romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song "The Battle of Evermore." "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.

Q1: What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use?
A1: single-stringed electric
Q2: Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?
A2: Dropkick Murphys
Q3: What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?
A3: Losing My Religion
Q4: What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins?
A4: System of A Down
Q5: What film's theme song uses a mandolin?
A5: Days of Thunder
As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malagueñas. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.

Q1: What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?
A1: Venezuela
Q2: What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country?
A2: regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes
Q3: Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist?
A3: Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.
To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.

Q1: What type of music has mandolins played?
A1: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles
Q2: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular?
A2: Japan and Germany
Q3: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?
A3: first and second mandolins,
Q4: What are smalled ensambles composed of?
A4: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,
Q5: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like?
A5: cello
Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

Q1: In what phylum are insects classified?
A1: arthropod
Q2: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?
A2: three-part
Q3: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?
A3: thorax
Q4: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?
A4: chitinous
Q5: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?
A5: three
Q6: What does insect mean in latin?
A6: cut into sections
Q7: What is the Latin word for insect?
A7: insectum
Q8: Insects are a class of what?
A8: invertebrates
Q9: Insects have what kind of skeleton?
A9: chitinous exoskeleton
Q10: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?
A10: head
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22–28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.

Q1: How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?
A1: hatch from eggs
Q2: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?
A2: inelastic exoskeleton
Q3: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?
A3: pupal stage
Q4: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?
A4: nymphal
Q5: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans?
A5: Paleozoic
Q6: Insects hatch from what?
A6: eggs
Q7: Insects growth is constrained by what?
A7: the inelastic exoskeleton
Q8: An insects developement involves a series of what?
A8: molts
Q9: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?
A9: 4-stage
Q10: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?
A10: flowering plants
Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.

Q1: What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?
A1: tripedal
Q2: What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?
A2: gills
Q3: What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?
A3: water striders
Q4: What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?
A4: stridulate
Q5: What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?
A5: Lampyridae
Q6: Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?
A6: swimming
Q7: Which insects walk, fly, and swim?
A7: Adult
Q8: Insects walk the ground in alternating what?
A8: triangles
Q9: Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?
A9: tripedal gait
Q10: What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?
A10: communicate
Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

Q1: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
A1: insecticides
Q2: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
A2: terrestrial
Q3: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
A3: Silkworms
Q4: What insect is known to consume carrion?
A4: blow-flies
Q5: Humans consider most insects as what?
A5: pests
Q6: Humans can control insects using what?
A6: insecticides
Q7: Insects have the potential to damage what?
A7: crops
Q8: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?
A8: leaves
Q9: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
A9: silk
The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc.

Q1: What is the Latin term for insect?
A1: insectum
Q2: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?
A2: Pliny the Elder
Q3: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?
A3: three
Q4: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?
A4: Aristotle
Q5: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?
A5: 1601
Q6: Insect means to have a notched or divided what?
A6: body
Q7: Insects are cut into how many sections?
A7: three sections
Q8: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"?
A8: Aristotle
Q9: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document?
A9: 1601
Q10: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"?
A10: Pliny the Elder
The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.

Q1: From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?
A1: Carboniferous
Q2: What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?
A2: Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti
Q3: In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?
A3: 2008
Q4: What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?
A4: dicondylic
Q5: With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?
A5: winged
Q6: What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?
A6: phylogeny
Q7: The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?
A7: arthropods
Q8: What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?
A8: full-body
Q9: A University discovered a primitive flying what?
A9: insect
Q10: How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?
A10: 300 million-year-old
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Q1: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
A1: Early Permian
Q2: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
A2: 55 to 70
Q3: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism?
A3: oxygen
Q4: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun?
A4: 270
Q5: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
A5: Permian-Triassic
Q6: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
A6: insect orders
Q7: The insect orders include both of what?
A7: extant groups
Q8: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
A8: Paleozoic groups
Q9: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
A9: dragonfly-like forms
Q10: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
A10: 55 to 70 cm
Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.

Q1: What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?
A1: chemical
Q2: What is the term for a plant-eating insect?
A2: herbivores
Q3: What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?
A3: plant toxins
Q4: How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?
A4: colors
Q5: What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?
A5: pollination
Q6: Insects are considered terrestrial what?
A6: herbivores
Q7: What were insects the major selection agents of?
A7: plants
Q8: What did plants eventually form against insects?
A8: chemical defenses
Q9: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
A9: plant toxins
Q10: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
A10: warning colors
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

Q1: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
A1: Pterygota
Q2: What is the term for the class of insects without wings?
A2: Apterygota
Q3: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
A3: Archaeognatha
Q4: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
A4: Dicondylia
Q5: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
A5: two groups
Q6: Insects with wings are known as what?
A6: Pterygota
Q7: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
A7: wingless
Q8: What is a Thysanura?
A8: silverfish
Q9: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
A9: Dicondylia
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

Q1: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
A1: systematics
Q2: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
A2: superclass
Q3: How many groups are defined in the superclass?
A3: four groups
Q4: Springtails are also known as what?
A4: Collembola
Q5: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?
A5: Entognatha
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Q1: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders?
A1: winged
Q2: An insects hard body parts are called what?
A2: sclerites
Q3: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
A3: abdomen
Q4: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
A4: metamorphosis-based
Q5: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
A5: related
The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs – a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.

Q1: What are likely to be paraphyletic?
A1: The Exopterygota
Q2: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?
A2: Matters
Q3: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?
A3: Halteria
Q4: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?
A4: the entomological community
Q5: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?
A5: The Neuropterida
Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000–1,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9–2.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.

Q1: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?
A1: uncertain
Q2: How many insect species are estimated to exist?
A2: 2.6–7.8 million species
Q3: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?
A3: 20,000
Q4: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?
A4: less than 20%
Q5: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?
A5: undescribed