romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

Q1: What law enables parents full control over their child's education?
A1: Education Reform Act
Q2: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?
A2: 1988
Q3: What concept does the government currently support for education?
A3: specialisation
Q4: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
A4: league tables of school performance
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

Q1: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
A1: comprehensive
Q2: What has Scotland refused to adopt?
A2: specialist schools
Q3: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
A3: 2005
Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.

Q1: Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?
A1: Scotland
Q2: Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?
A2: England and Wales
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

Q1: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?
A1: République du Congo
Q2: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
A2: Central African Republic
Q3: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?
A3: Gabon
Q4: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?
A4: Cameroon
Q5: In what part of Africa is the Congo located?
A5: Central Africa
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

Q1: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?
A1: Bantu
Q2: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?
A2: 1960
Q3: Who is the ruler of the Congo?
A3: Denis Sassou Nguesso
Q4: What title does Nguesso hold?
A4: President
The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

Q1: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?
A1: fourth
Q2: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
A2: oil revenues
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

Q1: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?
A1: Pygmy
Q2: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
A2: 1500 BC
Q3: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?
A3: Bantu
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.

Q1: Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?
A1: Diogo Cão
Q2: What was Diogo Cao's nationality?
A2: Portuguese
Q3: What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?
A3: commodities, manufactured goods, and people
Q4: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?
A4: late 19th century
Q5: Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?
A5: Bantu societies
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

Q1: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?
A1: 1880
Q2: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?
A2: Pierre de Brazza
Q3: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?
A3: Middle Congo
Q4: What group of French colonies was created in 1908?
A4: French Equatorial Africa
Q5: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?
A5: 14,000
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Q1: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
A1: Brazzaville
Q2: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
A2: Brazzaville Conference of 1944
Q3: When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
A3: 1946
Q4: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
A4: the Fourth Republic
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.

Q1: When was the Fifth Republic founded?
A1: 1958
Q2: What was disbanded in 1958?
A2: the AEF
Q3: In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?
A3: the Republic of the Congo
Q4: When did the Congo establish its first constitution?
A4: 1959
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

Q1: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?
A1: August 15, 1960
Q2: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?
A2: Fulbert Youlou
Q3: Who replaced Youlou?
A3: Alphonse Massamba-Débat
Q4: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?
A4: labour elements and rival political parties
Q5: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?
A5: Congolese military
Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

Q1: Who became president of the Congo in 1963?
A1: Massamba-Débat
Q2: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?
A2: scientific socialism
Q3: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?
A3: Cuban
Q4: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?
A4: September 1968
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

Q1: Who became president of the Congo in 1968?
A1: Marien Ngouabi
Q2: What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?
A2: People's Republic of the Congo
Q3: What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?
A3: Congolese Labour Party
Q4: In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?
A4: 1972
Q5: On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?
A5: March 16, 1977
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.

Q1: Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?
A1: Eastern Bloc
Q2: Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?
A2: the Soviet Union
Q3: What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?
A3: dictatorship
Q4: What was an important tool of the Sassou government?
A4: political repression
Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

Q1: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?
A1: Pascal Lissouba
Q2: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?
A2: IMF
Q3: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?
A3: civil war
Q4: What does ESAF stand for?
A4: enhanced structural adjustment facility
Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.

Q1: Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?
A1: Lissouba and Sassou
Q2: What is the name of Sassou's personal army?
A2: Cobras
Q3: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?
A3: Angolan
Q4: In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?
A4: October
In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

Q1: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?
A1: Milongo
Q2: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?
A2: seven years
Q3: When was the new constitution ratified?
A3: January 2002
Q4: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?
A4: April 2003
Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".

Q1: Who won the presidential election in 2009?
A1: Sassou
Q2: Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?
A2: Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
Q3: What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?
A3: very low
Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.

Q1: What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?
A1: multi-party
Q2: Which party does Sassou belong to?
A2: Congolese Labour Party
Q3: What is the French term for Sassou's political party?
A3: Parti Congolais du Travail
Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".

Q1: What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?
A1: corruption revelations
Q2: What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?
A2: France
On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.

Q1: When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?
A1: March 27, 2015
Q2: Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?
A2: third
In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.

Q1: Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008
A1: the government
Q2: How many government TV stations exist?
A2: one
Q3: How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?
A3: 10
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.

Q1: Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?
A1: Bantus
Q2: The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?
A2: pets
Q3: When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?
A3: December 30, 2010
Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

Q1: Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?
A1: 4°N and 5°S
Q2: Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?
A2: 11° and 19°E
Q3: What ocean connects to the Congo?
A3: Atlantic Ocean
Q4: Which country lies southwest of the Congo?
A4: Cabinda
Q5: What is another name for Cabinda?
A5: Angola
The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Q1: What is the capital of the Congo?
A1: Brazzaville
Q2: On what river can Brazzaville be found?
A2: Congo River
Q3: What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?
A3: Kinshasa
Q4: What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?
A4: Democratic Republic of the Congo
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.

Q1: What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?
A1: coastal plain
Q2: Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?
A2: Kouilou-Niari River
Q3: The middle of the country features what kind of geography?
A3: plateau
Q4: What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?
A4: Forests
Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.

Q1: On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?
A1: Equator
Q2: What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?
A2: 24 °C (75 °F)
Q3: What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?
A3: 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)
Q4: When does the Congo experience dry season?
A4: June to August
In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.

Q1: Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?
A1: Wildlife Conservation Society
Q2: What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?
A2: Sangha Region
Q3: What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?
A3: inhospitable swamps
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.

Q1: What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?
A1: Petroleum
Q2: What are two issues in the Congolese government?
A2: budget problems and overstaffing
Q3: What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?
A3: forestry
Q4: What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?
A4: 65%
Q5: What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?
A5: 92%
In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.

Q1: What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?
A1: large-scale development projects
Q2: What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?
A2: 5%
Q3: By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?
A3: 50%
Q4: How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?
A4: 46%