romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

Q1: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?
A1: immigration
Q2: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?
A2: 2012
Q3: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?
A3: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens
Q4: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island?
A4: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme
Q5: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?
A5: 1 July 2016
Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

Q1: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?
A1: automatic right of residence
Q2: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
A2: a passport
Q3: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
A3: either a passport or a Document of Identity
Q4: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?
A4: Australian Migration Zone
Q5: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?
A5: the visa will have ceased
Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

Q1: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?
A1: the Migration Act
Q2: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?
A2: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa
Q3: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?
A3: Australia
Q4: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?
A4: count as time spent in Australia
Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

Q1: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?
A1: Norfolk Island Hospital
Q2: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?
A2: travel insurance
Q3: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?
A3: mainland Australia
Q4: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?
A4: the Royal Australian Air Force
Q5: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?
A5: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers
The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

Q1: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?
A1: health and infrastructure
Q2: What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?
A2: fish
Q3: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?
A3: the Box
Q4: What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?
A4: oil and gas deposits
Q5: What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?
A5: 25
Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Q1: Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?
A1: Australian federal taxes
Q2: Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
A2: David Buffett
Q3: What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?
A3: for a financial bailout from the federal government
Q4: When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?
A4: July 1, 2016
Q5: What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?
A5: social
As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

Q1: How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
A1: 2532
Q2: How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
A2: 2500
Q3: How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have?
A3: one
Q4: What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?
A4: Norfolk TV
Q5: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?
A5: .nf
There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Q1: Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?
A1: Kingston and Cascade
Q2: How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island?
A2: by whaleboats towed by launches
Q3: What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?
A3: the prevailing weather on the day
Q4: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?
A4: on the leeward side of the island
Q5: Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?
A5: Visitors
Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary née Nagle (c. 1702 – 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.

Q1: Where was Burke born?
A1: Dublin, Ireland
Q2: What was Burke's mother's maiden name?
A2: Nagle
Q3: When did Burke's mother die?
A3: 1770
Q4: When did Burke's father die?
A4: 1761
Q5: When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?
A5: 1185
In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Q1: When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
A1: 1744
Q2: What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
A2: Catholics
Q3: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
A3: 1747
Q4: What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
A4: TCD's Historical Club
Q5: When did Edmund Burke graduate?
A5: 1748
Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Q1: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A1: Bishop Warburton
Q2: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A2: Lord Chesterfield
Q3: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?
A3: 1757
Q4: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?
A4: in the preface to the second edition
Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.

Q1: Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?
A1: Richard Hurd
Q2: Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?
A2: political reasons
Q3: Whose principles did Burke imitate?
A3: L. Bol.
On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a "history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was "demonstrably a translation from the French". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said "it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur".

Q1: When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?
A1: 25 February 1757
Q2: How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
A2: nearly 400,000
Q3: How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
A3: 640 pages
Q4: When was Burke's history of England published?
A4: 1812
Q5: Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?
A5: David Hume
During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

Q1: What publication did Burke found?
A1: Annual Register
Q2: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?
A2: political
Q3: Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?
A3: 1766
Q4: Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?
A4: 1789
Q5: Who wrote a biography of Burke?
A5: Philip Magnus
At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.

Q1: What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?
A1: Single-speech Hamilton
Q2: Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?
A2: Burke
Q3: When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?
A3: 1765
Q4: Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?
A4: Charles, Marquess of Rockingham
Q5: What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?
A5: Whig
Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the "discontents" as stemming from the "secret influence" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the "king's friends", whose system "comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet". Britain needed a party with "an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest". Party divisions "whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government".

Q1: Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?
A1: the king
Q2: What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?
A2: political parties
Q3: What type of group were the "king's friends"?
A3: neo-Tory
Q4: What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?
A4: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770
In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: "If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong".

Q1: What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?
A1: Ireland
Q2: What city did Burke represent in parliament?
A2: Bristol
Q3: When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?
A3: May 1778
Q4: What was Bristol's most important industry?
A4: trading
Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament", Burke said, "is not a victory". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic – the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

Q1: Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?
A1: America
Q2: How many reasons against violence did Burke present?
A2: four
Q3: How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?
A3: thousands of miles
Q4: What area could the American colonists retreat to?
A4: the mountains
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

Q1: When did Lord Bathurst die?
A1: 1775
Q2: When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?
A2: 1704
Q3: What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?
A3: Whiggism
Q4: When was Lord Bathurst born?
A4: 1684
Q5: In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?
A5: the devil
The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Q1: When did Lord North take office?
A1: 1770
Q2: When did Lord North leave office?
A2: 1782
Q3: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
A3: New York and Pennsylvania
Q4: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
A4: appalled
Q5: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
A5: 1776
The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.

Q1: Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?
A1: HM Treasury
Q2: After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?
A2: the Bank of England
Q3: Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?
A3: Shelburne
Q4: When was the Paymaster General Act passed?
A4: 1782