romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, having been Christianised, traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.

Q1: Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?
A1: Anglo-Saxons
Q2: What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?
A2: southern Great Britain
Q3: What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?
A3: the Dark Ages
Q4: What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?
A4: golden age
Q5: What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?
A5: monasteries and universities
Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.

Q1: When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?
A1: 9th century
Q2: What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?
A2: east coast of Ireland
Q3: England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?
A3: Denmark
Q4: When did the Norman Conquest occur?
A4: 1066
Q5: In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?
A5: Angevins
By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

Q1: Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?
A1: the Pope
Q2: During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?
A2: Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Q3: What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?
A3: Church of England
Q4: Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?
A4: King Henry VIII
Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.

Q1: Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?
A1: Crown of England
Q2: Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?
A2: his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism
Q3: What happened to Britain during the 17th century?
A3: political upheaval, religious division and war
Q4: Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?
A4: Protestant and British
Q5: The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?
A5: revolutionary republic in England
The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801, creating the United Kingdom. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining outside of the United Kingdom but with their ultimate good governance being the responsibility of the British Crown (effectively the British government). Although, the colonies of North American that would become the United States of America were lost by the start of the 19th century, the British Empire expanded rapidly elsewhere. A century later it would cover one third of the globe. Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate however and industrialisation in England led to terrible condition for the working class. Mass migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second-half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK.

Q1: In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?
A1: 1707
Q2: When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?
A2: 1801
Q3: How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?
A3: one third of the globe
Q4: What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?
A4: terrible condition for the working class
Q5: What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?
A5: Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom
There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have "devolved" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.

Q1: What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?
A1: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q2: What is another name that Ireland is also called?
A2: Republic of Ireland
Q3: Northern Ireland is part of which country?
A3: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q4: What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?
A5: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Governance in the norm is by majority rule, however, Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland.) The British monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except for the Republic of Ireland, where the head of state is the President of Ireland.

Q1: Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?
A1: Scotland
Q2: What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?
A2: parliamentary democracies
Q3: Who shares power in Northern Ireland?
A3: unionists and nationalists
Q4: Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?
A5: the rest of Ireland
Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.

Q1: The United Kingdom is part of what union?
A1: European Union (EU)
Q2: What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?
A2: passport-free travel between EU members states
Q3: When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?
A3: 1997
Q4: This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?
A4: Common Travel Area
Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than that required by European Union law. Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland. In 2008, a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that, "the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries."

Q1: What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?
A1: presidential elections and constitutional referendums
Q2: In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?
A2: local and European Parliament elections
Q3: Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?
A3: UK Ministry of Justice
Q4: What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?
A4: Reciprocal arrangements
The Northern Ireland Peace Process has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. For example, citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the Northern Ireland Executive. The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland. These arrangements were made following the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

Q1: What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?
A1: The Northern Ireland Peace Process
Q2: What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?
A2: choice of Irish or British citizenship or both
Q3: The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?
A3: Government of Ireland
Q4: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?
A4: policies common across the island of Ireland
Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

Q1: What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?
A1: British–Irish Council
Q2: Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?
A2: all of the states and territories of the British Isles
Q3: How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?
A3: 25
Q4: How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?
A4: 25
Q5: The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?
A5: Scottish Parliament
The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom. During the February 2008 meeting of the British–Irish Council, it was agreed to set up a standing secretariat that would serve as a permanent 'civil service' for the Council. Leading on from developments in the British–Irish Council, the chair of the British–Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Niall Blaney, has suggested that the body should shadow the British–Irish Council's work.

Q1: Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?
A1: no
Q2: What does the British-Irish Council discuss?
A2: issues of mutual importance
Q3: What does the British-Irish Council do?
A3: investigates and collects witness evidence
Q4: How often does the British-Irish Council meet?
A4: biannually
Q5: Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?
A5: Niall Blaney
The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland, giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland.[citation needed] Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example The X Factor, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as Britain's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The Man Booker Prize is awarded to authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. The Mercury Music Prize is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group.

Q1: What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?
A1: British television, newspapers and magazines
Q2: What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?
A2: private television
Q3: What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?
A3: The X Factor
Q4: Who can receive the Costa Book Award?
A4: authors resident in the UK or Ireland
Many globally popular sports had modern rules codified in the British Isles, including golf, association football, cricket, rugby, snooker and darts, as well as many minor sports such as croquet, bowls, pitch and putt, water polo and handball. A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is association football. While this is organised separately in different national associations, leagues and national teams, even within the UK, it is a common passion in all parts of the islands. Rugby union is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The British and Irish Lions is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the southern hemisphere rugby playing nations every four years. Ireland play as a united team, represented by players from both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These national rugby teams play each other each year for the Triple Crown as part of the Six Nations Championship. Also since 2001 the professional club teams of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy compete against each other in the RaboDirect Pro12.

Q1: What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?
A1: croquet, bowls, pitch and putt
Q2: What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?
A2: association football
Q3: How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?
A3: four
Q4: In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?
A4: southern hemisphere
Q5: How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?
A5: each year
The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

Q1: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?
A1: 1895
Q2: What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?
A2: Tusker Tunnel
Q3: Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?
A3: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland
Q4: What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?
A4: £15 billion or €20 billion
Q5: In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?
A5: 2007
Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.

Q1: What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?
A1: National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Q2: What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?
A2: harpastum
Q3: What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?
A3: kemari
Q4: What country is the game chuck-guk from?
A4: Korea
Q5: What country is the game wogabaliri from?
A5: Australia