romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

Q1: Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?
A1: Santiago Calatrava
Q2: Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?
A2: centre of the city
Q3: What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?
A3: modern
Q4: Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?
A4: City of Arts and Sciences
Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

Q1: How many official languages does Valencia have?
A1: two
Q2: What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
A2: Catalan
Q3: What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
A3: Spanish
Q4: How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
A4: more than 70
Q5: When did Valencian regain its offical status?
A5: 1978
Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

Q1: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
A1: the last thirty years
Q2: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
A2: Santiago Calatrava
Q3: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
A3: Félix Candela
Q4: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
A4: Old City
Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

Q1: What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?
A1: Saints John
Q2: Who decorated the Saints John's dome?
A2: Palonino
Q3: Who destroyed the Jesuit college?
A3: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front
Q4: What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?
A4: Capital General
Q5: What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?
A5: Colegio de San Juan
A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.

Q1: When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
A1: 554
Q2: When were the Byzantines expelled?
A2: 625
Q3: What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
A3: Toledo
Q4: Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
A4: the church
Q5: After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?
A5: Visigothic military contingents
In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Paláu. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de Déu dels Desamparats).

Q1: When was the dome built?
A1: 15th century
Q2: Who started the construction of the main chapel?
A2: Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros
Q3: When was the main entrance constructed?
A3: beginning of the 18th century
Q4: In what style is the door of the Apostles?
A4: Gothic
Q5: Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?
A5: Francisco Goya
In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

Q1: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
A1: King James I of Aragon
Q2: When did Valencia surrender?
A2: 28 September
Q3: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
A3: the Muslim population
Q4: What were Valencia's new charters called?
A4: Furs of Valencia
Q5: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
A5: Order of Calatrava
In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

Q1: Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?
A1: the 32nd and the 33rd
Q2: What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?
A2: Global Champions Tour
Q3: What tennis event has Valencia hosted?
A3: Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament
Q4: When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?
A4: 2009
Q5: What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?
A5: Falles
The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.

Q1: Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?
A1: Abd al-Rahman I
Q2: What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?
A2: the Russafa
Q3: What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?
A3: Medina al-Turab
Q4: When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?
A4: by 714 AD
Q5: What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?
A5: El Micalet
This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

Q1: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
A1: 1392
Q2: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
A2: Tirant lo Blanch
Q3: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
A3: Ausiàs March
Q4: When was the University of Valencia founded?
A4: between 1499 and 1502
Q5: What was the University of Valencia's original name?
A5: Estudio General
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

Q1: What war took place from 1702-1709?
A1: War of Spanish Succession
Q2: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
A2: Charles of Austria
Q3: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
A3: 24 January 1706
Q4: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
A4: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth
Q5: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
A5: fortress at Sagunt
The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

Q1: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
A1: Moncey
Q2: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
A2: 8 January 1812
Q3: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
A3: Suchet
Q4: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
A4: Battle of Vitoria
Q5: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
A5: Valencia
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

Q1: What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?
A1: Moriscos
Q2: When were the Jews expelled?
A2: 1609
Q3: Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?
A3: North Africa
Q4: What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?
A4: a third
Q5: When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?
A5: 1613
During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

Q1: Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?
A1: land-owners
Q2: Who had suppressed the Valencian language?
A2: Philip V
Q3: What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?
A3: Lo Rat Penat
Q4: What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?
A4: Teodor Llorente
Q5: Who founded Lo Rat Penat?
A5: Constantine Llombart
During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

Q1: Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?
A1: Espartero
Q2: When did Espartero rule?
A2: 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841
Q3: What type of government did Espartero have?
A3: progressive
Q4: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?
A4: local bourgeoisie
Q5: Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?
A5: General Cabrera
The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a "fortuitous" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".

Q1: How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?
A1: 43
Q2: When did the Valencia metro derail?
A2: 3 July 2006
Q3: Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?
A3: Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá
Q4: On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?
A4: 1
Q5: How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?
A5: more than ten
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

Q1: What was Valencia's population in 2000?
A1: 739,014
Q2: Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
A2: third
Q3: Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
A3: third
Q4: When was the Gare du Nord station finished?
A4: 1921
Q5: When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?
A5: 1909
The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

Q1: Who was prime minister in 1936?
A1: Manuel Azana
Q2: What building did the government move to in 1936?
A2: Palau de Benicarló
Q3: How many bomb shelters were built?
A3: over two hundred
Q4: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
A4: 13 January 1937
Q5: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
A5: Barcelona