romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Q1: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
A1: more than a dozen
Q2: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
A2: over 75%
Q3: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
A3: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s
Q4: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
A4: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity
Q5: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
A5: federal assistance
Q6: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
A6: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,
Q7: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
A7: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity
Q8: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
A8: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
Q9: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
A9: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as
Q10: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
A10: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data
Q11: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
A11: 1990
Q12: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
A12: in the 1960s
Q13: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
A13: over 75%
Q14: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
A14: assistance to historically underserved groups
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Q1: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
A1: black (historically) or African American
Q2: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
A2: hypodescent
Q3: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
A3: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry
Q4: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
A4: for its social and economic advantages
Q5: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
A5: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry
Q6: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
A6: slavery became a racial caste
Q7: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
A7: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Q8: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
A8: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation
Q9: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
A9: Melungeons,
Q10: What is Melungeon?
A10: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Q11: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
A11: assimilated into white society
Q12: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
A12: black (historically) or African American
Q13: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
A13: hypodescent
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

Q1: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
A1: more people are openly forming interracial unions
Q2: What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
A2: Diverse immigration
Q3: When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
A3: in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era
Q4: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
A4: Barack Obama
Q5: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
A5: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins
Q6: Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
A6: In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States
Q7: When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
A7: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement
Q8: Who are "mestizos"?
A8: large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos
Q9: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
A9: the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial
Q10: What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
A10: . Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States
Q11: What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
A11: try to "pass" as white
Q12: What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
A12: Loving Day
Q13: What does the first multiracial president identify as?
A13: African American
Q14: When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
A14: 2000
Q15: When was an African American president elected?
A15: 2008
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Q1: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
A1: Anti-miscegenation laws
Q2: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
A2: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them
Q3: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
A3: In California and the western US
Q4: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
A4: 1950s
Q5: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
A5: Latino and Asian residents
Q6: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
A6: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries
Q7: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites?
A7: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.
Q8: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
A8: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines
Q9: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
A9: In California and the western US,
Q10: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
A10: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
Q11: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
A11: Latino and Asian residents
Q12: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
A12: the 1950s
Q13: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
A13: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Q1: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
A1: After the American Revolutionary War
Q2: How were the laws in New York abolished?
A2: in programs of gradual emancipation
Q3: How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
A3: more than two decades to be completed
Q4: Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
A4: Quaker and Methodist preachers
Q5: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
A5: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.
Q6: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
A6: After the American Revolutionary War
Q7: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
A7: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves
Q8: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
A8: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves
Q9: How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
A9: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
Q10: What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
A10: gradual emancipation
Q11: The last slave in New York was freed when?
A11: 1827
Q12: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
A12: Second Great Awakening
Q13: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
A13: nearly 10 percent
Q14: What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
A14: Revolutionary ideals
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

Q1: What is the one-drop rule?
A1: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry
Q2: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
A2: "the traceable amount rule."
Q3: What is a hypodesecnt rule?
A3: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group
Q4: When was the one-drop rule in effect?
A4: in the early 20th century
Q5: What is the one-drop rule?
A5: black, persons with any known African ancestry.
Q6: What is the hypodescent rule?
A6: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
Q7: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
A7: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation
Q8: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
A8: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.
Q9: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
A9: persons with any known African ancestry
Q10: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
A10: judging a person by appearance and association.
Q11: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
A11: a hypodescent rule
Q12: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
A12: the one-drop rule
Q13: What was the rule in the 1800s called?
A13: the traceable amount rule
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

Q1: What occured from 1955 to 1968?
A1: The African-American Civil Rights Movement
Q2: How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
A2: less than 5%
Q3: What is race sometimes seen as?
A3: a social construct
Q4: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
A4: The American people
Q5: What does affect recent identification in many cases?
A5: mixed racial ancestry
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

Q1: Who were considered "white Indians"?
A1: Europeans living among Indigenous Americans
Q2: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
A2: Some traders
Q3: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
A3: "white Indians"
Q4: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
A4: for their education
Q5: Where were legal wives usually kept?
A5: in the city
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

Q1: When could white women and black men be in a union?
A1: In the colonial years
Q2: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
A2: Virginia in colonial years
Q3: What is Paul Heinegg?
A3: scholar
Q4: What censuses did he study?
A4: from 1790–1810
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.

Q1: Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
A1: slaves
Q2: Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
A2: Sally Hemings
Q3: Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
A3: paternity
Q4: Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
A4: elder family members
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

Q1: Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
A1: traders
Q2: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
A2: the Anglo-Saxon presence
Q3: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
A3: dark skin and ample bodies
Q4: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
A4: Hawaiian squaws
Q5: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
A5: By the last half of the 19th century
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.

Q1: Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
A1: white Democrats
Q2: When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
A2: 1924
Q3: Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
A3: to restore white supremacy
Q4: What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
A4: eugenics and ideas of racial purity
Q5: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
A5: that many whites had multiracial ancestry.
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

Q1: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
A1: exceed one-fourth
Q2: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
A2: African blacks and whites
Q3: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
A3: less threatening to whites
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

Q1: Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
A1: Geneticists
Q2: What are geneticists looking for?
A2: the pattern of markers
Q3: What is there genetic evidence of?
A3: three major migrations into North America
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

Q1: How do some mixed raced people feel?
A1: marginalized by U.S. society
Q2: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
A2: Typically, about five race choices
Q3: How many race choices may someone check?
A3: only one
Q4: What does the "other" box do?
A4: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types
Q5: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
A5: when applying to schools or for a job