romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.

Q1: What empire stopped Arab invasions?
A1: Gurjar Pratihar Empire
Q2: Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?
A2: 8th
Q3: Arab conquest was limited to what region?
A3: Sindh
Q4: What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?
A4: its successful resistance to foreign invasions
Q5: Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?
A5: Historian R. C. Majumdar
Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.

Q1: How many princely states of Rajputana contain?
A1: nineteen
Q2: What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?
A2: Ajmer-Merwara
Q3: Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?
A3: princely
Q4: Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?
A4: Tonk
Q5: What families rose to power in the 6th century?
A5: Rajput families
Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas. The Marathas, who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra, ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.

Q1: What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?
A1: Mughals
Q2: In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?
A2: 18th century
Q3: The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?
A3: suzerainty
Q4: Where were the Marathas from?
A4: the state of what is now Maharashtra
Q5: In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?
A5: 1818
The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

Q1: Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?
A1: the Aravalli Range
Q2: What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?
A2: 530 mi
Q3: What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?
A3: Mount Abu
Q4: What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?
A4: two-fifths
Q5: Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?
A5: West Banas River
The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

Q1: Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan?
A1: The northwestern portion
Q2: Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?
A2: the Thar Desert
Q3: What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?
A3: Jodhpur
Q4: What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?
A4: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour
Q5: Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?
A5: 400 mm
The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.

Q1: What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?
A1: more fertile and better watered
Q2: What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?
A2: the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion
Q3: What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?
A3: teak, Acacia
Q4: What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?
A4: Vagad region
Q5: What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?
A5: Vagad
The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

Q1: How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?
A1: 1,722
Q2: What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?
A2: 60%
Q3: What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?
A3: 100 to 350 m above sea level
Q4: A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?
A4: Kota and Bundi
Q5: What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan
A5: the Chambal River
The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.

Q1: Which region contains Desert National Park?
A1: Jaisalmer
Q2: How many square miles is Desert National Park?
A2: 1,221 sq mi
Q3: What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?
A3: massive fossilised tree trunks
Q4: What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?
A4: Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)
Q5: What is another name for a laggar falcon?
A5: Falco jugger
Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.

Q1: What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?
A1: Ranthambore National Park
Q2: How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?
A2: five tigers
Q3: Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?
A3: one of the best place in India to spot tigers
Q4: Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?
A4: poaching and negligence
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

Q1: The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?
A1: agricultural and pastoral
Q2: What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?
A2: Cotton and tobacco
Q3: What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?
A3: edible oils
Q4: Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?
A4: opium
Q5: How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?
A5: two crop seasons
The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as "chittar patthar". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.

Q1: What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?
A1: polyester fibre
Q2: What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?
A2: Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces
Q3: From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?
A3: Makrana
Q4: What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?
A4: rich salt deposits
Q5: What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?
A5: copper mines
Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach ₹250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of ₹100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.

Q1: What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?
A1: ₹250 million per day
Q2: How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?
A2: 300,000 barrels
Q3: The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?
A3: Bombay High
Q4: What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??
A4: Cairn India
Q5: How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?
A5: 175,000 barrels
Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lashun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. "Dal-Baati-Churma", is a combination of three different food items — Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.

Q1: What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?
A1: Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating
Q2: Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?
A2: scarcity of water
Q3: What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?
A3: Bikaneri Bhujia
Q4: What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?
A4: lashun ki chutney
Q5: Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?
A5: the Marwar region
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.

Q1: What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?
A1: The Ghoomar dance
Q2: Kalbeliya dance is from which region?
A2: Jaisalmer
Q3: What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?
A3: Folk music
Q4: Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?
A4: Folk songs
Q5: What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?
A5: religious or devotional
Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here. Shopping reflects the colorful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colors like blue, yellow and orange.

Q1: Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?
A1: prints
Q2: Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?
A2: embroidery
Q3: Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?
A3: ankle-length skirt and a short top
Q4: What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?
A4: lehenga or a chaniya choli
Q5: What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?
A5: bright colors like blue, yellow and orange
Spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints. Bad spirits include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala ("mount"). Possession, even if it is by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts.

Q1: What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?
A1: Spirit possession
Q2: What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?
A2: Bhaironji
Q3: What are possessed individuals known as?
A3: ghorala
Q4: Ghorala is another word for what?
A4: mount
Q5: What results from possession by even benign spirits?
A5: loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts
In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.

Q1: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?
A1: 38.55%
Q2: How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?
A2: 20.44%
Q3: What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?
A3: 23%
Q4: What is the national average for literacy in India?
A4: 74.04%
Q5: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?
A5: 60.41%
In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police University, National institute of Fashion Technology, MBM Engineering College etc. Kota is popularly referred to as, "coaching capital of India". Other major educational institutions are Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, IIM Udaipur r and LNMIIT. Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges, 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools. There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students. Apart from above there 41 Private universities like Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur,Manipal University Jaipur, OPJS University, Churu, Mody University of Technology and Science Lakshmangarh (Women's University, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. The state has 23 polytechnic colleges and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart vocational training.

Q1: What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?
A1: Jodhpur and Kota
Q2: In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?
A2: Jodhpur
Q3: What is is Kota known as within India?
A3: coaching capital of India
Q4: How many universities does Rajasthan have?
A4: nine
Q5: How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?
A5: 41 engineering colleges
Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009–2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Ajmer, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.

Q1: What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?
A1: 14 percent
Q2: At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?
A2: fourth highest
Q3: How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?
A3: fourth
Q4: What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?
A4: The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar
Q5: What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?
A5: eight percent