romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.

Q1: In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?
A1: bring the beer out to the table
Q2: Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?
A2: taproom
Q3: What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?
A3: gin houses
Q4: In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?
A4: Brierley Hill
Q5: What do the locals call The Vine?
A5: The Bull and Bladder
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.

Q1: Who pioneered the circular bar?
A1: Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Q2: At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
A2: Swindon station pub
Q3: What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
A3: engineer and railway builder
Q4: What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
A4: British
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.

Q1: What is a "beer engine"?
A1: a device for pumping beer
Q2: What is the function of a "beer engine"?
A2: to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

Q1: Who invented the beer pump in England?
A1: John Lofting
Q2: In what city was the beer pump invented?
A2: London
Q3: In what country was John Lofting born?
A3: Netherlands
Q4: What was the death year of John Lofting?
A4: 1742
Q5: When was John Lofting born?
A5: 1659
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:

Q1: In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?
A1: London Gazette
Q2: On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?
A2: 17 March 1691
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."

Q1: How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
A1: 20 to 30
Q2: What location did John Lofting live near?
A2: St Thomas Apostle London
Q3: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
A3: Islington
Q4: What was William Tillcar's profession?
A4: Turner
Q5: What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
A5: Sun Tavern
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.

Q1: What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
A1: handpump
Q2: Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?
A2: gas
After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.

Q1: What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?
A1: a Free house
Q2: In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?
A2: 18th
Q3: What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?
A3: landlord
A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.

Q1: What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?
A1: Shepherd Neame
Q2: What London breweries each own many pubs?
A2: Young's and Fuller's
Q3: What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?
A3: Greene King
Q4: What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?
A4: The Beer Orders
Q5: In what year were the Beer Orders passed?
A5: 1989
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.

Q1: Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?
A1: O'Neill's
Q2: What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?
A2: PubCo
Q3: Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?
A3: PubCo
Q4: In what country was Punch Taverns established?
A4: the UK
Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.

Q1: When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?
A1: renamed
Q2: What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?
A2: closed down
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.

Q1: What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
A1: A brewery tap
Q2: If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?
A2: the nearest pub
Q3: What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
A3: brewpub
A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.

Q1: What is another name for a rural public house?
A1: country pub
Q2: What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
A2: serving travellers as coaching inns
Q3: Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
A3: the last thirty
In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.

Q1: What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?
A1: providing seating facilities for the consumption of food
Q2: Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?
A2: drinking
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.

Q1: What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?
A1: theme pubs
Q2: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?
A2: Irish pubs
Q3: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?
A3: rock pubs
Q4: What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?
A4: strip pubs
Q5: In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?
A5: karaoke bars
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

Q1: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
A1: Richard II
Q2: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
A2: 1393
Q3: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
A3: John
Q4: What was John Shakespeare's profession?
A4: inspectors
Q5: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
A5: forfeit his ale
Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.

Q1: In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
A1: the Middle Ages
Q2: From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
A2: the illustration on the pub's sign
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

Q1: Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
A1: Latin
Q2: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
A2: The Cross
Q3: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
A3: the coat of arms
Q4: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
A4: hops
Q5: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
A5: farming
Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.

Q1: What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?
A1: Trafalgar
Q2: What town is The Crow and Gate located in?
A2: Crowborough
Q3: What county is home to The Crow and Gate?
A3: East Sussex
Q4: Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?
A4: royal
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.

Q1: What hangs today over most British pub doors?
A1: decorated signs
Q2: What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
A2: the name of the pub
Q3: What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?
A3: directing potential customers to their door
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

Q1: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?
A1: Slug and Lettuce
Q2: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?
A2: comic
Q3: What is the purpose of a pub name?
A3: to identify and differentiate each pub
As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.

Q1: What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?
A1: pictorial signs
Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.

Q1: After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?
A1: John Manners, Marquess of Granby
Q2: Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?
A2: John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland
Q3: What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?
A3: general
Q4: In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?
A4: 18th
Q5: What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?
A5: the Royal George
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God Encompasseth Us), "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.

Q1: The pub "The Bag o'Nails" was a corruption of what word?
A1: Bacchanals
Q2: What phrase was "The Goat and Compasses" a corruption of?
A2: God Encompasseth Us
Q3: What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?
A3: Faithful Kitten
Q4: What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?
A4: Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour
Q5: Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?
A5: Henry VIII
Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.

Q1: What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?
A1: pool
Q2: Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?
A2: Nine Men's Morris
Q3: Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?
A3: cards
Q4: Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?
A4: cribbage
Q5: What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?
A5: Table Football
Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

Q1: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?
A1: video games
Q2: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?
A2: dance bar
Q3: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?
A3: sports bar
Q4: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?
A4: Shove ha'penny
Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.

Q1: What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?
A1: Sunday League Football
Q2: What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?
A2: Bowling
Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.

Q1: Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?
A1: Pub rock
Q2: What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?
A2: Punk music
Q3: In what decade was Pub rock popular?
A3: the 1970s
Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.

Q1: Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?
A1: bar snacks
Q2: In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?
A2: mobile shellfish stalls
Q3: In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?
A3: East End
Q4: What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?
A4: pickled cockles and mussels
In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.

Q1: During what decade did some British pubs provide "a pie and a pint"?
A1: 1950s
Q2: In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?
A2: 1960s
Q3: What decade saw the popularity of "chicken in a basket"?
A3: 1960s
Q4: What was "chicken in a basket" served in?
A4: a wicker basket
Q5: Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?
A5: chips
Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.

Q1: What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?
A1: Pub grub
Q2: On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?
A2: Sunday
Q3: What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?
A3: British
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.

Q1: During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?
A1: the 1990s
Q2: Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?
A2: lunches
Q3: What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?
A3: gastropubs
Q4: Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?
A4: dining room