romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.

Q1: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?
A1: Sanskrit dramas
Q2: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?
A2: multilingual
Q3: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?
A3: scholarly communication
Q4: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?
A4: British times
Q5: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?
A5: thin layer
Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The "All-India Sanskrit Festival" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits.

Q1: What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?
A1: Samskrita Bharati
Q2: What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?
A2: composition contests
Q3: How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?
A3: 49,736
Q4: Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?
A4: Mattur village
Q5: Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?
A5: king Krishnadevaraya
Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of "Indomania", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was "British Indophobia", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English "common-sense view" that Indians constituted a "separate, inferior and unimprovable race".

Q1: When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?
A1: 18th century
Q2: In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?
A2: early 19th century
Q3: How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?
A3: neglect
Q4: What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?
A4: assimilated to Britain
Q5: Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?
A5: inferior
Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of "The Child In Us" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].

Q1: Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?
A1: Philip Glass
Q2: On what was the Philip Glass opera based?
A2: Bhagavad Gita
Q3: Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?
A3: Madonna
Q4: Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?
A4: John Williams
Q5: What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?
A5: Rigveda
Valencia (/vəˈlɛnsiə/; Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), or València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.

Q1: What country is Valencia in?
A1: Spain
Q2: What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
A2: 1.5 million
Q3: Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
A3: third
Q4: What body of water is Valencia located on?
A4: the Mediterranean Sea
Q5: What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
A5: the autonomous community of Valencia
Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Q1: What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
A1: service sector occupations
Q2: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
A2: 5.5
Q3: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
A3: 1.9
Q4: How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
A4: 3973 hectares
Q5: What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
A5: orchards and citrus groves
Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.

Q1: What airport is closest to Valencia?
A1: Valencia Airport
Q2: What airport is south of Valencia?
A2: Alicante Airport
Q3: What is the main train station in Valencia?
A3: Estació del Nord
Q4: What group runs Valencia's public transit?
A4: Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana
Q5: What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?
A5: Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla
Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Marítimo, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa).

Q1: What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?
A1: The Paseo Marítimo
Q2: How long is the Paseo Maritimo?
A2: 4 km (2 mi)
Q3: What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?
A3: San Miguel de los Reyes monastery
Q4: When did Valencia's rapid development begin?
A4: the mid-1990s
Q5: What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?
A5: the Carmen Quarter
The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

Q1: How long did the English occupy Valencia?
A1: 16 months
Q2: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?
A2: Battle of Almansa
Q3: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?
A3: Philip V
Q4: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?
A4: Nueva Planta decrees
Q5: Who resigned in protest against Philip?
A5: Cardinal Luis de Belluga
The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.

Q1: In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?
A1: 1102
Q2: Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?
A2: Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Q3: Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?
A3: Ibn Khafaja
Q4: When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?
A4: 1145
Q5: Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?
A5: Ibn Mardanis
The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.

Q1: When was the Valencian Golden Age?
A1: 15th century
Q2: Of what area was Valencia the largest city?
A2: Crown of Aragon
Q3: What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?
A3: Silk Exchange
Q4: Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?
A4: Queen Isabella I of Castile
Q5: What was Valencia's leading industry?
A5: textile production
The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

Q1: Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?
A1: Germaine of Foix
Q2: When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?
A2: 1520–1522
Q3: What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?
A3: comuneros
Q4: Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?
A4: 800
Q5: Whom did the comuneros rebel against?
A5: Charles
In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Gare du Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets.

Q1: What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?
A1: wine and citrus
Q2: When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?
A2: 1909
Q3: What architectural style was particularly successful?
A3: Art Nouveau
Q4: What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?
A4: North Station (Gare du Nord)
Q5: What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?
A5: Central and Columbus
Its average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) during the day and 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 °C (55 to 70 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 °C (39 to 54 °F). In the warmest month – August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C (82–93 °F), about 23 °C (73 °F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.0 °C (66 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 7 °C (45 °F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.

Q1: What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?
A1: 18.4 °C
Q2: Which month is the hottest in Valencia?
A2: August
Q3: Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?
A3: January
Q4: In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?
A4: May and September
Q5: What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?
A5: 28–34 °C
The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Societat Econòmica d'Amics del País) was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia.

Q1: When was the age of Enlightenment?
A1: 18th century
Q2: Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?
A2: Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer
Q3: When was the Economic Society of Friends created?
A3: 1776
Q4: What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?
A4: woven silk and ceramic tiles
Q5: Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?
A5: Charles III
The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

Q1: Whose regime prohibited political parties?
A1: Franco
Q2: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?
A2: eighty-one
Q3: What river flooded in 1957?
A3: Turia
Q4: What park is located in the previous river bed?
A4: Garden of the Turia
Q5: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
A5: motorway
Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Q1: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
A1: 20
Q2: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
A2: Mediterranean western coast
Q3: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
A3: second
Q4: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
A4: oranges
A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

Q1: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
A1: Elío
Q2: When was Elio killed?
A2: 1822
Q3: How was Elio executed?
A3: by garroting
Q4: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
A4: Ominous Decade
Q5: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
A5: Gaietà Ripoli
On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.

Q1: What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?
A1: Santo Caliz
Q2: Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?
A2: Benedict XVI
Q3: What century is the Santo Caliz from?
A3: 1st
Q4: When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?
A4: 9 July 2006
Q5: According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?
A5: St. Peter
During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.

Q1: In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?
A1: 1873
Q2: Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?
A2: General Martinez-Campos
Q3: Who became king in 1874?
A3: Alfonso XII
Q4: When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?
A4: 11 January 1875
Q5: Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?
A5: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez