romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

Q1: Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?
A1: Giuseppe La Masa
Q2: Who was the first president of Palermo?
A2: Ruggero Settimo
Q3: Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?
A3: The Bourbons
Q4: Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?
A4: Kingdom of Italy
The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoia kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed after Martial law was declared. The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies. A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the early twentieth century Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale della Libertà. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the famous architect Ernesto Basile. The Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, and built by the Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.

Q1: Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?
A1: anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo
Q2: Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?
A2: Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio
Q3: In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?
A3: Art Nouveau
Q4: Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?
A4: Teatro Massimo
The so-called "Sack of Palermo" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.

Q1: To what does the term "Sack of Palermo" refer?
A1: speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings
Q2: Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?
A2: reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities
Q3: What did Palermo expansion lack?
A3: t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city
Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).

Q1: What is Palermo's climate classification?
A1: hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
Q2: How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?
A2: one of the warmest cities in Europe
Q3: How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?
A3: eleven
Q4: How much sun does Palermo see each year?
A4: 2,530 hours
Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.

Q1: Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?
A1: ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis
Q2: What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?
A2: Via Vittorio Emanuele
Q3: On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?
A3: Via Roma
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.

Q1: What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?
A1: to protect the port at La Cala
Q2: What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?
A2: A huge chain
Q3: During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?
A3: medieval
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.

Q1: What is a heliometer?
A1: solar "observatory"
Q2: What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?
A2: la Meridiana
Q3: Which direction does la Meridiana run?
A3: precisely N/S
Q4: What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?
A4: the sun
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.

Q1: How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?
A1: 1.2 million
Q2: What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?
A2: 52.6%
Q3: What is the average age of a Palermo resident?
A3: 40.4
Q4: Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?
A4: population flight to the suburbs
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.

Q1: On what does Palermo's economy rely?
A1: tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture
Q2: Palermo is the home of what mafia?
A2: the Sicilian Mafia
Q3: Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?
A3: gone down dramatically
Q4: What negative qualities does Palermo carry?
A4: high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

Q1: Which port is Sicily's primary port?
A1: The port of Palermo
Q2: How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?
A2: 2 million
Q3: How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?
A3: 2 million
Q4: For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?
A4: sailing yachts and catamarans
Q5: What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?
A5: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.

Q1: Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?
A1: Santa Rosalia
Q2: When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?
A2: 14 July
Q3: Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?
A3: Santa Rosalia
Q4: What is The Festino?
A4: procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

Q1: What is the symbol for Zinc?
A1: Zn
Q2: What is the atomic number for Zinc?
A2: 30
Q3: What is zinc chemically close to?
A3: magnesium
Q4: What is the oxidation state for zinc?
A4: +2
Q5: How many stable isotopes does zinc have?
A5: five
Q6: What is the symbol for zinc?
A6: Zn
Q7: What is zinc's atomic number?
A7: 30
Q8: What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?
A8: magnesium
Q9: What is the most common zinc ore?
A9: sphalerite
Q10: What is used to extract zinc during the production process?
A10: electricity
Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

Q1: What two metals are mixed to create Brass?
A1: copper and zinc
Q2: When was brass first used?
A2: 10th
Q3: Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?
A3: India
Q4: When was zinc introduced to Europe?
A4: end of the 16th century
Q5: Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?
A5: Zawar
Q6: Brass is an alloy of what two elements?
A6: copper and zinc
Q7: The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?
A7: Judea
Q8: We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?
A8: Rajasthan
Q9: What early process was used to make zinc?
A9: distillation process
Q10: What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?
A10: "philosopher's wool" or "white snow"
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Q1: Who named the element zinc?
A1: Paracelsus
Q2: What was zinc named after?
A2: Zinke
Q3: Who is credited with discovering zinc?
A3: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf
Q4: What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?
A4: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta
Q5: Where can you find zinc chloride?
A5: deodorants
Q6: Who is credited as giving zinc its name?
A6: Paracelsus
Q7: What does the name zinc or zinke mean?
A7: (prong, tooth)
Q8: Who discovered pure metallic zinc?
A8: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf
Q9: What is the most common use for zinc?
A9: (hot-dip galvanizing
Q10: What is a common use for zinc chloride?
A10: deodorants
Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

Q1: How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?
A1: two billion
Q2: What can consumption of excess zinc cause?
A2: ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency
Q3: Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?
A3: biochemistry,
Q4: What can a lack of zinc cause in children?
A4: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea
Q5: What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?
A5: Zinc
Q6: What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?
A6: Zinc deficiency
Q7: In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?
A7: alcohol dehydrogenase
Q8: What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?
A8: excess zinc
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

Q1: What color is zinc?
A1: bluish-white
Q2: Is iron more dense than zinc?
A2: It is somewhat less dense than iron
Q3: At what temperature does the metal become malleable?
A3: 100 and 150 °C
Q4: At what temperature to zinc become brittle?
A4: 210 °C
Q5: What is the boiling point of zinc?
A5: 907 °C
Q6: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?
A6: bluish-white
Q7: What is the crystalline structure of sync?
A7: hexagonal
Q8: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?
A8: becomes malleable
Q9: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?
A9: 210 °C
Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

Q1: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?
A1: Several dozen
Q2: What is the longest half life of the isotopes?
A2: 243.66
Q3: What does the superscript m represent?
A3: metastable isotope
Q4: How many excited states does 61Zn have?
A4: three
Q5: How many excited states does 73Zn have?
A5: two
Q6: What is the most long lived radio isotope?
A6: 65Zn
Q7: What is the half life of 72Zn?
A7: 46.5 hours
Q8: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?
A8: 10
Q9: What does the superscript "m" indicate?
A9: metastable isotope
Q10: What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?
A10: emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray
The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H
2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn
2Cl
2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.

Q1: What oxidation state dominates zinc?
A1: +2
Q2: What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?
A2: The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C
Q3: what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?
A3: +1 or +2
Q4: What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?
A4: +2
Q5: What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?
A5: +1 or +2
Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

Q1: Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?
A1: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.
Q2: The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?
A2: zinc and magnesium
Q3: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?
A3: ionic radius
Q4: Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?
A4: N- and S-
Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

Q1: What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?
A1: bulky ligands
Q2: What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?
A2: [Zn2]2+
Q3: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?
A3: diamagnetic nature of the ion
Q4: When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?
A4: yellow glass