romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.

Q1: West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
A1: Poles, Czechs and Slovaks
Q2: East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
A2: Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians
Q3: South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
A3: Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins
Q4: West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?
A4: North Slavs
The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

Q1: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?
A1: Proto-Slavic
Q2: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?
A2: Old Church Slavonic
Q3: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?
A3: Procopius
Q4: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?
A4: Latin
The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

Q1: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"
A1: slovo
Q2: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"
A2: němci
Q3: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?
A3: Roman Jakobson
The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Q1: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?
A1: *ḱlew
Q2: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?
A2: Pericles
Q3: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?
A3: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

Q1: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?
A1: sclave
Q2: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?
A2: Sklavinoi
Q3: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?
A3: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym
Q4: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
A4: medieval Arab historiographers
Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.

Q1: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?
A1: Lozinski
Q2: Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?
A2: S.B. Bernstein
Q3: The suffix -enin indicates what?
A3: a man from a certain place
Q4: Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?
A4: Henrich Bartek
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Q1: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
A1: River Danube
Q2: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
A2: Slavic raids
Q3: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
A3: c. 600 AD
Q4: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
A4: the Balkans
The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Q1: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
A1: in the early 6th century
Q2: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
A2: the Antes and the Sclaveni
Q3: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?
A3: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea
Q4: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
A4: the Danubian provinces
Q5: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
A5: under Justinian I
Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Q1: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
A1: Procopius
Q2: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
A2: 545
Q3: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?
A3: Spori
Q4: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?
A4: their social structure and beliefs
Q5: Who did Procopius write about in 545?
A5: the Sclaveni and the Antae
Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Q1: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
A1: Jordanes
Q2: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
A2: the Sclaveni
Q3: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
A3: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Q1: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A1: Menander Protector
Q2: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A2: Daurentius
Q3: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
A3: the Avars
Q4: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
A4: Daurentius
Q5: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
A5: Khagan Bayan I
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

Q1: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?
A1: the Veneti
Q2: The Veneti tribe was located where?
A2: east of the River Vistula
Q3: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?
A3: Veneti
Q4: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?
A4: in the Roman period
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Q1: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?
A1: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia
Q2: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?
A2: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires
Q3: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?
A3: Germans
Q4: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?
A4: Iberia and north Africa
Q5: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
A5: the Huns and their allies
Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Q1: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?
A1: Around the 6th century
Q2: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?
A2: Byzantine borders
Q3: Where else reported Slavic settlements?
A3: Peloponnese and Asia Minor
Q4: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?
A4: the Eastern Alps
Q5: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?
A5: By the end of the 6th century
When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

Q1: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?
A1: the first rudiments of state organizations
Q2: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?
A2: When their migratory movements ended
Q3: Early state organizations where headed by what?
A3: a prince with a treasury and a defense force
Q4: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?
A4: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors
In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Q1: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?
A1: the 7th century
Q2: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?
A2: Samo
Q3: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?
A3: Carantania
Q4: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?
A4: 681
Q5: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?
A5: Slavic literacy and Christianity
As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

Q1: What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?
A1: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro
Q2: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?
A2: 1878
Q3: Whose official independence was declared in 1908?
A3: Bulgaria
Q4: When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?
A4: In 1918
During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.

Q1: Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?
A1: Hitler's
Q2: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?
A2: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost
Q3: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?
A3: 19.3 million civilians
Q4: What is the German word for living space?
A4: Lebensraum
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Q1: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
A1: succession of wars, famines and other disasters
Q2: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
A2: Stephen J. Lee
Q3: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
A3: 1945
Q4: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?
A4: Russia and the Soviet Union
Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

Q1: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?
A1: In the 19th century
Q2: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?
A3: Pan-Slavism
Q4: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?
A4: Yugoslavia
Q5: When did Yugoslavia break apart?
A5: 1990s
The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).

Q1: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?
A1: 1939–1945
Q2: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?
A2: 1943–1992
Q3: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
A3: 1992–2003
Q4: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?
A4: 2003–2006
Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

Q1: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?
A1: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR
Q2: What is the largest Slavic minority?
A2: Russians
Q3: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?
A3: Kazakhstan
Q4: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?
A4: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Q1: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
A1: Pan-Slavism
Q2: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
A2: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice
Q3: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
A3: The Russian Empire
Q4: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
A4: between 1945 and 1948
Q5: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
A5: until the period 1989–1991
Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Q1: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
A1: Slavic studies
Q2: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
A2: As early as 1833
Q3: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
A3: Slavic languages
Q4: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?
A4: Indo-European
Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Q1: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
A1: The alphabet
Q2: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
A2: The Orthodox
Q3: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
A3: the Roman Catholics
Q4: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?
A4: the Bosniaks
Q5: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
A5: the Lacinka alphabet
Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Q1: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
A1: Proto-Slavic
Q2: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
A2: Baltic languages
Q3: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
A3: Balto-Slavic
Q4: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
A4: Indo-Europeans
Q5: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
A5: Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Q1: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
A1: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic
Q2: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
A2: Proto-Slavic
Q3: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
A3: Thessaloniki
Q4: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
A4: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts