romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody".

Q1: Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?
A1: Ben Bella
Q2: What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?
A2: Abdullah al-Sallal
Q3: Which leader considered Nasser his hero?
A3: Muammar Gaddafi
Q4: What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?
A4: Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry
Q5: What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?
A5: Arab Nationalist Movement
In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world.

Q1: What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?
A1: El Nasser Salah El Dine
Q2: What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?
A2: Nasser 56
Q3: What was Nasser 56 about?
A3: Suez Crisis
Q4: What was the famous biopic about Nasser?
A4: Gamal Abdel Nasser
In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.

Q1: Who did Nasser marry in 1944?
A1: Tahia Kazem
Q2: Who introduced Nasser and his wife?
A2: Abdel Hamid Kazim
Q3: Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?
A3: Manshiyat al-Bakri
Q4: What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?
A4: officer corps
Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

Q1: What was Nasser's principle vice?
A1: chain smoking
Q2: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?
A2: 18-hour
Q3: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?
A3: diabetes
Q4: What year did Nasser die?
A4: 1970
Q5: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?
A5: influenza
Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

Q1: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
A1: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
Q2: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
A2: 25 November 1881
Q3: When did Pope Saint XXIII die?
A3: 3 June 1963
Q4: How long did he reign as Pope?
A4: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963
Q5: When was he ordained to the priesthood?
A5: 10 August 1904
Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

Q1: How old was Roncalli when elected pope?
A1: 76
Q2: When was Roncalli elected pope?
A2: 28 October 1958
Q3: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long?
A3: 500 years
Q4: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?
A4: Second Vatican Council
Q5: When did he call the Second Vatican Council?
A5: 11 October 1962
Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

Q1: When did the pope die?
A1: 3 June 1963
Q2: What did the pope die of?
A2: stomach cancer
Q3: Where was he buried?
A3: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica
Q4: When was he beatified?
A4: 3 September 2000
Q5: He is still known today as what?
A5: the "Good Pope"
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).

Q1: When is his feast day celebrated?
A1: 11 October
Q2: What is October 11?
A2: the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council
Q3: When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?
A3: 11 September 2014
Q4: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?
A4: by the Evangelical Lutheran Church
Q5: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?
A5: by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)
In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.

Q1: When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?
A1: February 1925
Q2: Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?
A2: Pietro Gasparri
Q3: When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?
A3: 1925–35
Q4: When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?
A4: 19 March
Q5: Who was he consecrated by?
A5: Giovanni Tacci Porcelli
On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.

Q1: When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?
A1: 30 November 1934
Q2: He was appointed titular archbishop of where?
A2: Mesembria, Bulgaria
Q3: What ws he known by in the Turkish community?
A3: the Turcophile Pope
Q4: When did he take that position?
A4: 1935
Q5: Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?
A5: Pope Pius XI
In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff.

Q1: When did he hear that his mother was dying?
A1: February 1939
Q2: When did Pope Pius XI die?
A2: 10 February 1939
Q3: When did his mother die?
A3: 20 February 1939
Q4: Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?
A4: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli
Q5: When was Pope Pius XII elected?
A5: 2 March 1939
On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.

Q1: When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?
A1: 12 January 1953
Q2: Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?
A2: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca
Q3: When did he leave France for Venice?
A3: 23 February 1953
Q4: When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?
A4: 15 March 1953
Q5: Who was the President of France in 1953?
A5: Vincent Auriol
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

Q1: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?
A1: the early 1950s
Q2: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?
A2: 8 November 1953
Q3: When did Ancilla die?
A3: 11 November 1953
Q4: Where did he want to be buried?
A4: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed]

Q1: When did Pope Pius XII die?
A1: 9 October 1958
Q2: When was his last full day in Venice?
A2: 11 October
Q3: Why did Roncalli leave Venice?
A3: for the conclave in Rome
Q4: He was elected pope after how many ballots?
A4: eleven ballots
Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.

Q1: Who was the Archbishop of Milan?
A1: Giovanni Battista Montini
Q2: New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?
A2: archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia
Q3: When was Montini absent from the conclave?
A3: 1958
Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

Q1: When was the final ballot of the conclave?
A1: 4:00 pm
Q2: How many votes did he have?
A2: 38 votes
Q3: What name did Roncalli choose?
A3: John
Q4: John had not been a chosen name in how long?
A4: over 500 years
Q5: Who was the last to choose the name John?
A5: Antipope John XXIII
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

Q1: What did John XXIII call for?
A1: an ecumenical council
Q2: When was the decision made for this council?
A2: 29 January 1959
Q3: Where was the decision made for this council?
A3: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Q4: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?
A4: Pope Paul VI
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."

Q1: John XXIII was an advocate for what?
A1: human rights
Q2: What did he write about human rights in?
A2: his Pacem in terris
Q3: His advocacy from human rights included whom?
A3: the unborn and the elderly
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite.

Q1: John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?
A1: the Roman liturgy
Q2: He published changes that resulted in what?
A2: the 1962 Roman Missal
Q3: What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?
A3: the Tridentine Mass
Q4: Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?
A4: 2007
Q5: When was the Roman Rite created?
A5: 1970
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.

Q1: Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
A1: in the Vatican
Q2: When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
A2: 11 October 1962
Q3: What speech did he give?
A3: Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech
Q4: Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?
A4: the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them
The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

Q1: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?
A1: 8 December 1962
Q2: When was the next session scheduled?
A2: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June
Q3: When was the next session announced?
A3: 12 November 1962
Q4: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?
A4: Pope Pius IX
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

Q1: John XXIII offered to mediate between who?
A1: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev
Q2: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A2: October 1962
Q3: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?
A3: Nikita Khrushchev
Q4: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
A4: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'
Q5: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
A5: Francis
On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.

Q1: John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?
A1: Balzan Prize
Q2: When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?
A2: 10 May 1963
Q3: Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?
A3: Italian President Antonio Segni
Q4: Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?
A4: the Quirinal Palace