romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.

Q1: When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?
A1: 1981
Q2: What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?
A2: 5:3
Q3: Which president declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US?
A3: President Ronald Reagan
Q4: Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?
A4: MUSE
Q5: Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?
A5: MUSE
Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.

Q1: Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?
A1: their higher bandwidth requirements
Q2: What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?
A2: television channels
Q3: Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?
A3: the FCC
Q4: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?
A4: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth
Q5: What was the existing system at the time?
A5: NTSC
The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.

Q1: What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?
A1: technical and economic
Q2: What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?
A2: use bandwidths greater than normal television
Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

Q1: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?
A1: over four times
Q2: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?
A2: about twice
Q3: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?
A3: by satellite
Q4: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?
A4: Early HDTV commercial experiments
In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.

Q1: How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?
A1: seven
Q2: Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?
A2: Japan
Q3: What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?
A3: recording and reproducing an HDTV signal
Q4: What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?
A4: the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV
Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.

Q1: What does ITU-R stand for?
A1: International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector
Q2: What does DVB stand for?
A2: Digital Video Broadcasting
Q3: What is the DVB?
A3: an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies
Q4: What is the DVB's role?
A4: develops and agrees upon specifications
Q5: Who standardizes HDTV specifications?
A5: ETSI
DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

Q1: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A1: ATSC
Q2: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
A2: MPEG-2
Q3: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?
A3: DVB
Q4: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A4: the Grand Alliance
In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in mains frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.

Q1: When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?
A1: 1983
Q2: What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?
A2: setting a single international HDTV standard
Q3: What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?
A3: a suitable frame/field refresh rate
Q4: What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?
A4: motion vectors
Q5: How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?
A5: two
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

Q1: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?
A1: 16:9
Q2: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?
A2: the IWP11/6 working party
Q3: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?
A3: widescreen cinema
Q4: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?
A4: MBAFF
Q5: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?
A5: 5:3
It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

Q1: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?
A1: 1440×1152 HDMAC
Q2: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?
A2: a mooted 750-line
Q3: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?
A3: an enhanced television format
Q4: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?
A4: US SMPTE standards
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.

Q1: When was HDTV introduced in the US?
A1: late 1980s
Q2: Who made HDTV official in 1993?
A2: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance
Q3: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?
A3: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance
Q4: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
A4: July 23, 1996
Q5: What does ATSC stand for?
A5: Advanced Television Systems Committee
The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.

Q1: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
A1: 1990
Q2: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
A2: FIFA World Cup
Q3: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
A3: mid-1990s
Q4: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
A4: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.

Q1: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?
A1: January 1, 2004
Q2: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?
A2: Vienna New Year's Concert
Q3: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
A3: HD1
Q4: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
A4: September 2003
Q5: Which European company launched HD1?
A5: Euro1080
Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.

Q1: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?
A1: Alfacam
Q2: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?
A2: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."
Q3: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?
A3: HDTV interest in Europe
Q4: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?
A4: free-to-air
Q5: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?
A5: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.

Q1: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A1: 1080i format
Q2: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A2: MPEG-2
Q3: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
A3: DVB-S
Q4: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?
A4: MPEG-4/AVC
Q5: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?
A5: DVB-S2
Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).

Q1: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?
A1: 185 million
Q2: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts?
A2: 20 million
Q3: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?
A3: £60 million
Q4: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?
A4: 27%
Q5: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?
A5: risen steadily
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.

Q1: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?
A1: the United Kingdom
Q2: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?
A2: December 2009
Q3: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?
A3: DVB-T2
Q4: What does DTG stand for?
A4: Digital TV Group
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;

Q1: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?
A1: 10
Q2: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?
A2: October 2012
Q3: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?
A3: Freeview HD
Q4: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?
A4: region by region
If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.

Q1: What are the three HDTV parameters?
A1: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]
Q2: Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?
A2: frame size or frame rate
Q3: When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?
A3: if its value is implied from context
Q4: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?
A4: the scanning system
For example, 1920×1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.

Q1: What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?
A1: 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high
Q2: The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A2: 25
Q3: The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A3: 25
Q4: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A4: 30
Q5: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A5: 60
50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.

Q1: What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?
A1: 50i, 25p and 50p
Q2: Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p
A2: 60 Hz
Q3: SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?
A3: whole numbers
Q4: Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?
A4: ambiguity
For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.

Q1: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?
A1: the frame rate
Q2: What does 24p mean?
A2: 24 progressive scan frames per second
Q3: What does 50i mean?
A3: 25 interlaced frames per second
Q4: When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?
A4: a resolution
There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.

Q1: Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?
A1: no
Q2: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?
A2: YUV
Q3: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?
A3: a RGB color space
Q4: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?
A4: 8-bit RGB channels
Q5: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?
A5: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen
At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.

Q1: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?
A1: twice
Q2: HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?
A2: letterboxing or anamorphic stretching
Q3: What does SDTV stand for?
A3: standard-definition television
Q4: HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?
A4: 16:9
A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.

Q1: If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?
A1: fidelity
Q2: The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?
A2: distort the received picture
Q3: A very high resolution source may require more of what?
A3: bandwidth
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

Q1: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
A1: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics
Q2: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source?
A2: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate
Q3: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what?
A3: those of the source
Q4: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
A4: The optimum format for a broadcast
PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

Q1: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
A1: analogue standard
Q2: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?
A2: digital or high definition
Q3: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A3: 25/50 Hz
Q4: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A4: 30/60 Hz