romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Q1: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
A1: His opponents
Q2:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
A2: 1807
Q3: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
A3: McConachy
Q4: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
A4: artillery
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

Q1: When was the metric system officially introduced?
A1: September 1799
Q2: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
A2: the metric system
Q3: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
A3: 1812
Q4:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
A4: 500
Q5: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
A5: 489.5
Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

Q1: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
A1: Napoleon's educational reforms
Q2: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
A2: French
Q3: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
A3: public support
Q4: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
A4: lycées
Q5: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
A5: the sciences
In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

Q1: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
A1: grandiose
Q2: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
A2: 1808
Q3: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?
A3: historians
Q4: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
A4: his empire
Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Q1: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
A1: Napoleon
Q2: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A2: slavery
Q3: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
A3: his opponents
Q4: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A4: the Haitian Revolution
Q5: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
A5: His critics
Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

Q1: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
A1: plunder
Q2: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
A2: the Musée du Louvre
Q3: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
A3: Pieter Geyl
Q4: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
A4: Claude Ribbe
Q5: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
A5: David G. Chandler
Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Q1: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
A1: Victor Davis Hanson
Q2: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
A2: McLynn
Q3: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
A3: Vincent Cronin
Q4: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
A4: 17
Q5: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
A5: six million
Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Q1: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
A1: propaganda
Q2: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
A2: censorship
Q3: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
A3: France
Q4: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
A4: civilian
Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Q1: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
A1: St. Helena
Q2: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
A2: royal celebrations
Q3: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
A3: the Bourbon regime
Q4: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
A4: rosettes
Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

Q1: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
A1: the late 1880s
Q2: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
A2: 1893
Q3: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
A3: 1897
Q4: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
A4: 1900
Q5: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
A5: 1913
After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

Q1: After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?
A1: Napoleonic Code
Q2: Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?
A2: law
Q3: How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?
A3: favorable
Q4: Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?
A4: Russia
Q5: One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?
A5: serfdom
Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Q1: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
A1: Germany
Q2: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
A2: the Holy Roman Empire
Q3: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
A3: 300
Q4: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
A4: less than 50
Q5: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
A5: 15 million dollars
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Q1: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
A1: Joséphine de Beauharnais
Q2: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A2: 1796
Q3: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A3: 26
Q4: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
A4: 32
Q5: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
A5: Rose
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Q1: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
A1: Charles Léon
Q2: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
A2: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne
Q3: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
A3: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Q4:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
A4: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype
Q5: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
A5: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

Q1: What is the largest private foundation in the world?
A1: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world
Q2: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based?
A2: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington
On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Q1: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008
A1: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)
Q2: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation
A2: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares
Q3: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much
A3: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion
In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

Q1: What did the foundation announce in November 2014
A1: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data
Q2: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?
A2: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation
Q3: What does the OA policy cover ?
A3: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Q1: What two entities was the foundation divided into
A1: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust
Q2: What does the foundation entity focus on
A2: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty
Q3: What does the Trust entity focus on
A3: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals
Q4: What is held in the trust entity
A4: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Q1: What does the Trust invest
A1: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets
Q2: What is the goal of the Trust investments
A2: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment
Q3: What are some of the negatives of the investments
A3: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries
Q4: What type of company's are  critiscized
A4: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world
Q5: As a result of the critics what did the company announce
A5: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review