romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Q1: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
A1: 1917
Q2: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
A2: the Roman Rite
Q3: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
A3: 1962 - 1965
Q4: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
A4: the Roman Rite
Q5: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
A5: 1990
The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Q1: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?
A1: Greek
Q2: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
A2: canons and commentaries upon them
Q3: What does Pēdálion mean in English?
A3: Rudder
Q4: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
A4: bishops
Q5: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
A5: the Ecumenical Councils
In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Q1: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
A1: the Church of England
Q2: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
A2: 12th
Q3: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
A3: common law
Q4: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
A4: Oxford and Cambridge
Q5: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
A5: Henry VIII
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Q1: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?
A1: the Anglican Communion
Q2: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
A2: the Episcopal Church
Q3: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?
A3: the Anglican Church of Canada
Q4: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
A4: their own private systems of canon law
Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Q1: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?
A1: principles of canon law
Q2: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
A2: factually
Q3: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law?
A3: its own legal system
Q4: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
A4: living
Q5: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
A5: unity
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Q1: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
A1: "practice and procedure" or "church order"
Q2: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?
A2: Presbyterian and Reformed churches
Q3: What aspect of management is covered by church order?
A3: government
Q4: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?
A4: discipline
Q5: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
A5: worship
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Q1: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
A1: the Presbyterians
Q2: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
A2: 1572
Q3: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
A3: Parliament
Q4: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
A4: 1500 years
Q5: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
A5: bishops
The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."

Q1: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?
A1: The Book of Concord
Q2: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?
A2: 16th
Q3: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?
A3: confessional
Q4: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?
A4: canons
Q5: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?
A5: orthodox
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

Q1: How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?
A1: two
Q2: Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
A2: private
Q3: As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?
A3: Print media
Q4: What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
A4: 2013
Q5: In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
A5: National Communications Act
Q6: Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
A6: private
Q7: Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
A7: private
Q8: How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
A8: two
Q9: What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
A9: Print media
Q10: What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
A10: radio stations and online portals
Q11: What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
A11: 2013
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

Q1: Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?
A1: Somali entrepreneurs
Q2: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.
A2: expertise
Q3: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
A3: affordable mobile phone and internet services
Q4: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
A4: mobile phones
Q5: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?
A5: infrastructure
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Q1: Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?
A1: multinational corporations
Q2: Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?
A2: Somali telecommunication companies
Q3: aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
A3: 25
Q4: what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
A4: tele-density
Q5: How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
A5: $40 million
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

Q1: What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
A1: 2008
Q2: Where is Somtal network located?
A2: Hargeisa
Q3: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
A3: mobile banking
Q4: STC stands for what?
A4: Somali Telecommunication Company
Q5: The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
A5: three
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.

Q1: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?
A1: telecom industry
Q2: What sector provides key communication services?
A2: telecom
On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Q1: What year was the national Communications act enacted?
A1: 2012
Q2: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?
A2: the National Communications Act
Q3: What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?
A3: academic and civil society
Q4: The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?
A4: investment
Q5: Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?
A5: service delivery
The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Q1: What is the name of the Somali postal service?
A1: Somali Post
Q2: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
A2: Somali Post
The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Q1: When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?
A1: during the civil war
Q2: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
A2: Dubai International
Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Q1: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
A1: three
Q2: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
A2: ten years
Q3: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
A3: 16
Q4: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
A4: 17
Q5: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
A5: 2012
On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

Q1: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?
A1: 2013
Q2: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
A2: Universal Postal Union
Q3: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
A3: technical
Q4: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
A4: basic mail processing equipment
There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

Q1: When was Radio Mogadishu established?
A1: during the colonial period
Q2: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?
A2: Somali and Italian
Q3: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?
A3: Russian assistance
Q4: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?
A4: home service
Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Q1: Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?
A1: Mogadishu
Q2: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?
A2: 2010
Q3: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
A3: one
The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

Q1: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?
A1: six
Q2: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?
A2: Radio Free Somalia
Q3: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?
A3: Galkayo
Q4: What province is Galkayo located in?
A4: Mudug province
Q5: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?
A5: one
The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

Q1: What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?
A1: Somali National Television
Q2: Where is Somali National Television located?
A2: Mogadishu
Q3: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
A3: 2011
Q4: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?
A4: April 4, 2011
Q5: Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?
A5: 24
Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.

Q1: Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?
A1: private television networks
Q2: What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?
A2: private television networks
Q3: Where does SBC TV broadcast from?
A3: Bosaso
Q4: What is the commercial capital of Puntland?
A4: Bosaso
Q5: Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?
A5: one
In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.

Q1: Where was The Mogadishu Times published?
A1: Mogadishu
Q2: What year did free media outlets begin to expand?
A2: 2003
Q3: Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?
A3: radio and online commercials
Q4: Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?
A4: Issa Farah
According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

Q1: What is the IST?
A1: Information Support Team
Q2: As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?
A2: internet blocking or filtering
Q3: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?
A3: content standards online