romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]

Q1: How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?
A1: 3
Q2: What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?
A2: Polychaetes
Q3: What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?
A3: echiurans and sipunculan
Q4: What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?
A4: pogonophores
Q5: What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?
A5: ladder-like
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

Q1: What superphylum are annelids in?
A1: protostomes
Q2: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?
A2: deuterostomes
Q3: What superphylum are vertebrates in?
A3: deuterostomes
Q4: What does 'Articulata' mean?
A4: jointed animals
Q5: What are lophophores?
A5: fan-like feeding structures
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Q1: Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?
A1: annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms
Q2: How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?
A2: after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern
Q3: What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
A3: spiral determinate cleavage
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give "Him" the metaphorical name of "Father". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.

Q1: What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?
A1: unlimited power
Q2: What is the feeling of God being everywhere?
A2: omnipresence
Q3: What is the extent of God's knowledge?
A3: infinite knowledge
Q4: What is infinite knowledge classified as?
A4: omniscience
Q5: What is the benevolence of God called?
A5: omnibenevolence
Q6: Does God have a gender?
A6: without any human biological gender
Q7: What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?
A7: a man (sometimes old and bearded)
Q8: What is a God in monotheism?
A8: Supreme Being and principal object of faith
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

Q1: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?
A1: theism
Q2: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?
A2: the creator, but not the sustainer
Q3: Which belief is that God is the universe?
A3: pantheism
Q4: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?
A4: atheism
Q5: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?
A5: agnosticism
Q6: What is God in theism?
A6: creator and sustainer of the universe
Q7: What is monotheism?
A7: belief in the existence of one God
Q8: What is pantheism?
A8: God is the universe itself
Q9: What is atheism?
A9: God is not believed to exist
Q10: What is God in deism?
A10: the creator
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.

Q1: What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?
A1: Yahweh and Jehovah
Q2: What is the Holy Trinity?
A2: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Q3: In the time of Atenism, what was God called?
A3: Aten
Q4: What is the Islamic name for God?
A4: Allah
Q5: What do members of the Bahá'í Faith call God?
A5: Baha
Q6: What was the first monotheistic religion?
A6: Atenism
Q7: What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?
A7: YHWH
Q8: What is the Christian God called?
A8: Yahweh and Jehovah
Q9: What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?
A9: Elohim or Adonai
Q10: Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?
A10: Aten
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Q1: Where is the English word God derived from?
A1: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan
Q2: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?
A2: neuter—applying to both genders
Q3: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?
A3: Christianization of the Germanic peoples
Q4: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
A4: Germanic paganism
Q5: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?
A5: "to call" or "to invoke"
Q6: Where does the word God come from originally?
A6: Codex Argenteus
Q7: What language does the English word God come from?
A7: German
Q8: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?
A8: neuter
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

Q1: What differentiates God from gods?
A1: the capitalized form of God
Q2: What belief has many gods?
A2: polytheism
Q3: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
A3: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton
Q4: What is the tetragrammaton gor God?
A4: YHWH
Q5: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?
A5: God
Q6: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?
A6: gods
Q7: What is the name of God in Judaism?
A7: YHWH
Q8: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?
A8: YHWH
There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]

Q1: What type of view do Christians take on God?
A1: trinitarian
Q2: How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?
A2: region, sect, and caste
Q3: Does hinduism only believe in a single god?
A3: ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic
Q4: What view does the Jewish community take on God?
A4: monotheistic
Q5: What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?
A5: dharmic
Q6: What type of religion is Judaism?
A6: monotheistic
Q7: What type of religion is Christianity?
A7: trinitarian
Q8: How many gods do the Hindu's have?
A8: monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic.
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

Q1: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?
A1: polytheism
Q2: Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?
A2: iconodules
Q3: What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?
A3: tawhid
Q4: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?
A4: Quran
Q5: What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?
A5: "oneness" or "uniqueness"
Q6: What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?
A6: Hinduism and Sikhism
Q7: What is the trinity in Christianity?
A7: one God in three persons
Q8: What do monotheists believe?
A8: one god
Q9: What do Muslims think of Christianity?
A9: comparing it to polytheism
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

Q1: What is the basis behind Catholic theology?
A1: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time
Q2: What ways can God interact with the universe?
A2: religious experience and the prayers of humans
Q3: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?
A3: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world
Q4: What is the suffix theism used for?
A4: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods
Q5: What are examples of different types of theism?
A5: monotheism or polytheism
Q6: What three points do most theists agree on?
A6: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,
Q7: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?
A7: Catholic
Q8: What does theism mean in general?
A8: belief in a god or gods
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

Q1: What is a deistic view of God?
A1: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it
Q2: How does a deistic God feel about us?
A2: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity
Q3: What is Pandeism?
A3: why God would create a universe and then abandon it
Q4: What does a deistic God not do?
A4: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles
Q5: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?
A5: Deism
Q6: What is deism?
A6: God has no interest in humanity
Q7: In deism is God represented in human form?
A7: God is not anthropomorphic
Q8: In deism, does God answer prayers?
A8: neither answers prayers
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

Q1: What is Pantheism?
A1: God is the universe and the universe is God
Q2: WHat is Panentheism?
A2: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe
Q3: WHat is Kabbalah?
A3: Jewish mysticism
Q4: Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A4: The Baal Shem Tov
Q5: What is pantheism?
A5: God is the universe
Q6: Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A6: The Baal Shem Tov
Q7: What is Panentheism?
A7: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe
Q8: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?
A8: Vaishnavism
Q9: What is another name for Jewish mysticism?
A9: Kabbalah
Q10: What is pantheism?
A10: God is the universe
Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.

Q1: What do some non-theists view God as?
A1: a symbol of human values and aspirations
Q2: Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"?
A2: Charles Bradlaugh
Q3: What is NOMA?
A3: non-overlapping magisteria
Q4: In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?
A4: science
Q5: What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?
A5: theology
Q6: Name the nineteenth century English atheist?
A6: Charles Bradlaugh
Q7: What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?
A7: non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA)
Q8: What category does NOMA fall under?
A8: theology
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference." Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.

Q1: What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?
A1: the discovery that the universe is infinitely old
Q2: What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?
A2: "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."
Q3: What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?
A3: a scientific difference
Q4: Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?
A4: Richard Dawkins
Q5: Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?
A5: Carl Sagan
Q6: How could science discover if there was not a creator?
A6: the universe is infinitely old.
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.

Q1: What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that "Is there a God"?
A1: who created God
Q2: Who wrote The Grand Design?
A2: Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow
Q3: What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?
A3: Neuroscientist
Q4: How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?
A4: purely within the realm of science
Q5: What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?
A5: The Grand Design
Q6: Who was Hawking's co-author?
A6: Leonard Mlodinow
Q7: Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?
A7: Michael Nikoletseas