romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.

Q1: When did the Jiajing Emperor reign?
A1: 1521–1567
Q2: What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?
A2: the native Chinese ideology of Daoism
Q3: Who stopped their trips to Ming China?
A3: the Tibetan lamas
Q4: Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?
A4: Yang Tinghe
Q5: Who broke the eunuch influence at court?
A5: Yang Tinghe
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.

Q1: Who was Zhengde's successor?
A1: Jiajing
Q2: What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of?
A2: Neo-Confucian establishment
Q3: Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?
A3: the Portuguese embassy
Q4: Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?
A4: Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
Q5: Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?
A5: Jiajing
Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher". The full title was "Dalai Lama Vajradhara", "Vajradhara" meaning "Holder of the Thunderbolt" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that "represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment." Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title "king of religion, majestic purity". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the "Protector of the Faith".

Q1: What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?
A1: the Kokonor region
Q2: Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?
A2: the Ming Chinese frontier
Q3: The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence?
A3: the Ming
Q4: When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?
A4: 1571
Q5: Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?
A5: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso
Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and "to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama." Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained "enormous power among the entire Mongol population."

Q1: What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?
A1: the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice
Q2: Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?
A2: the Mongol princes and subjects
Q3: What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?
A3: execution
Q4: Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?
A4: the Dalai Lama
Q5: Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?
A5: Committed to their religious leader
Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.

Q1: Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?
A1: Tümen Khan
Q2: To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?
A2: the great-grandson of Altan Khan
Q3: Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?
A3: the 5th Dalai Lama
Q4: When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?
A4: In 1642
Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that "the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time." Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism.

Q1: Who was given the grandiose title?
A1: Sonam Gyatso
Q2: Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?
A2: Altan Khan
Q3: Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?
A3: Zhang Juzheng
Q4: Who was the Ming Chinese official?
A4: Zhang Juzheng
Q5: Where did Sonam Gyatso die?
A5: Mongolia
Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: "In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet."

Q1: Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?
A1: the third Dalai Lama
Q2: What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?
A2: pay tribute
Q3: What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?
A3: the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
Q4: In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
A4: the fifth Dalai Lama
Q5: In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
A5: the fifth Panchen Lama
Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.

Q1: What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted?
A1: Master of Vajradhara
Q2: Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?
A2: Yonten Gyatso
Q3: When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?
A3: 1616
Q4: Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?
A4: Yonten Gyatso
Q5: Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?
A5: he died
Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country." On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that "the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists."

Q1: Who's presence increased in Tibet?
A1: the Mongols
Q2: What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?
A2: their old vassal of Tibet
Q3: When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?
A3: 1642
Q4: Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?
A4: the Ming court
In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

Q1: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?
A1: 1565
Q2: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?
A2: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
Q3: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?
A3: 1611–1621
Q4: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?
A4: the Karmapa
Q5: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?
A5: The fourth Dalai Lama
When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

Q1: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?
A1: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan
Q2: What role did Güshi Khan take on?
A2: protector
Q3: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat?
A3: the Gelugpas
Q4: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?
A4: Amdo
Q5: When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?
A5: 1642
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel. Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama "supreme authority" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon Güshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually "expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals," by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.

Q1: Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?
A1: Lozang Gyatso
Q2: What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?
A2: his conquest of Tibet
Q3: Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?
A3: the Dalai Lama
Q4: Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?
A4: the regent Sonam Chöpel
Q5: The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?
A5: Güshi Khan
Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Q1: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
A1: the rebellion of Li Zicheng
Q2: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
A2: the Dalai Lama
Q3: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
A3: Shunzhi
When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that "Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time."

Q1: Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?
A1: the Dzungar Mongols
Q2: Who helped the Tibetan?
A2: the Kangxi Emperor
Q3: When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?
A3: 1720
Q4: When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?
A4: 1751
Q5: When did the Qianlong Emperor reign?
A5: 1735–1796
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

Q1: Which company produces the iPod?
A1: Apple
Q2: When was the original iPod released?
A2: October 23, 2001
Q3: How many different types of iPod are currently available?
A3: three
Q4: What kind of device is the iPod?
A4: portable media players
Q5: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?
A5: touchscreen
Q6: In what year was the first iPod released?
A6: 2001
Q7: What company manufactures the iPod?
A7: Apple
Q8: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?
A8: 3
Q9: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?
A9: Shuffle
Q10: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?
A10: 2015
Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).

Q1: In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?
A1: data storage
Q2: What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?
A2: 2 GB
Q3: What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?
A3: 128 GB
Q4: Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?
A4: iPod Shuffle
Q5: Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?
A5: iPod Touch
Q6: What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?
A6: 2 GB
Q7: What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?
A7: 128 GB
Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Q1: What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?
A1: iTunes
Q2: Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?
A2: Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
Q3: What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?
A3: iTunes
Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.

Q1: Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?
A1: one
Q2: In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?
A2: iPhone
Q3: With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?
A3: iOS 5
Q4: In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?
A4: 2010
Q5: What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?
A5: "Music" and "Videos"
In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).

Q1: What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?
A1: A8
Q2: Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?
A2: sixth
Q3: What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?
A3: sixth
Q4: In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?
A4: 2015
Q5: What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?
A5: A8
Q6: In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?
A6: 5