romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles.

Q1: Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?
A1: Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'
Q2: Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?
A2: Kiev
Q3: What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?
A3: the Hagia Sophia
Q4: What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?
A4: Saint Sophia Cathedral
Q5: Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?
A5: Constantine Monomachos
The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text.

Q1: In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?
A1: Georgia
Q2: Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?
A2: king David IV
Q3: Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?
A3: Demetrius I of Georgia
Q4: Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?
A4: Christ
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.

Q1: The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?
A1: a 6th-century synagogue
Q2: Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?
A2: Jews
Q3: The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?
A3: pagan
Q4: What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
A4: Helios
Q5: What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
A5: a Jewish month
The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community.

Q1: When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?
A1: around the 4th century
Q2: What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?
A2: only floral and geometric
Q3: When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?
A3: in 1971–72
Q4: How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?
A4: three
Q5: What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?
A5: rather conservative
The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places.

Q1: In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?
A1: figurative depiction
Q2: Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?
A2: in the ancient harbour area
Q3: The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?
A3: King David as Orpheus
Q4: What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?
A4: playing a lyre
Q5: When was the mosaic floor constructed?
A5: in 508/509
A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script.

Q1: A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?
A1: a Samaritan synagogue
Q2: What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?
A2: typical Jewish symbols
Q3: What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?
A3: Greek
Q4: The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?
A4: cultic
Q5: The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?
A5: the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue
Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.

Q1: Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?
A1: Muslim
Q2: What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
A2: tile
Q3: In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?
A3: Roman
Q4: The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
A4: remained a flourishing art form
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.

Q1: Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?
A1: the Umayyad Mosque
Q2: Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?
A2: Damascus
Q3: What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?
A3: capital of the Arab Caliphate
Q4: What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?
A4: the "Barada Panel"
Q5: What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?
A5: a fire
Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

Q1: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?
A1: floor panels
Q2: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
A2: Roman country villas
Q3: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
A3: the bath house of Hisham's Palace
Q4: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
A4: Jordan
Q5: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
A5: Umayyad mosaics
Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.

Q1: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
A1: Moorish Spain
Q2: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
A2: Byzantine
Q3: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
A3: the Byzantine Emperor
Q4: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
A4: between 965 and 970
Q5: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
A5: local craftsmen
Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways.

Q1: The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?
A1: mosaic installation
Q2: What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?
A2: the rest areas
Q3: Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?
A3: the Museum of Natural History station
Q4: Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?
A4: 19th
In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

Q1: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
A1: street art
Q2: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
A2: the French Invader
Q3: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
A3: 8 bit video game character
Q4: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
A4: Rubikcubism
Q5: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
A5: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes
Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.

Q1: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
A1: Lisbon
Q2: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
A2: geometric
Q3: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
A3: Calçada Portuguesa
Q4: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
A4: streets
Q5: What is Portuguese pavement?
A5: two-tone stone mosaic paving
The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

Q1: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
A1: face-down to a backing paper
Q2: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
A2: gives the maker time to rework
Q3: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
A3: the indirect method
Q4: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
A4: murals
Q5: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
A5: repetitive
The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

Q1: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
A1: when it is important to see the work
Q2: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
A2: directly controlling the final result of the work
Q3: When was the double indirect method invented?
A3: 1989
Q4: Who invented the double indirect method?
A4: Maurizio Placuzzi
Q5: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
A5: sticky plastic
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.

Q1: What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?
A1: 1 in × 1 in
Q2: What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?
A2: express text
Q3: Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?
A3: on a shower room or bathing pool floor
Q4: How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?
A4: in a non-overlapping fashion
With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.

Q1: Why has production automation become popular?
A1: high cost of labor in developed countries
Q2: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?
A2: CAD
Q3: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?
A3: 10 times faster
Q4: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?
A4: a command file
Q5: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?
A5: different look
The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Q1: From what language does Universitas come from?
A1: Latin
Q2: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
A2: they were self-regulating
Q3: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
A3: urban town life and medieval guilds
Q4: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
A4: princes, prelates
An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

Q1: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?
A1: academic freedom
Q2: What was the first university?
A2: University of Bologna
Q3: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
A3: the Constitutio Habita
Q4: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
A4: unhindered passage in the interests of education
Q5: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
A5: 18 September 1988
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

Q1: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
A1: monks and nuns
Q2: What is a scholae monasticae?
A2: monastic schools
Q3: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
A3: Latin Church
Q4: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
A4: immediate forerunners
Q5: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
A5: early medieval period