romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.

Q1: What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?
A1: constant value
Q2: What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?
A2: low, stable inflation
Q3: Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?
A3: some economists
Q4: A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?
A4: central bank
Q5: With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?
A5: stimulate the economy
The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.

Q1: What is "dollars" a reference to?
A1: the Spanish milled dollar
Q2: How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?
A2: 8 Spanish units
Q3: How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
A3: four hundred and sixteen
Q4: How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?
A4: a Spanish milled dollar
Q5: How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
A5: three hundred and seventy-one
A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been, referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".

Q1: What is a "grand" sometimes shortened to?
A1: "G"
Q2: What is another term other than "large" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?
A2: "stack"
Q3: What is a "C-note" a reference to?
A3: the Roman numeral for 100
Q4: Which note is occasionally called a "yardstick"?
A4: $50
Q5: What is another term for "bigface" notes?
A5: Monopoly money
The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.

Q1: What defined the US dollar?
A1: Coinage Act of 1792
Q2: What was the dollar based on?
A2: the Spanish milled dollar
Q3: How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?
A3: 17
Q4: Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?
A4: Alexander Hamilton
Q5: What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?
A5: 377
The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.

Q1: What is specifically produced for collectors?
A1: Proof Sets
Q2: What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?
A2: 90%
Q3: When did the Mint being producing proof sets?
A3: 1983
Q4: Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?
A4: Presidential Dollar Proof Set
Q5: When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?
A5: December 13, 2011
The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the "Statements" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.

Q1: What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?
A1: The Constitution
Q2: Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?
A2: Section 331
Q3: Which currency are the sums of money in the "Statements" displayed in?
A3: U.S. dollars
Q4: What is the unit of account of the United States?
A4: U.S. dollar
Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.

Q1: What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?
A1: $100
Q2: In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?
A2: 1946
Q3: When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?
A3: 1969
Q4: What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?
A4: organized crime
Q5: What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?
A5: an executive order
The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

Q1: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?
A1: quid
Q2: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?
A2: 18th
Q3: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?
A3: colonial leather trade
Q4: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?
A4: Greenback
Q5: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?
A5: black
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

Q1: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?
A1: gold
Q2: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?
A2: Federal Reserve
Q3: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?
A3: increase the money supply
Q4: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?
A4: the Phillips curve
Q5: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?
A5: two thirds
The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Q1: What was the look of the dollar based on?
A1: Spanish dollar
Q2: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?
A2: 16th
Q3: When was the United States Mint founded?
A3: 1792
Q4: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?
A4: Peru
Q5: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
A5: 1857
The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.

Q1: What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?
A1: Gold Standard Act
Q2: How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?
A2: 1.505
Q3: How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?
A3: $20.67
Q4: Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?
A4: 1964
Q5: Which President confiscated gold coins?
A5: Franklin Roosevelt
Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Q1: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?
A1: Tennessee
Q2: Where did error coins originate?
A2: Philadelphia mint
Q3: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
A3: profit
Q4: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
A4: "upside down lettering error" coins
Q5: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
A5: $1 bills
The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.

Q1: What power was Congress given by the Constitution?
A1: borrow money on the credit of the United States
Q2: What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?
A2: issue Federal Reserve Notes
Q3: What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?
A3: obligations of the United States
Q4: Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?
A4: Washington, District of Columbia
Q5: Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?
A5: Federal Reserve Note
Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

Q1: What is the short term goal of open market operations?
A1: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target
Q2: What does the Federal Reserve target?
A2: federal funds rate
Q3: What is the federal funds rate?
A3: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight
Q4: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?
A4: Moral suasion
Q5: What does "open mouth operations" mean?
A5: talking monetary policy with the market
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Q1: When was the Bretton Woods system established?
A1: after World War II
Q2: What was the fixed value of gold?
A2: $35 per ounce
Q3: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
A3: the value of gold
Q4: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
A4: convert dollars to gold
Q5: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
A5: 1971
The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Q1: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?
A1: fiat money
Q2: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?
A2: de facto currency
Q3: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?
A3: Turks and Caicos islands
Q4: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?
A4: mints its own coins
Q5: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
A5: Susan B. Anthony dollar
Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

Q1: What are dollar notes made from now adays?
A1: cotton fiber paper
Q2: What is most common paper made of?
A2: wood fiber
Q3: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?
A3: Federal Reserve
Q4: How long do the current notes measure?
A4: 6.14 inches
Q5: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
A5: Philippine
From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Q1: When was the Mint Act passed?
A1: 1792
Q2: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?
A2: 371.25
Q3: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?
A3: Alexander Hamilton
Q4: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?
A4: Congressional standard of the silver dollar
Q5: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
A5: 1834
Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Q1: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
A1: their precious metal value
Q2: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
A2: their numismatic value
Q3: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
A3: Kennedy half dollar
Q4: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
A4: cupronickel
Q5: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
A5: $4.00