romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the balance of global power. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan (US$56 billion in 2012) from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, however, American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. The "wind of change" ultimately meant that the British Empire's days were numbered, and on the whole, Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable, non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to. This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal, which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million, three million of whom were in Hong Kong.

Q1: How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?
A1: $US 4.33 billion
Q2: When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?
A2: 2006
Q3: When did the US make a large loan to Britain?
A3: 1946
Q4: Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?
A4: communism
Q5: How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?
A5: 700 million
The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties—the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.

Q1: Who led the British government elected in 1945?
A1: Clement Attlee
Q2: What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?
A2: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
Q3: What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?
A3: Hindu
Q4: When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?
A4: Pakistan
Q5: When did Burma get its independence?
A5: 1948
The British Mandate of Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.

Q1: What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?
A1: Arab
Q2: When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?
A2: 1947
Q3: Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?
A3: The UN General Assembly
Q4: Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?
A4: Palestine
Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan-Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia, but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations. Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984.

Q1: When did the Malayan Emergency begin?
A1: 1948
Q2: When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?
A2: 1957
Q3: When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?
A3: 1965
Q4: What race was the majority of Singapore's population?
A4: Chinese
Q5: When did Brunei get its independence?
A5: 1984
In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.

Q1: What party regained power in Britain in 1951?
A1: Conservative Party
Q2: Which party was Winston Churchill in?
A2: Conservative Party
Q3: Who ruled Egypt in 1952?
A3: Gamal Abdul Nasser
Q4: When did Sudan receive independence?
A4: 1 January 1956
Q5: Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?
A5: Middle East
In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of Anthony Eden, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.

Q1: When was the Suez Canal nationalized?
A1: July 1956
Q2: Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?
A2: Anthony Eden
Q3: Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?
A3: France
Q4: Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?
A4: Eisenhower
Q5: What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?
A5: Israeli
The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as "Britain's Waterloo" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American satellite". Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as "Suez syndrome", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982.

Q1: Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?
A1: Suez
Q2: Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?
A2: Margaret Thatcher
Q3: When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
A3: 1982
Q4: From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
A4: Argentina
Q5: A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?
A5: Britain
While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) and Kuwait (1961), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore. The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976.

Q1: When did Britain withdraw from Aden?
A1: 1967
Q2: When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?
A2: 1971
Q3: When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?
A3: 1976
Q4: Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?
A4: Denis Healey
Q5: Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?
A5: Kuwait
Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising. In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of Zimbabwe.

Q1: What was the last British colony remaining in Africa?
A1: Southern Rhodesia
Q2: When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?
A2: 1968
Q3: When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?
A3: 1965
Q4: What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?
A4: Mau Mau Uprising
Q5: Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?
A5: Kenyan
Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s, but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved.

Q1: Which British territory received independence in 1961?
A1: Jamaica
Q2: Which British territory received independence in 1962?
A2: Trinidad
Q3: When did Barbados get independence?
A3: 1966
Q4: Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?
A4: Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos
Q5: What was Britain's last American mainland colony?
A5: British Honduras
In 1980, Rhodesia, Britain's last African colony, became the independent nation of Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides achieved independence (as Vanuatu) in 1980, with Belize following suit in 1981. The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981, which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as "British Dependent Territories" (renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002) meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire. Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the Constitution Act 1986 reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain, and the Australia Act 1986 severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states. In 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, gained its independence.

Q1: When was Canada given full control of its constitution?
A1: 1982
Q2: When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?
A2: 1980
Q3: What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?
A3: British Dependent Territories
Q4: What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?
A4: British Overseas Territories
Q5: Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?
A5: Falklands War
In September 1982, Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years. The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many, including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire".

Q1: Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?
A1: Margaret Thatcher
Q2: Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?
A2: Treaty of Nanking
Q3: When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?
A3: 1997
Q4: When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?
A4: 1984
Q5: Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?
A5: Falkland Islands
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.

Q1: How many overseas territories does Britain still have?
A1: 14
Q2: When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?
A2: 2002
Q3: Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?
A3: Spain
Q4: Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?
A4: Argentina
Q5: Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?
A5: Argentina
Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities – the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.

Q1: How many Commonwealth nations are there?
A1: 53
Q2: What is the population of the Commonwealth?
A2: 2.2 billion
Q3: How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?
A3: Sixteen
Q4: Who is the British Queen?
A4: Elizabeth II
Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies.

Q1: In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?
A1: the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Q2: Where did many Indians move to?
A2: Malaysia and Fiji
Q3: Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?
A3: Chinese
Q4: When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?
A4: after the Second World War
Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.

Q1: What is botany?
A1: science of plant life
Q2: What does the word botany mean?
A2: "to feed" or "to graze"
Q3: What is  a plant scientist called?
A3: A botanist
Q4: Does botany only study plants?
A4: included the study of fungi and algae
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.

Q1: What science led to botany?
A1: herbalism
Q2: What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?
A2: plants of medical importance
Q3: When did universities start growing gardens?
A3: 1540s onwards
Q4: Why did universities have these gardens?
A4: facilitated the academic study of plants
Q5: Why was plant taxonomy developed?
A5: to catalogue and describe their collections
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

Q1: What is are the main themes of present-day botany?
A1: molecular genetics and epigenetics
Q2: How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?
A2: providing staple foods
Q3: How can botany be applied to the construction industry?
A3: synthesis of chemicals and raw materials
Q4: Is botany a narrow science?
A4: a broad, multidisciplinary subject