romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
On 22 May 2015, Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France’s trial followed the London Metropolitan Police's Operation Elveden, an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than £22,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year gaol sentence in 2014, but the jury in France’s trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a "long-term, corrupt relationship".

Q1: Who was found guilty in 2015?
A1: Anthony France
Q2: Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
A2: the London Metropolitan Police
Q3: Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?
A3: Anthony France
Q4: Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
A4: London Metropolitan Police
Q5: How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?
A5: more than £22,000
Q6: Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?
A6: Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs
Q7: How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?
A7: "long-term, corrupt relationship"
The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS’ policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials – including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France’s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his "considerable disappointment" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France’s illegal actions had been part of a "clearly recognised procedure at The Sun", adding that, "There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was "considering disciplinary actions" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.

Q1: Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?
A1: France
Q2: What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?
A2: prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time
Q3: Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?
A3: Timothy Pontius
Q4: Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?
A4: News International
Q5: Who was News International considering bringing a case against?
A5: the London Metropolitan Police Service
In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015. A few hours before the issue was published, the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only.

Q1: What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?
A1: featuring topless models on Page 3
Q2: What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?
A2: the edition of 16 January
Q3: Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?
A3: The Times
Q4: What happened on 22 January 2015?
A4: Page 3 returned to its usual format
Q5: What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?
A5: the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only
On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.

Q1: Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?
A1: Katie Hopkins
Q2: What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?
A2: "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"
Q3: Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?
A3: the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights
Q4: Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
A4: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein
Q5: What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?
A5: that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide
Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's "champagne socialist humanity" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word "cockroach" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: "It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her".

Q1: On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?
A1: Russell Brand
Q2: Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?
A2: Simon Usborne
Q3: With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?
A3: previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators
Q4: Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?
A4: Zoe Williams
Q5: What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?
A5: I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her
On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing "Brexit", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.

Q1: What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?
A1: Brexit
Q2: Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?
A2: Queen Elizabeth II
Q3: Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?
A3: Windsor Castle
Q4: Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?
A4: Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg
Q5: With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?
A5: Independent Press Standards Organisation
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Q1: When does Fastelavn occur?
A1: Shrove Tuesday
Q2: The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year?
A2: 1939
Q3: Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?
A3: Eastern Orthodox
Q4: What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?
A4: Fastelavn
Q5: When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?
A5: on 11/11
Q6: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
A6: Catholic
Q7: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
A7: the Philippines
Q8: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
A8: 1939
Q9: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
A9: Fastelavn
Q10: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
A10: Maslenitsa
Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Q1: What does vastenavond mean?
A1: the days before fasting
Q2: What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?
A2: November
Q3: A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?
A3: eat well
Q4: Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?
A4: it would soon start to rot and decay
Q5: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
A5: food shortage at the end of the winter
Q6: What was one limited to during the winter?
A6: the minimum necessary
Q7: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?
A7: it would soon start to rot and decay
Q8: What does "vastenavond" mean?
A8: the days before fasting)
Q9: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
A9: spring
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Q1: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?
A1: Nerthus or Freyr
Q2: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?
A2: Germanic
Q3: What season did fertility typically return?
A3: spring
Q4: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus?
A4: a procession of people in animal disguise
Q5: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?
A5: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated
Q6: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
A6: the returning of the daylight
Q7: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
A7: on wheels
Q8: Why was the winter driven out?
A8: to make sure that fertility could return in spring
Q9: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
A9: fertility
Q10: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
A10: be consummated
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.

Q1: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
A1: Carnival
Q2: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
A2: February
Q3: Who is the Carnival open to?
A3: public
Q4: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
A4: social unity
Q5: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
A5: alcohol
Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Q1: Who wrote the Germania?
A1: Tacitus
Q2: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
A2: walls
Q3: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
A3: human
Q4: When is the car used in the ritual purified?
A4: Afterwards
Q5: Where is the divinity herself purified?
A5: a secret lake
Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

Q1: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?
A1: sexual
Q2: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?
A2: Lent
Q3: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?
A3: Carnival
Q4: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?
A4: six weeks
Q5: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?
A5: meat, dairy, fat and sugar
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

Q1: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
A1: corpus christi
Q2: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
A2: European
Q3: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
A3: 40
Q4: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
A4: Christmas
Q5: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
A5: outlet for their daily frustrations
In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

Q1: In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?
A1: 743
Q2: In what month did the excesses occur?
A2: February
Q3: What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?
A3: Confession
Q4: What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?
A4: an animal or old woman
Q5: What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?
A5: the opposite gender
While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

Q1: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
A1: Christian
Q2: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
A2: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia
Q3: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
A3: Dionysia
Q4: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
A4: December 17
Q5: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
A5: horribly murdered
While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

Q1: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
A1: evidence
Q2: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
A2: Saturnalia
Q3: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
A3: with their deaths
Q4: What is the gift of King Carnival?
A4: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life
Q5: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
A5: Jews
Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

Q1: Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?
A1: Italy
Q2: What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?
A2: Venice
Q3: What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?
A3: New France
Q4: What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?
A4: foolish guise
Q5: Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?
A5: Pope Gregory XVI