romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.

Q1: Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?
A1: Queen Boudica
Q2: What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?
A2: around 60,000
Q3: The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?
A3: 43 AD
Q4: What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?
A4: Colchester
Q5: Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?
A5: the Iceni tribe
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

Q1: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?
A1: St Martin-in-the-Fields
Q2: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?
A2: repeated Viking invasions
Q3: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?
A3: three
Q4: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?
A4: a major port
Q5: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?
A5: two
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.

Q1: According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?
A1: Alfred the Great
Q2: Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?
A2: London to Chester
Q3: What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?
A3: Guthrum
Q4: Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?
A4: about 950
Q5: What was Danelaw?
A5: political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions
By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."

Q1: Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?
A1: King Edward the Confessor
Q2: By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?
A2: the 11th century
Q3: What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?
A3: Romanesque
Q4: What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?
A4: Frank Stenton
Q5: Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?
A5: Winchester
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.

Q1: In what area of London was the Tower of London built?
A1: southeastern corner
Q2: The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?
A2: Westminster Hall
Q3: On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?
A3: Christmas Day 1066
Q4: Who built Westminster Hall?
A4: William II
Q5: In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?
A5: the Battle of Hastings
During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.

Q1: What was the administration which governed the City of London called?
A1: the Corporation of London
Q2: In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?
A2: Westminster
Q3: Where was the royal treasury housed?
A3: the Tower
Q4: Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?
A4: accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.

Q1: In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?
A1: the Tudor period
Q2: What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?
A2: the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping
Q3: What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?
A3: a gradual shift to Protestantism
Q4: Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?
A4: Italian or Ragusan
Q5: When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?
A5: January 1565
During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

Q1: What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?
A1: the Lines of Communication
Q2: How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A2: under two months
Q3: Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?
A3: the New Model Army
Q4: Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A4: 20,000
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Q1: What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
A1: Buckingham House
Q2: What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
A2: the Bow Street Runners
Q3: On average, when did children born in the City of London die?
A3: before reaching their third birthday
Q4: How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
A4: more than 200
Q5: What was the London hub of the British press?
A5: Fleet Street
London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.

Q1: What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?
A1: London's overcrowded conditions
Q2: Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?
A2: the Germans
Q3: When did London host its first Summer Olympics?
A3: 1948
Q4: How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?
A4: 14,000
Q5: Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?
A5: the original Wembley Stadium
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.

Q1: What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?
A1: Racial inequality
Q2: In what year was the Greater London Council formed?
A2: 1965
Q3: In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?
A3: the mid-1960s
Q4: During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London?
A4: the Provisional IRA
Q5: Why was the Greater London Council established?
A5: the growth of the urban area
Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

Q1: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?
A1: around 6.8 million
Q2: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London?
A2: the Second World War
Q3: The main ports for London were relocated to where?
A3: Felixstowe and Tilbury
Q4: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?
A4: the 1980s
Q5: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
A5: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea
The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.

Q1: What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?
A1: the start of the 21st century
Q2: What government entity was abolished in 1986?
A2: The Greater London Council
Q3: London was honored with what in July, 2005?
A3: awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics
Q4: What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?
A4: the Greater London Authority
Q5: The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?
A5: 1939
The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

Q1: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?
A1: two
Q2: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?
A2: the Greater London Authority (GLA)
Q3: Who is the current Mayor of London?
A3: Boris Johnson
Q4: How many boroughs does London consist of?
A4: 32
Q5: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?
A5: the London Assembly
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.

Q1: What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?
A1: Teddington Lock to the sea
Q2: What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?
A2: The London Fire Brigade
Q3: Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?
A3: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority
Q4: The world's largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what?
A4: the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust
Q5: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?
A5: The London Air Ambulance charity
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.

Q1: What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?
A1: 10 Downing Street
Q2: Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"
A2: John Bright
Q3: How many Members of Parliament are from London?
A3: 73
Q4: As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?
A4: the Labour Party
Q5: As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?
A5: one
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Q1: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
A1: the Ministry of Defence Police
Q2: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
A2: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London
Q3: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
A3: The British Transport Police
Q4: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
A4: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Q5: What is the name of the City of London's police force?
A5: the City of London Police
Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.50722°N 0.12750°W﻿ / 51.50722; -0.12750.

Q1: What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?
A1: the Metropolitan Green Belt
Q2: Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?
A2: Inner London and Outer London
Q3: Where is the centre of London said to be located?
A3: Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall
Q4: In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?
A4: North and South
Q5: What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?
A5: London commuter belt
Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

Q1: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
A1: London's status as the capital of England
Q2: What areas within Greater London have city status?
A2: the City of London and the City of Westminster
Q3: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?
A3: for the purposes of lieutenancies
Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.

Q1: In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?
A1: five times
Q2: What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?
A2: 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)
Q3: In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?
A3: the south-west to the east
Q4: What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?
A4: 13,709,000
Q5: What is the main geographical landmark in London?
A5: the Thames
Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Q1: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
A1: 15 miles west
Q2: What is London's average high temperature in July?
A2: 24 °C (75.2 °F)
Q3: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
A3: urban heat island effect
Q4: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
A4: 31
Q5: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
A5: Snowfall