romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.

Q1: What was Punjab formerly known as?
A1: Panchanada
Q2: What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?
A2: the Indus Valley Civilization
Q3: When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?
A3: more than 4000 years ago
Q4: What was the major Indus city in Punjab?
A4: Harrapa
Q5: What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?
A5: the Lahore-Multan railroad
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.

Q1: Who has invaded Punjab?
A1: Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans
Q2: Who founded Taxila?
A2: son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram
Q3: What is said to be the world's oldest university?
A3: Takshashila University
Q4: Who was Chanakya?
A4: great Vedic thinker and politician
Q5: What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?
A5: the Maurya Empire
The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed]

Q1: Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?
A1: Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan
Q2: From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?
A2: northeasterly
Q3: What wealth did Alexander hope to find?
A3: riches in gold, gems and pearls
Q4: Who were the Aspii?
A4: mountaineers
Q5: Who were the Cathians?
A5: the people of Multan
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

Q1: What religion did Punjab become?
A1: Muslim
Q2: What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?
A2: dargahs
Q3: Who led the Umayyad army?
A3: Muhammad bin Qasim
Q4: Where did the Umayyads conquer?
A4: Sindh and Southern Punjab
Q5: Who did the Umayyads defeat?
A5: Raja Dahir
In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.

Q1: Who was Raghunath Rao?
A1: the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire
Q2: Who did Rao conquer in 1758?
A2: Lahore and Attock
Q3: When was the Third Battle of Panipat?
A3: 1761
Q4: Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?
A4: Maratha
Q5: Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?
A5: Ahmad Shah Abdali
In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.

Q1: When did Sikhism begin?
A1: mid-fifteenth century
Q2: In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?
A2: Mughal empire
Q3: When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?
A3: December 1826
Q4: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?
A4: 1831
Q5: Who won at Balakot?
A5: the professional Sikh Army
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]

Q1: When did Ranjit Singh die?
A1: summer of 1839
Q2: What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?
A2: political chaos
Q3: When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?
A3: 1849
Q4: When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
A4: 1849
Q5: What was the last territory added to British India?
A5: the Sikh Empire
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.

Q1: When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?
A1: 1965 and 1971
Q2: What is Kahuta an important location for?
A2: Pakistan's nuclear program
Q3: Where does Punjab have major military bases?
A3: Sargodha and Rawalpindi
Q4: When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?
A4: 2004
Q5: Who visits Nankana Sahib?
A5: Sikh pilgrims
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

Q1: When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?
A1: by May
Q2: When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?
A2: since the early 1970s
Q3: How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?
A3: 51 °C
Q4: What was the record heat spike in Multan?
A4: 54 °C
Q5: When was the record heat spike in Multan?
A5: June 1993
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری‎) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.

Q1: What is Punjab's major language?
A1: Punjabi
Q2: How is Punjabi written?
A2: in a Shahmukhi script
Q3: What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?
A3: Punjabis
Q4: What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?
A4: 89%
Q5: Where is Saraiki usually spoken?
A5: south Punjab
The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Q1: Who elects the Chief Minister?
A1: the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Q2: In what year did Sharif become CM?
A2: 2009
Q3: When was Sharif re-elected CM?
A3: 11 May 2013
Q4: What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?
A4: unicameral
Q5: How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?
A5: 371
Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

Q1: How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?
A1: quadrupled
Q2: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?
A2: 54.7%
Q3: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?
A3: 59%
Q4: What manpower does Punjab provide?
A4: largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan
Q5: How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?
A5: 6%
Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

Q1: What geographic feature does Punjab not have?
A1: coastline
Q2: What medical product does Punjab manufacture?
A2: surgical instruments
Q3: What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?
A3: bicycles and rickshaws
Q4: How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?
A4: 90%
Q5: How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?
A5: 69%
Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

Q1: What kind of climate does Punjab have?
A1: tropical wet and dry
Q2: Who built Punjab's irrigation system?
A2: the British
Q3: What are Punjab's largest crops?
A3: Wheat and cotton
Q4: What are Punjab's secondary crops?
A4: rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo
Q5: What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?
A5: the Hindu calendar
As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked.

Q1: What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?
A1: electricity
Q2: How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?
A2: 20–22 hours a day
Q3: Where were there riots in June 2012?
A3: Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District
Q4: Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?
A4: Fesco, Gepco and Mepco
The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

Q1: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?
A1: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran
Q2: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?
A2: 1320 AD
Q3: When did Gardezi die?
A3: 1150 AD
Q4: When was Ahangar's tomb built?
A4: sixteenth century
Q5: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?
A5: blue
The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.

Q1: What are urs?
A1: fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints
Q2: When are urs held?
A2: the death anniversary of the saint
Q3: What genre of music is played at urs?
A3: folk
Q4: Where is Buksh's shrine?
A4: Lahore
Q5: Where is Zakria's shrine?
A5: Multan
Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

Q1: What is Punjab's biggest festival?
A1: The national horse and cattle show
Q2: Where is the national horse and cattle show held?
A2: Lahore
Q3: What happens at the national horse and cattle show?
A3: sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions
The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

Q1: What famous tomb is in Lahore?
A1: Jahangir's Tomb
Q2: Where was Nanak born?
A2: Nankana Sahib
Q3: Who was the first Sikh Guru?
A3: Guru Nanak
Q4: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
A4: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro
Q5: What famous mosque is in Punjab?
A5: Badshahi Mosque
Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.

Q1: Who are some well-known Punjab poets?
A1: Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah
Q2: What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?
A2: folk singers
Q3: Who is the 'Queen of Music'?
A3: Malika-i-Mauseequi
Q4: When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?
A4: from 1930 until 1979
For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.

Q1: What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?
A1: Ghazals and folk songs
Q2: What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?
A2: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons
Q3: Who sings about the joy of living?
A3: Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi
Q4: What does Heer Ranjha sing about?
A4: Love
Q5: What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?
A5: Ghazals and folk songs