romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned.

Q1: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?
A1: 1794
Q2: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?
A2: it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain
Q3: When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?
A3: February 1805
Q4: By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?
A4: 200
Q5: Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?
A5: to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings
In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.

Q1: Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
A1: the British government
Q2: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?
A2: Its remoteness
Q3: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?
A3: the gallows
Q4: How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
A4: 6,458
Q5: What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?
A5: three years
On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island. These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian. They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands, which had become too small for their growing population. On 3 May 1856, 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the "Morayshire". On 8 June 194 persons arrived, a baby having been born in transit. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived with whaling fleets.

Q1: Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?
A1: Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers
Q2: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?
A2: the Pitcairn Islands
Q3: On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?
A3: 193
Q4: What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?
A4: Morayshire
Q5: What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?
A5: farming and whaling industries
After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.

Q1: When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?
A1: 1901
Q2: During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?
A2: World War II
Q3: Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?
A3: Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen
Q4: Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?
A4: New Zealand
Q5: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?
A5: February 1944
Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.

Q1:  What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?
A1: Financial problems and a reduction in tourism
Q2: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?
A2: greater welfare benefits
Q3: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?
A3: islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare
Q4: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?
A4: replace self-government with a local council
Q5: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?
A5: 68%
Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29°07′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.117°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.

Q1: What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?
A1: South
Q2: What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?
A2: east
Q3: What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?
A3: 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950
Q4: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?
A4: Mount Bates
Q5: What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
A5: Phillip Island
The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.

Q1: What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?
A1: cliff faces
Q2: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?
A2: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay
Q3: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?
A3: by ship
Q4: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?
A4: Cascade Bay
Q5: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?
A5: Anson and Ball Bays
Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

Q1: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?
A1: 51
Q2: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
A2: 18
Q3: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
A3: Norfolk Island National Park
Q4: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?
A4: subtropical rain forest
Q5: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
A5: 5 km2
As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.

Q1: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?
A1: land
Q2: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
A2: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation
Q3: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
A3: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests
Q4: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
A4: mammals
Q5: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
A5: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas
The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.

Q1: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?
A1: Nepean Island
Q2: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?
A2: The providence petrel
Q3: Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
A3: Phillip Island
Q4: What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?
A4: the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel
Q5: What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?
A5: the whale bird
Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

Q1: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?
A1: Cetaceans
Q2: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?
A2: 1956
Q3: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?
A3: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale
Q4: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?
A4: dolphins
Q5: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?
A5: Southern right whales
Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Q1: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
A1: Sixty-two percent
Q2: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
A2: Rev G. H. Nobbs
Q3: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
A3: a Methodist church
Q4: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church?
A4: one of Nobbs' sons
Q5: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
A5: 30
Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Q1: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
A1: English and a creole language known as Norfuk
Q2: What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
A2: 18th-century English and Tahitian
Q3: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
A3: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island
Q4: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
A4: The Norfuk language
Q5: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
A5: under three-quarters
Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Q1: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
A1: Norfolk Island
Q2: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
A2: The Norfolk Island Act 1979
Q3: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?
A3: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015
Q4: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
A4: Gary Hardgrave
Q5: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?
A5: three years
The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

Q1: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?
A1: nine
Q2: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?
A2: a "weighted first past the post system"
Q3: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?
A3: Executive
Q4: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
A4: Lisle Snell
Q5: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
A5: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development
Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Q1: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
A1: two
Q2: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
A2: a local council
Q3: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
A3: December 2006
Q4: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
A4: significant disruption
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

Q1: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
A1: 19 March 2015
Q2: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
A2: a local council
Q3: From what state did the proposed council come from?
A3: New South Wales
Q4: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
A4: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare
Q5: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
A5: Australian income tax
The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".

Q1: When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?
A1: 8 May 2015
Q2: How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?
A2: 912
Q3: What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?
A3: 68%
Q4: Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?
A4: Lisle Snell
Q5: According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?
A5: overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Q1: Norfolk Island was originally a what?
A1: colony acquired by settlement
Q2: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?
A2: Australia
Q3: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?
A3: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)
Q4: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?
A4: High Court of Australia
Q5: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?
A5: Australian citizenship