romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, "ideas"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (οἶδα, "(I) know") and eidos (εἶδος, "species") have the same root as the word idea (ἰδέα), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.

Q1: Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?
A1: Anaxagoras
Q2: Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?
A2: Plato
Q3: What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?
A3: eidos
Kouros (male youth) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece. This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. The first statues are certainly still and formal. The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent, but it was accepted for a good reason. The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is, and embodied the archaic smile of good manners, the firm and springy step, the balance of the body, dignity, and youthful happiness. When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men, it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods. The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented. These forms expressed immortality. Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order. His shrine in Delphi, that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions: γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnōthi seautón="know thyself") and μηδὲν ἄγαν (mēdén ágan, "nothing in excess"), and ἐγγύα πάρα δ'ἄτη (eggýa pára d'atē, "make a pledge and mischief is nigh").

Q1: What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece?
A1: Kouros
Q2: What is another word for male youth?
A2: Kouros
Q3: Who was the immortal god of ideal balance?
A3: Apollo
In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period (640–580 BC), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life. The Greeks maintained, until late in their civilization, an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive. This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself. A fine example is the statue of the Sacred gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens (Dipylon Kouros). The statue is the "thing in itself", and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity. According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus, and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body, giving the impression that the statues could move. It is considered that he created also the New York kouros, which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type, and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself.

Q1: The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?
A1: early archaic period
Q2: What was the name of the Dipylon master?
A2: Daedalus
Q3: Who created the New York kouros?
A3: Daedalus
The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.

Q1: Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?
A1: Daedalus
Q2: During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?
A2: Minoan period
Q3: These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?
A3: marble
The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520–485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.

Q1: What period ran from 520-485 BC?
A1: late archaic period
Q2: What was the harbour of Athens?
A2: Piraeus
Q3: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?
A3: the bow
Q4: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?
A4: a cup of pouring libation
In the next century which is the beginning of the Classical period, it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else, consisted of symmetry and proportions. The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment (Myron), which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element. Anatomy and geometry are fused in one, and each does something to the other. The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions, just as they sought some reality behind appearances. Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements (materials), but of the parts, that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras. The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm. The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic. The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm, of which in the Louvre example, a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps.

Q1: Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements?
A1: Polykleitos
Q2: In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm?
A2: Apollo Citharoedus statue type
Q3: What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE.
A3: neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century
Though the proportions were always important in Greek art, the appeal of the Greek sculptures eludes any explanation by proportion alone. The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence, and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period, and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze-age. Just as the Greeks saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings, so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form, and the form of a work of art. Spiritual life is incorporated in matter, when it is given artistic form. Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances, so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same. Artists and sculptors tried to find this ideal order in relation with mathematics, but they believed that this ideal order revealed itself not so much to the dispassionate intellect, as to the whole sentient self. Things as we see them, and as they really are, are one, that each stresses the nature of the other in a single unity.

Q1: The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence?
A1: Apollo
Q2: Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period?
A2: Minoan
Q3: What people saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings?
A3: Greeks
These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.

Q1: Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?
A1: The artists
Q2: What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?
A2: These representations
Q3: While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?
A3: the general sequence to which it belongs
Apollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types). The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century. The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.

Q1: Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand?
A1: Apollo
Q2: What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century?
A2: The Apollo Belvedere
Q3: Who made the Apollo Belvedere?
A3: Leochares
Q4: When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?
A4: between 350 and 325 BCE
Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.

Q1: How many States renounced their preferred political party?
A1: three
Q2: Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?
A2: New Hampshire
Q3: How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?
A3: 252
Q4: How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes?
A4: the smallest ever
Q5: Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?
A5: Bush
Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country.

Q1: What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?
A1: terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001
Q2: How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?
A2: eight months
Q3: Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?
A3: surged to near 90%
Q4: How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?
A4: Within a month
Q5: By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?
A5: December
The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed, and believed to still maintain. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the U.N. sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force. Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a "coalition of the willing" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces, however, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Traces of former materials and weapons labs were reported to have been located, but no "smoking guns". Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of "major combat operations" in the Iraq War. Bush's approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll. However, Bush's high approval ratings did not last. First, while the war itself was popular in the U.S., the reconstruction and attempted "democratization" of Iraq lost some support as months passed and casualty figures increased, with no decrease in violence nor progress toward stability or reconstruction. Second, as investigators combed through the country, they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles, which led to debate over the rationale for the war.

Q1: Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?
A1: Saddam Hussein
Q2: What does WMD stand for?
A2: weapons of mass destruction
Q3: When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?
A3: November 2002
Q4: Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?
A4: without UN authorization
Q5: After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?
A5: they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles
On March 10, 2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. Bush accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. (In New York, the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State.) During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.

Q1: By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?
A1: March 10, 2004
Q2: When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?
A2: September 2, 2004
Q3: Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?
A3: Dick Cheney
Q4: Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?
A4: terrorism and building an ownership society
Q5: In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?
A5: Conservative Party
By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who became known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the Bush administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. Senator Lieberman, a liberal on domestic issues but a hawk on the War on Terror, failed to gain traction with liberal Democratic primary voters.

Q1: Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?
A1: Howard Dean
Q2: Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?
A2: a fund raiser
Q3: What did Dean's backers become known as?
A3: Deaniacs
Q4: What government position has Howard Dean previously held?
A4: governor
Q5: Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?
A5: the 2003 invasion of Iraq
In September 2003, retired four-star general Wesley Clark announced his intention to run in the presidential primary election for the Democratic Party nomination. His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography. His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals. This weakness was apparent in his first few debates, although he soon presented a range of position papers, including a major tax-relief plan. Nevertheless, the Democrats did not flock to support his campaign.

Q1: Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race, in the fall of 2003?
A1: Wesley Clark
Q2: What did Wesley Clark's initial campaign ads depend upon?
A2: biography
Q3: What were Wesley Clarks's core issues?
A3: leadership and patriotism
Q4: What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?
A4: few detailed policy proposals
Q5: Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing?
A5: did not flock to support his campaign
In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the "magical" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.

Q1: Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?
A1: Kerry
Q2: Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?
A2: New Hampshire
Q3: What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?
A3: he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan
Q4: Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?
A4: Mary Beth Cahill
Q5: What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?
A5: mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign
In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt.

Q1: Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?
A1: Lyndon LaRouche
Q2: Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?
A2: John Kerry
Q3: Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?
A3: Gephardt
Q4: What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?
A4: Federal Election Commission
By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.

Q1: How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?
A1: nine
Q2: Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?
A2: John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards
Q3: Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?
A3: Dean
Q4: Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?
A4: Dean and Gephardt
Q5: Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?
A5: Bob Graham