romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Q1: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
A1: 2013
Q2: How old was the young boy's remains?
A2: 24,000-year-old
Q3: What culture was the boy from?
A3: Mal'ta-Buret'
Q4: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
A4: western Eurasians
Q5: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
A5: 14 to 38 percent
A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Q1: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
A1: route through Beringia
Q2: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
A2: similarities in ages and geographical distributions
Q3: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
A3: the mtDNA phylogeny
Q4: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
A4: 2012
Q5: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
A5: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America
Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Q1: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
A1: Africa and southwest corner of Asia
Q2: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
A2: Sinai Peninsula
Q3: How larger is Egypt?
A3: 1,010,408 square kilometres
Q4: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
A4: Red Sea
Q5: What country borders Egypt to the south?
A5: Sudan
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Q1: How far back does Egypt's history date back?
A1: tenth millennium BC
Q2: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
A2: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government
Q3: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
A3: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European
Q4: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
A4: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx
Q5: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
A5: seventh century
With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Q1: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
A1: over 90 million
Q2: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
A2: third-most populous in Africa
Q3: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
A3: Nile River
Q4: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
A4: Sahara desert
Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Q1: What leader stepped down in 2011?
A1: President Hosni Mubarak
Q2: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
A3: tourism, agriculture, industry and services
Q4: What influence does Egypt have?
A4: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world
Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Q1: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
A1: Miṣr
Q2: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
A2: מִצְרַיִם
Q3: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
A3: Akkadian
Q4: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
A4: "border" or "frontier".
By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Q1: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
A1: Nile Valley
Q2: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
A2: Badarian culture
Q3: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
A3: 3200 BC
Q4: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
A4: more than two thousand years
The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

Q1: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?
A1: 150 years
Q2: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
A2: Hyksos
Q3: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?
A3: Avaris
Q4: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?
A4: Semitic Hyksos
The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

Q1: What year were the New Kingdom in control?
A1: 1550–1070 BC
Q2: What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?
A2: Eighteenth Dynasty
Q3: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?
A3: Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II
Q4: Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?
A4: Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians
In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

Q1: Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?
A1: Achaemenid Persians
Q2: What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?
A2: Psamtik III
Q3: From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?
A3: Susa in Persia
Q4: What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?
A4: 525 BC to 402 BC,
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Q1: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A1: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia
Q2: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A2: Pharaohs
Q3: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
A3: Alexandria
Q4: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A4: Egyptian
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Q1: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A1: Cleopatra VII
Q2: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?
A2: Octavian
Q3: How did Mark Anthony's love die?
A3: suicide
Q4: What culture annexed Egypt?
A4: Rome
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Q1: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
A1: Byzantines
Q2: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
A2: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Q3: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
A3: ten years
Q4: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
A4: Sunni Islam
Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

Q1: Who modernized Egyptian army?
A1: Muhammad Ali Pasha
Q2: In what 2 ways was Army improved?
A2: strengthening it with numbers and in skill
Q3: Why did military use barracks?
A3: to avoid distraction of their growth
Q4: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?
A4: nationalism and pride
The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Q1: When was Suez canal completed?
A1: 1869
Q2: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?
A2: French
Q3: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?
A3: 1875
Q4: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?
A4: Ismail
Q5: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?
A5: British Government
The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

Q1: When was new constitution drafted?
A1: 1923
Q2: What system of government was constitution based on?
A2: parliamentary system
Q3: Who was elected in 1924?
A3: Saad Zaghlul
Q4: Who succeeded King Farouk?
A4: his son Fuad
Q5: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?
A5: 1954
In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

Q1: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
A1: 1958
Q2: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
A2: United Arab Republic
Q3: How long did the union with Syria last?
A3: 1961
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

Q1: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?
A1: Mohamed Fawzi
Q2: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?
A2: three successive steps
Q3: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?
A3: Soviet Union i
Q4: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"
A4: 23 May
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Q1: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?
A1: less than half a million
Q2: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
A2: four million
Q3: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
A3: 17 million
Q4: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?
A4: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists
Q5: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?
A5: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse
In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.

Q1: When did Nasser die?
A1: 1970
Q2: Who succeeded Nasser?
A2: Anwar Sadat
Q3: Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?
A3: United States,
Q4: What was the October War?
A4: surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier
Q5: What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?
A5: peace with Israel
In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Q1: What was encouraged through Infitah?
A1: foreign investment
Q2: What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
A2: reduced taxes and import tariffs
Q3: What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?
A3: elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs
Q4: What occured in 1977?
A4: Egyptian Bread Riots.
During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.

Q1: What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?
A1: National Democratic Party,
Q2: What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?
A2: 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law
Q3: When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?
A3: late 1990s
Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

Q1: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
A1: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity
Q2: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
A2: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party
Q3: What was the long term goal for Egypt?
A3: democracy
Q4: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
A4: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring