romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The effects of the "Twin Shocks"—the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing—were profound. On 10 August the "sacred decision" was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the "authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender, ending the Second World War.

Q1: How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion?
A1: "Twin Shocks"
Q2: When did Japan surrender?
A2: 15 August
Q3: What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms?
A3: "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler"
Q4: What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition?
A4: "authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers"
Q5: What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms?
A5: "sacred decision"
In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as "V-J Day" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu.

Q1: What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?
A1: 14 August
Q2: What day is know in the United States as "V-J Day"?
A2: 15 August
Q3: When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?
A3: 2 September 1945
Q4: On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?
A4: USS Missouri
Q5: Who accepted the Japanese surrender?
A5: General Douglas MacArthur
A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are "comfort women", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono said that women were coerced into brothels run by Japan's wartime military. Other Japanese leaders have apologized, including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001. In 2007, then-Prime Minister Shinzō Abe claimed: "The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion."

Q1: How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?
A1: 200,000
Q2: In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?
A2: 35
Q3: In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.
A3: Junichiro Koizumi
Q4: In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?
A4: Shinzō Abe
Q5: Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?
A5: Korea and China
Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942. On 19 February, Darwin suffered a devastating air raid, the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked. Over the following 19 months, Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times.

Q1: About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya?
A1: 15,000
Q2: In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea?
A2: 1942
Q3: What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?
A3: 19 February
Q4: What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19?
A4: Darwin
Q5: For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan?
A5: 19
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

Q1: Richmond is located at what line of the James river?
A1: the fall line
Q2: At what intersections is the Richmond located?
A2: Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.
Q3: What counties are located? around Washington.D.C?
A3: Henrico and Chesterfield counties
Q4: What suburb is located on the southwest?
A4: Midlothian
Q5: What suburb is located on the north and west?
A5: Glen Allen
Q6: What are the major roads in Richmond?
A6: Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288
Q7: What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away?
A7: 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg
Q8: What counties surround Richmond?
A8: Henrico and Chesterfield counties
Q9: Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond.
A9: Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast
Q10: How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?
A10: 44
Q11: How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?
A11: 106
Q12: Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?
A12: south
Q13: What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?
A13: Midlothian
Q14: Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?
A14: west
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

Q1: Richmond was an important city of what confederacy?
A1: the Powhatan Confederacy
Q2: Richmond was briefly settled by whom?
A2: English colonists from Jamestown
Q3: When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?
A3: 1609, and in 1610–1611
Q4: When was present day Richmond founded?
A4: 1737
Q5: what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
A5: Give me liberty or give me death
Q6: When was Richmond first settled?
A6: 1609
Q7: When was the City of Richmond founded?
A7: 1737
Q8: What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond?  Where?
A8: Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church
Q9: What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?
A9: Confederate
Q10: Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A10: Thomas Jefferson
Q11: What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
A11: English
Q12: In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
A12: 1737
Q13: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
A13: Give me liberty or give me death
Q14: In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
A14: St. John's Church
Q15: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A15: Thomas Jefferson
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Q1: What things are important to the economy of Richmond?
A1: law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies
Q2: What judicial branches are located in Richmond?
A2: The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals
Q3: There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond.  How many are there, total?
A3: 12 Federal Reserve Banks
Q4: Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond
A4: Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco
Q5: Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?
A5: government
Q6: What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
A6: Fourth
Q7: How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
A7: 13
Q8: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
A8: 12
Q9: Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?
A9: Dominion Resources
In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Q1: What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?
A1: 1775
Q2: What happened on April 18, 1780?
A2: the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond
Q3: What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?
A3: Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence
Q4: What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?
A4: to isolate the capital from British attack
Q5: Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781
A5: Thomas Jefferson
Q6: What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
A6: First Continental Congress
Q7: What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
A7: Williamsburg
Q8: What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
A8: Benedict Arnold
Q9: Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
A9: Sampson Mathews
Q10: Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
A10: Thomas Jefferson
Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Q1: What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A1: the basis for the separation of church and state
Q2: Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A2: Thomas Jefferson
Q3: Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?
A3: Thomas Jefferson
Q4: Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?
A4: Capitol building, was designed by
Q5: When was the Capital building completed?
A5: 1788
Q6: Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?
A6: Charles-Louis Clérisseau
Q7: In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?
A7: 1788
Q8: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
A8: Richmond
Q9: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
A9: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Q10: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
A10: 1782
After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.

