romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.

Q1: Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?
A1: Liverpool
Q2: How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?
A2: 350
Q3: What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?
A3: Freddie and the Dreamers
Q4: Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?
A4: Manchester
Q5: Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?
A5: Manchester
Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie May", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.

Q1: Who was "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" composed by?
A1: Richard Sheale
Q2: Where was Richard Sheale from?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: What did the county share with it's national traditions?
A3: balladry
Q4: What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?
A4: music making
Q5: What is the finest border ballad?
A5: The Ballad of Chevy Chase
The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century.

Q1: When was Lancashire established?
A1: 1182
Q2: When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?
A2: Roman times
Q3: In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?
A3: 410AD
Q4: What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?
A4: a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe
Q5: When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?
A5: mid-8th century
By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.

Q1: How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?
A1: 5,129,416
Q2: What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: When was the administrative county abolished?
A3: 1 April 1974
Q4: What incorporated the Furness exclave?
A4: Cumbria
Q5: What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?
A5: Merseyside and Greater Manchester
A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county. Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood.

Q1: Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?
A1: James Orchard Halliwell
Q2: Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?
A2: Harry Boardman
Q3: Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?
A3: The Spinners
Q4: Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?
A4: Irish and Scottish folk music
Q5: What is one of the regular folk festivals called?
A5: Fylde Folk Festival
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field.

Q1: What is the county flower of Lancaster?
A1: The Red Rose of Lancaster
Q2: Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?
A2: on the county's heraldic badge and flag
Q3: What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?
A3: a red rose on a white field
Q4: What is on the official Lancashire flag?
A4: red rose on a gold field
Q5: Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?
A5: Montrose in Scotland
More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester). The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.

Q1: In what year was Hugh Wood born?
A1: 1932
Q2: Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?
A2: Salford
Q3: When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?
A3: 1893
Q4: When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?
A4: 1972
Q5: What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?
A5: the Northern College of Music
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.

Q1: What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?
A1: Early Triassic
Q2: What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?
A2: deserts
Q3: What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?
A3: Pangaea
Q4: What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??
A4: 95%
Q5: What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?
A5: Temnospondyli
The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Q1: What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
A1: climatic changes
Q2: When was the top of archosaur diversity?
A2: Jurassic
Q3: What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?
A3: Angiosperms
Q4: What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?
A4: angiosperms
Q5: What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?
A5: cycad and ferns
The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs.

Q1: What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?
A1: Permian–Triassic extinction
Q2: How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?
A2: 70%
Q3: What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?
A3: Great Dying
Q4: What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?
A4: 90% to 96%
Q5: What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?
A5: K–Pg) extinction
The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.

Q1: What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?
A1: 100 million to 65 million years
Q2: What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?
A2: cooling
Q3: What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?
A3: tropics
Q4: What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?
A4: extreme seasonal changes
Q5: What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?
A5: K-T Extinction
The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale".

Q1: What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?
A1: climate
Q2: What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?
A2: carbon dioxide
Q3: During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?
A3: deserts
Q4: What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?
A4: black shale
Q5: What was about equal across the planet?
A5: temperatures
The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

Q1: What was the span of the Late Triassic?
A1: 237 million to 200 million years
Q2: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?
A2: heat spells
Q3: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
A3: Triassic
Q4: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?
A4: Triassic-Jurassic extinction
Q5: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
A5: crocodiles
The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

Q1: What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?
A1: 145 million to 100 million years
Q2: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?
A2: expansion of seaways
Q3: What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?
A3: Ichthyosaurs
Q4: What species dominated the seas?
A4: Mosasaurs
Q5: What dinosaur spread to every continent?
A5: Iguanodon
Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Q1: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
A1: increase in seafloor
Q2: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
A2: flooded coastal areas
Q3: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
A3: Tethys Sea
Q4: What weather condition increased?
A4: Temperatures
Q5: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
A5: deserts
The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

Q1: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?
A1: 200 million years to 175 million
Q2: Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?
A2: Plesiosaurs
Q3: What was the highest order of species n land?
A3: Dilophosaurus
Q4: What other order evolved during the Jurassic?
A4: true mammals
Q5: What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?
A5: more humid
Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

Q1: At what time was tectonic formation mild?
A1: Mesozoic
Q2: Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?
A2: Arctic
Q3: What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?
A3: Pangaea
Q4: What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?
A4: Laurasia
Q5: What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
A5: Gondwana
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

Q1: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?
A1: specialized animals
Q2: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?
A2: 30M years
Q3: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?
A3: mid-Triassic
Q4: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
A4: reptiles
Q5: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?
A5: 4M to 6M
The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Q1: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
A1: Permian–Triassic extinction
Q2: When did the Mesozoic end?
A2: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
Q3: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A3: tectonic
Q4: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A4: evolutionary
Q5: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
A5: Cenozoic
The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Q1: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
A1: 247 million to 237 million
Q2: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
A2: breakup of Pangaea
Q3: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
A3: the Great Dying
Q4: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?
A4: Tethys Sea
Q5: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
A5: reptiles