romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.

Q1: How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?
A1: 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city
Q2: What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?
A2: a gigantic stele
Q3: How long ago was the stele abandoned?
A3: 600 years ago
Q4: Why was the stele abandoned?
A4: it was impossible to move or complete it
Q5: Who ordered the creation of the stele?
A5: the Yongle Emperor
As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.

Q1: What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
A1: admiral Zheng He
Q2: What visiting king died in China in 1408?
A2: (Boni 渤泥)
Q3: What country did this visiting king come from?
A3: Borneo
Q4: What stele is at Boni's tomb?
A4: a tortoise stele
Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

Q1: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
A1: 1644
Q2: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
A2: Zhu Yousong
Q3: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
A3: in June 1644
Q4: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
A4: the Hongguang Emperor
Q5: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
A5: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty
Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou.

Q1: When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?
A1: late May 1645
Q2: Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?
A2: Zhao the Earl of Xincheng
Q3: What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?
A3: shave their heads
Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

Q1: When was the Qing dynasty in power?
A1: 1644–1911
Q2: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
A2: Jiangning
Q3: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
A3: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors
Q4: What year did the First Opium War end?
A4: 1842
Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing.

Q1: Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?
A1: the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king
Q2: When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?
A2: 1864
Q3: How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?
A3: over 100,000
Q4: Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?
A4: Taiping
Q5: Who was the leader of the Qing troops?
A5: Zeng Guofan
The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base).

Q1: When was the Republic of China founded?
A1: January 1912
Q2: Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
A2: Sun Yat-sen
Q3: Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?
A3: Yuan Shikai
In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade.

Q1: When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?
A1: 1927
Q2: What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?
A2: the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)
Q3: Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?
A3: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
Q4: What are the 1930's known as, in China?
A4: the Nanking decade
Q5: When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?
A5: 1928
In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

Q1: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
A1: 1931
Q2: When did Japan invade all of China?
A2: 1937
Q3: Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?
A3: the Imperial Japanese Army
Q4: How many died in the Nanking Massacre?
A4: between 300,000 and 350,000
Q5: When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?
A5: 1985
A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.

Q1: When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
A1: A few days before the fall of the city
Q2: When was the Nanjing Regime established?
A2: 1940
Q3: Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
A3: Wang Jingwei
Q4: When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
A4: 1946
Q5: What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
A5: "Reorganized National Government of China"
On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.

Q1: When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?
A1: 21 April
Q2: When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?
A2: April 23, 1949
Q3: Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?
A3: Canton (Guangzhou)
Q4: When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?
A4: December 10
Q5: When was the People's Republic of China formed?
A5: October 1949
Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (東南, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (江南, River South, south of Yangtze).

Q1: How large is Nanjing, in miles?
A1: 2,548 sq mi
Q2: Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?
A2: past the west side and then north side
Q3: How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?
A3: 190 mi
Q4: How far is Nanjing from Beijing?
A4: 750 mi
Q5: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?
A5: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.

Q1: What city is northeast of Nanjing?
A1: Yangzhou
Q2: What is southeast of Nanjing?
A2: Changzhou
Q3: What province is to the west of Nanjing?
A3: Anhui province
Q4: How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?
A4: five
Q5: What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?
A5: Zhenjiang
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name “the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching”. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the “Constructive Scheme for Our Country”, “The position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.”

Q1: What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?
A1: Yangtze River
Q2: What is the railway that runs South to North called?
A2: Nanjing–Beijing railway
Q3: What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?
A3: Zhong Mountain
Q4: What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?
A4: Stone Mountain
Q5: Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?
A5: tiger
Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike Cities" along the Yangtze River (长江流域三大火炉) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally "plum rain") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 °C (59.8 °F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −14.0 °C (7 °F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Q1: What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?
A1: a humid subtropical climate
Q2: What monsoon affects Nanjing?
A2: the East Asian monsoon
Q3: Nanjing is one of three "Furnacelike" cities. What are the other two cities?
A3: Chongqing and Wuhan
Q4: How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?
A4: 115 days
Q5: How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?
A5: 1,983 hours
Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

Q1: How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?
A1: 40
Q2: Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?
A2: iron and sulfur
Q3: For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?
A3: strontium
Q4: What are Nanjing's main water sources?
A4: the Yangtze River and groundwater
Q5: What hot spring is in Jiangning?
A5: Tangshan Hot Spring
Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建鄴) shortly thereafter.

Q1: What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
A1: Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake
Q2: What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
A2: evergreens and oaks
Q3: Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
A3: Liu Bei
Q4: What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
A4: Nanjing's impeccable geographic position
Q5: What is Nanjing surrounded by?
A5: the Yangtze River and mountains
A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

Q1: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
A1: 2 December 2013
Q2: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?
A2: five straight days
Q3: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
A3: From 5 to 6 December
At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is "People's Government of Nanjing City" and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.

Q1: What is the full name for Nanjing's government?
A1: "People's Government of Nanjing City"
Q2: How many parties rule Nanjing?
A2: one-party
Q3: What party rules Nanjing?
A3: the CPC
Q4: Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?
A4: the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary
Q5: who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?
A5: the mayor
According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.

Q1: What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?
A1: 8.005 million
Q2: What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?
A2: 8.11 million
Q3: How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?
A3: the Sixth China Census
Q4: What was Nanjing's birth rate?
A4: 8.86 percent
Q5: How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?
A5: 6.47 million
As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population.

Q1: What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?
A1: Han nationality
Q2: What minority nationality is most common?
A2: Hui nationalities
Q3: What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?
A3: Manchu
Q4: How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?
A4: 2,311
Q5: How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?
A5: 50
Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

Q1: In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?
A1: minting
Q2: Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?
A2: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation
Q3: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?
A3: Ming
Q4: In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?
A4: Qing
Q5: During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?
A5: around 200 thousand jobs
Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .

Q1: In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?
A1: Into the first half of the twentieth century
Q2: What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?
A2: the rapid expansion of its wealthy population
Q3: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?
A3: huge department stores
Q4: In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?
A4: 1933
Q5: How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?
A5: One third of the city population