romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Q1: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
A1: Pierre Belon
Q2: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
A2: 1553
Q3: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
A3: 1838
Q4: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
A4: revolution of 1830
Q5: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement?
A5: Place de la Concorde
In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

Q1: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
A1: 1838
Q2: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
A2: Pyrimont Seysell
Q3: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire?
A3: British asphalt industry
Q4: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
A4: Whitehall
Q5: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
A5: two
Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

Q1: For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?
A1: canoes
Q2: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?
A2: Henry Kelsey
Q3:  For what trading company did Kelsey work?
A3: Hudson’s Bay Company
Q4: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?
A4: Alexander MacKenzie
Q5: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?
A5: Canada
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

Q1: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
A1: 5%
Q2: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
A2: waterproofing
Q3: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
A3: 7–10%
Q4: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?
A4: 210 °C
Q5: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
A5: 20 millimeters
Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.

Q1: What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?
A1: diluted
Q2: What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?
A2: dilbit
Q3: What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?
A3: synbit
Q4: What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?
A4: Western Canadian Select
Q5: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?
A5: refining
Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

Q1: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?
A1: meteorites
Q2: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?
A2: living material
Q3: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?
A3: plants and animals
Q4: What feature originally covered Alberta?
A4: ocean
Q5: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?
A5: 50 to 150 °C
Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.

Q1: What component is added to bitumen to improve it?
A1: Selenizza
Q2: To what other paving material is Selenizza added?
A2: mastic asphalts
Q3: What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?
A3: fluid additives
Q4: In what form is Selenizza offered?
A4: granular
Q5: How is Selenizza shipped?
A5: bags
In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

Q1: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?
A1: mixture
Q2: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?
A2: tarmac
Q3: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?
A3: asphaltum
Q4: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?
A4: 'asphalt
Q5: What is the geological term for asphalt?
A5: Bitumen
Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Q1: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
A1: Bitumen
Q2: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
A2: solidifies
Q3: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
A3: deterioration
Q4: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
A4: Théodore Géricault's
Q5: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?
A5: unstable
In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

Q1: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
A1: Clarmac
Q2: When did Claridge's company liquidate?
A2: 1915
Q3: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
A3: First World War
Q4: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
A4: Clarmac Roads Ltd
Q5: What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?
A5: substantial amount
The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.

Q1: What is the biggest use of asphalt?
A1: road surfaces
Q2: How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?
A2: 85%
Q3: How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?
A3: 5%
Q4: What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?
A4: 95%
Q5: How many concrete plants are in the US?
A5: 4,000
Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

Q1: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
A1: syncrude
Q2: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
A2: upgrading facility
Q3: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
A3: Dr. Karl Clark
Q4: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
A4: 1920s
Q5: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
A5: 1 million barrels
About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

Q1: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?
A1: 40,000,000
Q2: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?
A2: 500 °C
Q3: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?
A3: Vacuum distillation
Q4: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?
A4: blowing
Q5: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?
A5: de-asphalting
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

Q1: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?
A1: Selenice, in Albania
Q2: What is it about the mine that is unusual?
A2: still in use
Q3: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands?
A3: rock asphalt
Q4: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?
A4: 83% to 92%
Q5: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?
A5: veins
People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.

Q1: By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?
A1: fumes or skin
Q2: What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?
A2: 5 mg/m3
Q3: How must asphalt be treated to be workable?
A3: heated or diluted
Q4: At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?
A4: greater than 199 °C
Q5: What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?
A5: temperature
Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

Q1: Who did Victoria marry?
A1: Prince Albert
Q2: What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?
A2: the grandmother of Europe
Q3: In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?
A3: her popularity recovered
Q4: What year did Prince Albert die?
A4: 1861
Q5: How many children did she have?
A5: nine
Q6: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A6: nine
Q7: What was the year of Alberts death?
A7: 1861
Q8: Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?
A8: celebration
Q9: What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?
A9: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q10: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?
A10: first cousin
Q11: What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?
A11: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q12: Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?
A12: 1840
Q13: How many children did Victoria and Albert have?
A13: nine
Q14: What year did Prince Albert die?
A14: 1861
Q15: Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?
A15: republicanism
Q16: When did Queen Victoria get married?
A16: 1840
Q17: What was the name of Victoria's husband?
A17: Prince Albert
Q18: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?
A18: the grandmother of Europe
Q19: When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?
A19: After Albert's death in 1861
Q20: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A20: nine
Q21: Who did Victoria marry?
A21: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q22: When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?
A22: 1840
Q23: How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A23: nine
Q24: What was Victoria's unofficial title?
A24: the grandmother of Europe
Q25: When did Prince Albert die?
A25: 1861
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.

Q1: Who was extremely protective over Victoria?
A1: mother
Q2: What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?
A2: Kensington System
Q3: Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?
A3: Sir John Conroy
Q4: What was Victoria's dog's name?
A4: Dash
Q5: During her free time, what did she play with?
A5: dolls
Q6: Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?
A6: her mother
Q7: What languages did Victoria take lessons in?
A7: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q8: What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?
A8: English
Q9: Who was Victoria's mothers lover?
A9: Sir John Conroy
Q10: What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?
A10: Kensington System
Q11: What system did Victorias mother raise her under?
A11: Kensington System
Q12: Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?
A12: Sir John Conroy
Q13: Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?
A13: Sir John Conroy
Q14: Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?
A14: Sir John Conroy
Q15: What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?
A15: Dash
Q16: What was the Kensington System?
A16: an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess
Q17: How did Victoria describe her childhood?
A17: rather melancholy
Q18: What languages did Victoria study?
A18: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q19: What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?
A19: Dash
Q20: What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?
A20: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q21: What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?
A21: Kensington System
Q22: Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?
A22: Sir John Conroy
Q23: Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?
A23: most of her father's family