romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Q1: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
A1: western New Haven
Q2: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
A2: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus
Q3: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
A3: laboratory and research space
Q4: How many forests does Yale own?
A4: seven
Q5: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
A5: 7,840-acre
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Q1: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
A1: Charles Dickens
Q2: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
A2: Travel+Leisure
Q3: What is Yale largely known for?
A3: Collegiate Gothic campus
Q4: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
A4: 2011
Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Q1: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
A1: Edward S. Harkness
Q2: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
A2: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading
Q3: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
A3: contemporary scenes
Q4: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
A4: splashing the walls with acid
Q5: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
A5: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages
Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

Q1: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
A1: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis
Q2: What is the largest residential college?
A2: Silliman College
Q3: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
A3: Sheffield Scientific School
Q4: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
A4: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic
Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Q1: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
A1: Alumnus Eero Saarinen
Q2: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A2: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal
Q3: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
A3: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano
Q4: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
A4: fortress-like stone towers
Q5: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A5: Finnish-American
Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Q1: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
A1: Yale's Office of Sustainability
Q2: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
A2: 10%
Q3: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
A3: Eleven
Q4: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
A4: Yale Sustainable Food Project
Q5: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
A5: B+
Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

Q1: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
A1: tombs
Q2: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
A2: Benedict Arnold
Q3: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
A3: Dan Kniley
Q4: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
A4: Kenneth M. Murchison
Q5: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
A5: King Lui-Wu
Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Q1: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
A1: 1894
Q2: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
A2: city police officers
Q3: Why was the campus police established?
A3: quell unrest between students and city residents
Q4: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
A4: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.
Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

Q1: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
A1: need-based
Q2: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
A2: grants and scholarships
Q3: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
A3: $46,395
Q4: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
A4: 15%
Q5: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
A5: $13,000
Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Q1: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
A1: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library
Q2: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
A2: The Lewis Walpole Library
Q3: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?
A3: The Elizabethan Club
Q4: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
A4: The Beinecke Rare Book Library
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Q1: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
A1: The Yale University Art Gallery
Q2: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
A2: more than 180,000
Q3: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
A3: The Yale Center for British Art
Q4: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
A4: Paul Mellon
Q5: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
A5: Louis Kahn
Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Q1: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
A1: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks
Q2: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
A2: Jacques Derrida
Q3: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
A3: Department of Comparative Literature
Q4: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
A4: David Montgomery
Q5: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
A5: 1957
Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Q1: When was Yale's residential college system established?
A1: 1933
Q2: Who established Yale's residential college system?
A2: Edward S. Harkness
Q3: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
A3: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean
Q4: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
A4: do not contain programs of study or academic departments
Q5: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
A5: Faculty of Arts and Sciences
While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Q1: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
A1: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic
Q2: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
A2: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges
Q3: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
A3: a courtyard
Q4: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
A4: important alumni or significant places in university history
Q5: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
A5: 2017
In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

Q1: Who was Calhoun college named for?
A1: John C. Calhoun
Q2: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
A2: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century
Q3: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
A3: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”
Q4: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
A4: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."
Q5: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
A5: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

Q1: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
A1: The Yale Record
Q2: What year was The Yale Record first published?
A2: 1872
Q3: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
A3: 1878
Q4: When was the Yale Herald established?
A4: 1986
Q5: What is the name of the campus radio station?
A5: WYBC Yale Radio
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Q1: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
A1: clay pipes
Q2: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
A2: bubble pipes
Q3: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
A3: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus
Q4: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
A4: the toe
Q5: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
A5: Bladderball
Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Q1: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
A1: Yale Bowl
Q2: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
A2: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl
Q3: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
A3: Payne Whitney Gymnasium
Q4: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
A4: October 21, 2000
Q5: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
A5: $7.5 million