Q1: What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?
A1: James River and Kanawha Canal
Q2: To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?
A2: Kanawha River
Q3: To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?
A3: Philadelphia
Q4: What was Henry Brown's nickname?
A4: Box
Q5: What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?
A5: industrial
On 17 April 1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond. The city was at the end of a long supply line, which made it somewhat difficult to defend, although supplies continued to reach the city by canal and wagon for years, since it was protected by the Army of Northern Virginia and arguably the Confederacy's best troops and commanders. It became the main target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5.

Q1: On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?
A1: 17 April 1861
Q2: After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?
A2: Confederacy
Q3: Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?
A3: 1862
In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.

Q1: What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?
A1: Tredegar Iron Works
Q2: What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?
A2: CSS Virginia
Q3: What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?
A3: White House of the Confederacy
Q4: How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?
A4: two blocks
Q5: Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?
A5: McClellan
Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond.

Q1: Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?
A1: east
Q2: 5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?
A2: tenth
Q3: On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?
A3: Boydton Plank
Q4: What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?
A4: John B. Gordon
Q5: In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?
A5: March
Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

Q1: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?
A1: tobacco
Q2: What general received the surrender of Richmond?
A2: Godfrey Weitzel
Q3: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?
A3: April 2, 1865
Q4: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?
A4: train
Q5: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
A5: 25
President Abraham Lincoln visited General Grant at Petersburg on April 3, and took a launch to Richmond the next day, while Jefferson Davis attempted to organize his Confederate government at Danville. Lincoln met Confederate assistant secretary of War John A. Campbell, and handed him a note inviting Virginia's legislature to end their rebellion. After Campbell spun the note to Confederate legislators as a possible end to the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln rescinded his offer and ordered General Weitzel to prevent the Confederate state legislature from meeting. Union forces killed, wounded or captured 8000 Confederate troops at Saylor's Creek southwest of Petersburg on April 6. General Lee continued to reject General Grant's surrender suggestion until Sheridan's infantry and cavalry appeared in front of his retreating army on April 8. He surrendered his remaining approximately 10000 troops at Appomattox Court House the following morning. Jefferson Davis retreated to North Carolina, then further south. when Lincoln rejected the surrender terms negotiated by general Sherman and envoys of North Carolina governor Zebulon Vance, which failed to mention slavery. Davis was captured on May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia and taken back to Virginia, where he was charged with treason and imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail.

Q1: What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond?
A1: April 3
Q2: How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?
A2: 10000
Q3: To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?
A3: North Carolina
Q4: In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?
A4: Appomattox Court House
Q5: How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?
A5: two
Richmond emerged a decade after the smoldering rubble of the Civil War to resume its position as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads, allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads, eventually including the site of the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role, boosted by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine, invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81. Contributing to Richmond's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. Designed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in 1888, and electric streetcar lines rapidly spread to other cities across the country. Sprague's system used an overhead wire and trolley pole to collect current, with electric motors on the car's trucks. In Richmond, the transition from streetcars to buses began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.

Q1: What mode of transportation took over from the canals?
A1: railroads
Q2: What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?
A2: triple
Q3: Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?
A3: James Albert Bonsack
Q4: From what city did James Bonsack originate?
A4: Roanoke
Q5: What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?
A5: Richmond Union Passenger Railway
By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.

Q1: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?
A1: 85,050
Q2: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?
A2: 13
Q3: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?
A3: 37.9
Q4: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?
A4: Wall Street of Black America
Q5: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?
A5: Maggie L. Walker
Between 1963 and 1965, there was a "downtown boom" that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city. In 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute. In 1970, Richmond's borders expanded by an additional 27 square miles (70 km2) on the south. After several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County fought annexation, more than 47,000 people who once were Chesterfield County residents found themselves within the city's perimeters on January 1, 1970. In 1996, still-sore tensions arose amid controversy involved in placing a statue of African American Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe to the famed series of statues of Confederate heroes of the Civil War on Monument Avenue. After several months of controversy, the bronze statue of Ashe was finally completed on Monument Avenue facing the opposite direction from the Confederate Heroes on July 10, 1996.

Q1: When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end?
A1: 1965
Q2: About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?
A2: 700
Q3: What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?
A3: Medical College of Virginia
Q4: In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?
A4: south
Q5: People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?
A5: Chesterfield