romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.

Q1: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
A1: Sociocultural anthropology
Q2: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
A2: social
Q3: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
A3: social structures,
Q4: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
A4: hard-and-fast
Q5: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
A5: Cultural anthropology
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.

Q1: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?
A1: cultural relativism
Q2: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?
A2: Ethnography
Q3: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?
A3: Participant observation
Q4: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?
A4: emic
Q5: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?
A5: reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

Q1: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
A1: Sociocultural
Q2: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
A2: consumption and exchange
Q3: What is a human universal?
A3: kinship
Q4: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
A4: language
Q5: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
A5: resolution
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.

Q1: What field studies human's past through material remains?
A1: Archaeology
Q2: What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?
A2: human behavior and cultural practices
Q3: What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?
A3: past human groups
Q4: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?
A4: in similar ways
Q5: What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?
A5: cultural and material lives of past societies
Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.

Q1: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?
A1: anthropological
Q2: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?
A2: interpretation of sociocultural processes
Q3: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?
A3: Linguistic
Q4: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?
A4: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.

Q1: What is a cultural phenomenon?
A1: art
Q2: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?
A2: do not exist
Q3: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?
A3: evident 'aesthetic' qualities
Q4: When was Art as Cultural System penned?
A4: 1983
Q5: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?
A5: culturally specific 'aesthetics'
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.

Q1: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?
A1: Étienne Serres
Q2: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?
A2: 1838
Q3: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?
A3: 1850
Q4: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?
A4: France
Q5: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?
A5: Société Ethnologique de Paris
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.

Q1: What is anthropology the intellectual results of?
A1: comparative methods
Q2: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?
A2: similarities
Q3: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?
A3: processes or laws unknown to them then
Q4: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?
A4: epiphany
Q5: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?
A5: comparison of species
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".

Q1: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?
A1: late 1850s.
Q2: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?
A2: bring it into the social sciences
Q3: Where did Paul Broca reside?
A3: Paris
Q4: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?
A4: Société de biologie
Q5: What did the French call evolutionism?
A5: Transformisme
Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.

Q1: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?
A1: neurosurgeon
Q2: What particularly interested Broca?
A2: the pathology of speech
Q3: What did Broca discover in the human brain?
A3: speech center
Q4: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?
A4: psychology
Q5: How many volumes was Waitz work?
A5: six
Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

Q1: How did Waitz define anthropology?
A1: the science of the nature of man
Q2: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
A2: an animist
Q3: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
A3: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
Q4: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
A4: empirical
Q5: What history was to be brought into the comparison?
A5: civilization
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

Q1: Who was Waitz influential among?
A1: British ethnologists
Q2: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
A2: 1863
Q3: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
A3: anthropology
Q4: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
A4: French Société
Q5: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
A5: Waitz
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.

Q1: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?
A1: majority of the world's higher educational institutions
Q2: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?
A2: subdivisions
Q3: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?
A3: Practical
Q4: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?
A4: recreate the final scene
Q5: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?
A5: about three dozen
Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

Q1: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
A1: Media anthropology
Q2: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
A2: ethnographic
Q3: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
A3: early 1990s
Q4: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
A4: media reception
Q5: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
A5: cyber
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Q1: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
A1: Visual
Q2: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
A2: visual representation
Q3: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
A3: all
Q4: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
A4: ethnographic film
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

Q1: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?
A1: Economic
Q2: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?
A2: historic, geographic and cultural
Q3: What is economic anthropology highly critical of?
A3: discipline of economics
Q4: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?
A4: Bronislaw Malinowski
Q5: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?
A5: exchange
Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

Q1: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?
A1: traditional concerns
Q2: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?
A2: history and colonialism
Q3: Who were the original affluent society?
A3: Hunter-gatherers
Q4: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?
A4: population
Q5: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?
A5: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

Q1: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?
A1: Applied
Q2: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?
A2: change or stability
Q3: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?
A3: direct
Q4: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?
A4: the practical side
Q5: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?
A5: participating
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Q1: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
A1: critical
Q2: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
A2: pondering
Q3: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
A3: increasing
Q4: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
A4: gap
Q5: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
A5: fail
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

Q1: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?
A1: Kinship
Q2: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
A2: anthropology
Q3: When has anthropology developed related terms?
A3: Over its history
Q4: What does it mean if people are related by descent?
A4: one's social relations during development
Q5: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?
A5: marriage