romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to God. Unacceptable ta'wil is where one "transfers" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea.

Q1: What are the two type of ta'wil?
A1: acceptable and unacceptable
Q2: Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?
A2: Unacceptable
Q3: The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?
A3: Acceptable
The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

Q1: Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?
A1: his companions
Q2: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?
A2: standardized
Q3: Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?
A3: University of Chicago
Q4: The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?
A4: Muhammad
Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power", the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.

Q1: What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?
A1: seizures
Q2: What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?
A2: two bows' length
Q3: In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate?
A3: Encyclopaedia of Islam
Q4: Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?
A4: a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician
Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil, which originally meant "to return" or "the returning place". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ta'wil, or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse—rather it transpires through that meaning, in a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality—which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute—and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to.

Q1: What was the original meaning of ta'wil?
A1: "to return" or "the returning place"
Q2: What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?
A2: a spiritual reality
Q3: What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?
A3: hermeneutic
According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.

Q1: Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?
A1: imams
Q2: According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?
A2: God
Q3: How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?
A3: purified
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Q1: What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?
A1: A great power
Q2: What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?
A2: military and economic strength
Q3: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?
A3: United Nations Security Council
Q4: What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?
A4: diplomatic and soft power influence
Q5: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?
A5: the G7
Q6: What do great powers usually have?
A6: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence
Q7: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?
A7: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States
Q8: What are the countries in the G7?
A8: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
Q9: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?
A9: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions
The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

Q1: The term "great power" was first used on which continent?
A1: Europe
Q2: Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?
A2: Treaty of Chaumont
Q3: What year was this treaty signed?
A3: 1814
Q4: During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?
A4: World War I and World War II
Q5: What is another more modern term used in place of "great power"?
A5: superpower
Q6: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
A6: Treaty of Chaumont
Q7: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
A7: Europe
Q8: What is another term for Great Power?
A8: superpower
Q9: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
A9: World War I and World War II
Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength. These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status.

Q1: What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?
A1: strength for war
Q2: Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?
A2: economic, and political
Q3: Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A3: Kenneth Waltz
Q4: How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory?
A4: five
Q5: Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?
A5: A. J. P. Taylor
Q6: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
A6: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength
Q7: Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A7: Kenneth Waltz
Q8: What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
A8: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status
All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'."

Q1: What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?
A1: interests, actions, or projected power
Q2: Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?
A2: Western
Q3: What is the scope of a regional power restricted to?
A3: its region
Q4: What should a great power possess?
A4: actual influence
Q5: What were the great powers of 1914 called?
A5: world-powers
Q6: Who stated that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers"?
A6: Arnold J. Toynbee
Q7: What do all states have?
A7: geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power
Q8: What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?
A8: great power
Q9: What type of power is restricted to its region?
A9: regional power
Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named, but were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences which settled important questions based on major historical events. This might mean deciding the political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts.

Q1: What discussion should great powers be included on?
A1: political and diplomatic questions of the day
Q2: Historically, when would great powers meet?
A2: when major political questions were addressed
Q3: What types of decisions would great powers reach?
A3: political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts
Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: "It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."

Q1: When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?
A1: in a letter sent on February 13, 1814
Q2: What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?
A2: British Foreign Secretary
Q3: What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?
A3: if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace
Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers."

Q1: What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?
A1: only France and the United Kingdom
Q2: What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?
A2: British Empire
Q3: What country lost Franco-Prussian war?
A3: France
Q4: Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?
A4: European
Q5: Who stated that "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?"
A5: Otto von Bismarck
Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century.

Q1: Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
A1: relative power of these five nations fluctuated
Q2: What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
A2: United Kingdom and Prussia
Q3: Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
A3: Russia and Austria-Hungary
Q4: What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
A4: Eight-Nation Alliance
Q5: What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
A5: Boxer Rebellion in China.
Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

Q1: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
A1: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres
Q2: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
A2: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States
Q3: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
A3: Big Three
Q4: Who were the big four?
A4: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States
The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan—because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.

Q1: Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
A1: United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan
Q2: What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
A2: League of Nations Council
Q3: Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
A3: against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League
Q4: When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
A4: 19 March 1920
When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the "Big Three". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful"  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.

Q1: When did World War II start?
A1: 1939
Q2: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
A2: two alliances
Q3: Who were the winners of World War II?
A3: Allies
Q4: Who made up the Axis powers?
A4: Germany, Italy and Japan
Q5: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
A5: United Nations Security Council
Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.[nb 2] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.

Q1: What is a superpower?
A1: nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world
Q2: Who first used the term superpower?
A2: William T.R. Fox
Q3: Who were the three original superpowers?
A3: British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union
Q4: Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?
A4: British Empire
Q5: What are middle powers?
A5: those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs