romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

Q1: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
A1: social acceptance
Q2: Where did people not ask about racial background?
A2: frontier areas
Q3: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
A3: they served in the militia and voted
Q4: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
A4: neighbors
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

Q1: The President's father is from what country?
A1: Kenya
Q2: What community still has some effects of slavery?
A2: American slave descendant community
Q3: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
A3: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds
Q4: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
A4: some black writers
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

Q1: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
A1: In the 1980s
Q2: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
A2: mostly negative
Q3: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
A3: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification
Q4: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
A4: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Q1: What determined a child's social identity?
A1: the tribe's kinship system
Q2: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
A2: matrilineal
Q3: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
A3: Indian
Q4: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
A4: white
Q5: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
A5: if adopted by a man
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Q1: Who was a doctor?
A1: Charles Eastman
Q2: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
A2: Sioux woman
Q3: Who was the doctor related to?
A3: Seth Eastman
Q4: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
A4: three European-American middle-class female teachers
Q5: What tribe was Eastman related to?
A5: Sioux
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

Q1: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
A1: Sherrel W. Stewart
Q2: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
A2: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies
Q3: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
A3: Henry Louis Gates
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

Q1: What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
A1: explorers and soldiers
Q2: Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
A2: traders and fur trappers
Q3: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
A3: a continuing, critical labor shortage
Q4: Who first imported slaves to New York?
A4: the Dutch
Q5: Who freed some of the early slaves?
A5: their masters
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

Q1: President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
A1: Sally Hemings
Q2: What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
A2: Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty
Q3: How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
A3: nearly 40 years
Q4: Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
A4: Madison Hemings
Q5: How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
A5: Seven-eighths
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

Q1: As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
A1: traditionally free people of color in Louisiana
Q2: Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
A2: people of any portion of African descent
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

Q1: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
A1: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories
Q2: Who imported Chinese laborers?
A2: white planters
Q3: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
A3: the Chinese Exclusion Act
Q4: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
A4: they did not take white spouses
Q5: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
A5: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

Q1: What office is responsible for the census form changes?
A1: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Q2: When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
A2: 1997
Q3: What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
A3: participants to select more than one of the six available categories
Q4: When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
A4: 2003
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

Q1: What was the result of a child having an African mother?
A1: born into slavery
Q2: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
A2: partus sequitur ventrem
Q3: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
A3: Anita Florence Hemmings
Q4: What makes a person mulatto?
A4: parents were black and white
Q5: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
A5: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .

Q1: Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
A1: Because he has no slave blood in him
Q2: What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
A2: "black" or "white"
Q3: What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
A3: recent American immigrant
Q4: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
A4: CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Q5: Why did Steele say what he did?
A5: to be "provocative"
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

Q1: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
A1: April 5, 1614
Q2: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
A2: considered English or white
Q3: Who married Indigenous women early on?
A3: male settlers
Q4: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
A4: present-day Virginia
Q5: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
A5: Thomas Rolfe
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

Q1: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
A1: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies
Q2: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
A2: learn to read and write
Q3: What replaced written records for black families?
A3: oral histories
Q4: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
A4: Southern Congressional bloc
Q5: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
A5: 1930
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Q1: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
A1: Indigenous American tribes
Q2: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
A2: 1726
Q3: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
A3: Numerous advertisements
Q4: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
A4: through the institution of slavery
Q5: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
A5: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

Q1: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
A1: gave children the social status of their mother
Q2: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
A2: partus sequitur ventrem
Q3: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
A3: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them
Q4: English common law generally said what?
A4: a man gave his status to his children
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

Q1: What are many Latin American migrants?
A1: mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race
Q2: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
A2: white
Q3: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
A3: the U.S. Hispanic media
Q4: What does the typical latino in media look like?
A4: blond and blue/green-eyed white
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Q1: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
A1: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry
Q2: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
A2: 1920
Q3: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
A3: Southern-dominated Congress