romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.

Q1: What Empire brought horses to the Americas?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?
A2: profound
Q3: How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?
A3: 7500 years
Q4: What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?
A4: great success
Q5: What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?
A5: horses
Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.

Q1: What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?
A1: a large array of plant species
Q2: What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?
A2: 50–60%
Q3: How were new species and strains of crops developed?
A3: artificial selection
Q4: What was the origin of maize?
A4: wild teosinte grasses
Q5: What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?
A5: agricultural
The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet." The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

Q1: Where was a center of early agriculture?
A1: South American highlands
Q2: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?
A2: single
Q3: Where did the potato originate?
A3: area of southern Peru
Q4: How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?
A4: 10,000 years ago
Q5: What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?
A5: persistent drought
Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.

Q1: When did the North American natives begin farming?
A1: approximately 4,000 years ago
Q2: What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?
A2: common
Q3: What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?
A3: small-scale felling
Q4: How did Archaic Indians use fire?
A4: a controlled manner
Q5: What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?
A5: effects of natural fires
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.

Q1: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?
A1: Many crops
Q2: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?
A2: corn
Q3: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?
A3: significant
Q4: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?
A4: cocoa
Q5: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?
A5: indigenous Americans
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.

Q1: What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?
A1: Cultural practices
Q2: What did people in the same reason adopt?
A2: similar technologies and social organizations
Q3: Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?
A3: Mesoamerica
Q4: How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?
A4: until the 19th century
Q5: What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?
A5: buffalo
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Q1: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
A1: development of writing
Q2: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
A2: the Mesoamerican region
Q3: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
A3: extensive text
Q4: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
A4: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE
Q5: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
A5: 900 BCE
The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.

Q1: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?
A1: spoken language of its community
Q2: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?
A2: Maya
Q3: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?
A3: syllabic
Q4: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?
A4: more than one thousand
Q5: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?
A5: some two hundred
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.

Q1: When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?
A1: the sixteenth century
Q2: Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?
A2: Spanish
Q3: What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?
A3: lawsuits and other legal matters
Q4: What were Spanish translations at the time made for?
A4: legal cases
Q5: What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?
A5: indigenous
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.

Q1: What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?
A1: monophonic
Q2: What did traditional Native American music center around?
A2: drumming
Q3: What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?
A3: Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps
Q4: How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?
A4: rivercane, cedar, and other woods
Q5: How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?
A5: single
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.

Q1: What feature did the music of Central America have?
A1: pentatonic
Q2: What role did music play in the religious festivities?
A2: inseparable from
Q3: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
A3: large variety of percussion and wind
Q4: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
A4: a jar in Guatemala
Q5: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
A5: a jaguar's growl
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Q1: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
A1: Visual arts by indigenous peoples
Q2: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples?
A2: indigenous
Q3: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
A3: too many artists were posing as Native Americans
Q4: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
A4: a state or federally recognized tribe
Q5: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
A5: 2007
In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people.

Q1: What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?
A1: about 600,329
Q2: How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?
A2: 113,680
Q3: Who are the Quechua and Chorote?
A3: Minor but important peoples
Q4: What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?
A4: The Selknam
Q5: Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche?
A5: a handful of elderly people
In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

Q1: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
A1: 62%
Q2: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
A2: 3.7%
Q3: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?
A3: 66.4%
Q4: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
A4: 36
Q5: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
A5: fifty
Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Q1: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
A1: Bolivian highland peasants
Q2: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
A2: ethnic and class militancy
Q3: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
A3: dissolution of communal landholdings
Q4: What took place frequently until 1953?
A4: Indigenous revolts
Q5: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
A5: March for Territory and Dignity
Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.

Q1: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
A1: Morales
Q2: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
A2: 2009
Q3: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
A3: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves
Q4: What did the President vow he would never betray?
A4: fight
Q5: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
A5: divided
Q6: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
A6: Morales
Q7: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
A7: 2009
Q8: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
A8: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves
Q9: What did the President vow he would never betray?
A9: fight
Q10: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
A10: divided
Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Q1: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
A1: 0.4%
Q2: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
A2: Indian reservations
Q3: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
A3: millions
Q4: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
A4: 67
Q5: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
A5: Brazil
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

Q1: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
A1: "eater of raw meat."
Q2: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
A2: Aboriginal
Q3: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?
A3: Hundreds
Q4: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
A4: The Métis culture
Q5: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
A5: Various laws, treaties, and legislation
Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.

Q1: What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?
A1: relatively peaceful
Q2: What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?
A2: national culture
Q3: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
A3: late 18th century
Q4: What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
A4: cultures and contributions
Q5: How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?
A5: over 600