: 1948
Q2: What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
A2: Falsifiers of History
Q3: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?
A3: until the Soviet Union's dissolution
For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

Q1: Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?
A1: Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
Q2: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?
A2: Both successor-states of the pact parties
Q3: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?
A3: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Q1: Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
A1: Molotov
Q2: Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
A2: Stalin
Q3: Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?
A3: Derek Watson
Q4: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
A4: Geoffrey Roberts
Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Q1: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
A1: the Western Powers would already be involved
Q2: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
A2: Historian Werner Maser
Q3: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
A3: a line of defense against
Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Q1: Who was skeptical of Stalin’s policies?
A1: Viktor Suvorov
Q2: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?
A2: a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."
Q3: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
A3: David Glantz
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

Q1: What was a capacitor originally known as?
A1: a condenser
Q2: How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?
A2: two electrical conductors
Q3: What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?
A3: a dielectric
Q4: In what form does a capacitor store energy?
A4: the form of an electrostatic field
Q5: Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?
A5: between its plates
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

Q1: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?
A1: When there is a potential difference across the conductors
Q2: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?
A2: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads
Q3: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors?
A3: when a capacitor is attached across a battery
Q4: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?
A4: no current can flow through the capacitor
Q5: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
A5: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other
In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."

Q1: Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?
A1: Ewald Georg von Kleist
Q2: When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?
A2: In October 1745
Q3: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric?
A3: a hand-held glass jar
Q4: Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?
A4: the water acted as conductors
Q5: What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
A5: Pieter van Musschenbroek
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Q1: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
A1: Daniel Gralath
Q2: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
A2: stored on the glass
Q3: Who coined the term "battery"?
A3: Benjamin Franklin
Q4: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to?
A4: 1.11 nanofarads
Q5: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
A5: to prevent arcing between the foils
Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).

Q1: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator?
A1: glass
Q2: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
A2: as the dielectric
Q3: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
A3: strip of impregnated paper
Q4: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
A4: in 1876
Q5: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
A5: as decoupling capacitors
Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.

Q1: Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?
A1: Charles Pollak
Q2: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
A2: a neutral or alkaline electrolyte
Q3: In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
A3: In 1896
Q4: What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
A4: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors
Q5: Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
A5: to complement their newly invented transistor