romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

Q1: What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?
A1: Stern Review
Q2: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?
A2: 2006
Q3: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?
A3: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices
New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

Q1: What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?
A1: New government spending, regulation, and policies
Q2: What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?
A2: commercialization of clean energy
Q3: Which company became invovled in a political controversy?
A3: Solyndra
Q4: What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
A4: Solyndra
As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.

Q1: What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?
A1: renewable energy
Q2: What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?
A2: Renewables
Q3: As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?
A3: renewable energy technologies
United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Q1: Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
A1: Ban Ki-moon
Q2: Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
A2: renewable energy
Q3: Who is chair of UN Energy?
A3: Kandeh Yumkella
Q4: Who is chairman of Bank of America?
A4: Charles Holliday
Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

Q1: In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?
A1: 58 percent
Q2: Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?
A2: 18.1 percent
Q3: How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?
A3: $140.4 billion
Q4: Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?
A4: 2030
Q5: In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?
A5: 2015
The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Q1: What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?
A1: global warming
Q2: How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?
A2: at least 30 nations
Q3: Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?
A3: Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow
Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Q1: Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?
A1: Mark Z. Jacobson
Q2: What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?
A2: social and political
Q3: Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?
A3: Mark Z. Jacobson
Q4: Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?
A4: 2030
Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

Q1: Why is renewable energy an attractive option?
A1: can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand
Q2: In what country is the National Research Council located?
A2: United States
Q3: Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?
A3: to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation
Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Q1: For what is Palermo known?
A1: history, culture, architecture and gastronomy
Q2: How old is the city of Palermo?
A2: 2,700 years old
Q3: On what island is Palermo located?
A3: Sicily
The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

Q1: In what year was Palermo founded?
A1: 734 BC
Q2: What name was Palermo originally founded as?
A2: Ziz
Q3: What group of people founded Palermo?
A3: the Phoenicians
Q4: What did the Greeks name Palermo?
A4: Panormus
Q5: During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?
A5: 831 to 1072
Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

Q1: What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?
A1: Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque
Q2: Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?
A2: Palermo
Q3: What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?
A3: tourism, services, commerce and agriculture
Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".

Q1: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
A1: mountains
Q2: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
A2: mountains
Q3: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"
A3: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
Q4: Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?
A4: La Pizzuta
Q5: Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?
A5: geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain
Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.

Q1: How can former rivers be recognised presently?
A1: the streets that were built on them follow their shapes
Q2: What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?
A2: Oreto river
Q3: Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?
A3: Papireto river and the Kemonia
During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement "Ziz." It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.

Q1: What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?
A1: "Ziz."
Q2: Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians
A2: Motya and Soluntum
Q3: Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?
A3: remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area
Q4: What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?
A4: Corso Calatifimi
The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Q1: Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?
A1: in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis
Q2: What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?
A2: prevent attacks from foreign threats
Q3: Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?
A3: Cassaro
Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

Q1: In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?
A1: Sicilian Wars
Q2: Why did the Sicilian Wars end?
A2: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War
Q3: Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?
A3: Pyrrhus of Epirus
Q4: Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?
A4: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.
As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.

Q1: How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?
A1: occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455
Q2: Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?
A2: Ostrogoths
Q3: How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?
A3: Theodoric supported Roman culture and government
Q4: What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?
A4: Byzantine Empire
The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed.[page needed] Palermo (Balarm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital city of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete with Córdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor. For more than one hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing emirate. The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.

Q1: How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?
A1: 120 years
Q2: What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?
A2: agricultural crops
Q3: How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?
A3: reduced into near slavery
After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.

Q1: Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?
A1: Robert Guiscard
Q2: What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?
A2: Hautevilles
Q3: Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?
A3: Palazzo dei Normanni
Q4: How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?
A4: one of the wealthiest states in Europe
Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718–1720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734.

Q1: What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
A1: 1194
Q2: What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?
A2: emigrated or were expelled
Q3: What was Palermos population in 1330?
A3: 51,000
Q4: During what years did Austria rule Palermo?
A4: 1720 and 1734
After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the Savoia, but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, by now Palermo was now just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' son Ferdinand, though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after the French Revolution in 1798. His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded, the original capital city was Palermo (1816) but a year later moved to Naples.

Q1: After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?
A1: Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Q2: For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?
A2: his coronation
Q3: Where did the Royal Court reside?
A3: Naples
Q4: Where did the capital city move in 1817?
A4: Naples
Q5: Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?
A5: Charles III