romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

Q1: When did the Slavs invade Greece?
A1: 7th century
Q2: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.
A2: Barbarian
Q3: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?
A3: islands and coastal areas
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.

Q1: The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?
A1: 8th
Q2: The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?
A2: 9th
Q3: Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?
A3: Asia Minor
Q4: A stable Greece allowed it to have what?
A4: strong economic growth
Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.

Q1: Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?
A1: 1204
Q2: Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?
A2: 1261
Q3: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?
A3: Genoese and Venetian
Q4: In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?
A4: Byzantine
In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.

Q1: A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?
A1: Byzantine Empire
Q2: At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?
A2: Thessaloniki
Q3: Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?
A3: the Ottomans
Q4: The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?
A4: 1460
Q5: Who had a large impact on the Renaissance?
A5: Byzantine Greek scholars
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

Q1: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
A1: Cyprus and Crete
Q2: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
A2: 1797
Q3: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
A3: United Kingdom
Q4: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
A4: Aegean islands
Q5: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
A5: Cyprus and Crete
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]

Q1: Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?
A1: Islam
Q2: What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?
A2: Greek Orthodox Church
Q3: Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?
A3: Ottoman Empire
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

Q1: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?
A1: 1571
Q2: The Morean War took place during which years?
A2: 1684–1699
Q3: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?
A3: 1770
Q4: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?
A4: Russian
Q5: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?
A5: Ottoman Empire
The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Q1: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
A1: 16th and 17th centuries
Q2: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
A2: 18th
Q3: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
A3: Rigas Feraios
Q4: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year?
A4: 1798
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

Q1: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?
A1: 1814
Q2: The Society of Friends goal was what?
A2: liberating Greece
Q3: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?
A3: Filiki Eteria
Q4: The first of several revolutions began when?
A4: 6 March 1821
Q5: War was started with the Ottomans when?
A5: 17 March 1821
By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

Q1: In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?
A1: 1821
Q2: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?
A2: Theodoros Kolokotronis
Q3: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?
A3: Aegean Sea
Q4: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?
A4: 1822 and 1824
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

Q1: How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?
A1: two
Q2: Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?
A2: Ibrahim Pasha
Q3: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?
A3: February 1825
Q4: In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?
A4: 1826
Q5: Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?
A5: Mani
After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

Q1: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?
A1: Russia, the United Kingdom and France
Q2: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?
A2: the allied fleet
Q3: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?
A3: Ottoman–Egyptian
Q4: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?
A4: 1830
Q5: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?
A5: London Protocol
Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

Q1: In 1893 Greece announced what?
A1: public insolvency
Q2: To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?
A2: International Financial Control authority
Q3: The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?
A3: Demotic
Q4: A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?
A4: language
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

Q1: War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?
A1: 1877
Q2: A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?
A2: Crete
Q3: In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?
A3: 1881
At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

Q1: What divided Greece into two political groups?
A1: the country's foreign policy
Q2: How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?
A2: two
Q3: When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?
A3: the Triple Entente
Q4: Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?
A4: 1917
In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.

Q1: What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?
A1: 1919–1922
Q2: After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?
A2: Asia Minor
Q3: An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?
A3: Treaty of Lausanne
Q4: In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?
A4: 1914-1922
Q5: Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?
A5: Ottoman and Turkish officials
The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term "Greeks" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.

Q1: How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?
A1: 1.5 million
Q2: Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?
A2: Macedonian mountains
Q3: Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?
A3: Greek Isles and cities
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

Q1: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?
A1: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Q2: In 1924, what was established?
A2: Second Hellenic Republic
Q3: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?
A3: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Q4: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?
A4: 1936
Q5: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?
A5: 1924
Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–1942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.

Q1: How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?
A1: Over 100,000
Q2: In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?
A2: 1941–1942
Q3: What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?
A3: The Greek Resistance
Q4: How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?
A4: almost 1,000,000
Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Q1: Who founded the PASOK?
A1: Andreas Papandreou
Q2: What does PASOK stand for?
A2: Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Q3: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
A3: 1980
Q4: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
A4: 1999
Q5: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
A5: 1 January 1981
Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E, with the extreme points being:

Q1: Greece is where geographically?
A1: Southern Europe
Q2: Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?
A2: 11th longest
Q3: How long is Greece's coastline?
A3: 8,498 mi
Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.

Q1: How tall is Mount Olympus?
A1: 9,573 ft
Q2: The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?
A2: Mt. Smolikas
Q3: How tall is Mt. Smolikas?
A3: 8,652 ft
The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.

Q1: Where does the Pindus mountain range end?
A1: the island of Crete
Q2: Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?
A2: underwater mountains
Q3: What is the deepest gorge in the world?
A3: Vikos Gorge
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.

Q1: The Saronic gulf is near what city?
A1: Athens
Q2: The Cyclade islands are located where?
A2: central part of the Aegean Sea
Q3: The North Aegean islands are located where?
A3: west coast of Turkey
Q4: The Dodecanese islands are located where?
A4: between Crete and Turkey
Q5: The Sporades islands are located where?
A5: off the coast of northeast Euboea