romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Q1: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
A1: 163 million to 145 million
Q2: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
A2: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs
Q3: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
A3: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction
Q4: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
A4: Sea levels rose
Q5: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways?
A5: Atlantic sea
The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Q1: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?
A1: dry
Q2: What could have made temperatures more extreme?
A2: Low sea levels
Q3: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?
A3: desert
Q4: What were there periods of during the Triassic?
A4: increased rainfall
Q5: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
A5: increased rainfall
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Q1: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
A1: gymnosperms
Q2: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
A2: conifers
Q3: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
A3: angiosperms
Q4: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
A4: Mesozoic
Q5: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
A5: Sequoia
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

Q1: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?
A1: the 1980s
Q2: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?
A2: 128 kilobits/s
Q3: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?
A3: the Media space
Q4: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?
A4: ISDN networks
Q5: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
A5: PictureTel Corp.
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

Q1: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?
A1: The MC
Q2: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?
A2: endpoint signaling
Q3: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?
A3: the signaling plane
Q4: On what plane does the MC operate?
A4: the media plane
Q5: What generates output streams from each endpoint?
A5: The MP
High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

Q1: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?
A1: High speed Internet connectivity
Q2: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?
A2: webcam
Q3: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?
A3: The availability of freeware
Q4: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
A4: chat programs
Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Q1: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
A1: serve individuals, not groups
Q2: What is an example of a videophone call program?
A2: Skype
Q3: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
A3: videoconferencing
Q4: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
A4: a video link
Q5: What is another name for videophone calls?
A5: video chat
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Q1: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
A1: the 2010s
Q2: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
A2: Mobile collaboration systems
Q3: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
A3: still image streaming
Q4: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
A4: mobile
Q5: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
A5: hand-held mobile devices
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Q1: What can videoconferencing offer students?
A1: participating in two-way communication forums
Q2: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
A2: students
Q3: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
A3: language
Q4: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
A4: virtual field trips
Q5: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
A5: visit museums
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

Q1: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?
A1: AT&T
Q2: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?
A2: Picturephone
Q3: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced?
A3: 1964
Q4: Where was AT&T's "Picturephone" device unveiled?
A4: 1964 New York World's Fair
Q5: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
A5: 1990s
In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Q1: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
A1: film
Q2: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
A2: Frozen
Q3: What year was the movie Frozen released?
A3: 2013
Q4: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
A4: New York City
Q5: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
A5: 14
A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Q1: What is a video-conference also known as?
A1: videoteleconference
Q2: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?
A2: a multipoint control unit
Q3: What is a multi-point control unit?
A3: call management system
Q4: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
A4: web-based applications
Q5: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?
A5: two or more
This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Q1: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
A1: telemedicine
Q2: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
A2: AT&T Corporation
Q3: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
A3: the 1950s
Q4: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
A4: 6 Mbit/s
Q5: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
A5: 1 MHz
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Q1: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
A1: 1992
Q2: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
A2: IBM
Q3: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
A3: PCS/1
Q4: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
A4: Diversified Information and Assistance Network
Q5: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
A5: 15
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

Q1: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?
A1: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
Q2: What is one type of MCU bridge?
A2: IP
Q3: In what way can an MCU be characterized?
A3: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle
Q4: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?
A4: Continuous Presence
Q5: Where can an MCU be embedded?
A5: dedicated videoconferencing units
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Q1: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
A1: money savings
Q2: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
A2: VoIP
Q3: What is another use of VoIP?
A3: telecommuting
Q4: What is telecommuting?
A4: work from home
Q5: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
A5: 54%
Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Q1: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?
A1: 1990s
Q2: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?
A2: desktop
Q3: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?
A3: 1992
Q4: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?
A4: 1995
Q5: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
A5: Cape Town
The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.

Q1: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?
A1: a codec (coder/decoder)
Q2: How high can compression rates go?
A2: 1:500
Q3: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?
A3: IP
Q4: What does POTS stand for?
A4: Plain Old Telephone System
Q5: What do POTS do?
A5: convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.

Q1: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
A1: deaf Video Relay Service
Q2: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?
A2: teachers
Q3: What is one way that videocalling can be used?
A3: personal videocalls to inmates
Q4: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
A4: tele-medical
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Q1: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
A1: real-time telemedicine
Q2: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing?
A2: Rural
Q3: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals?
A3: Ohio
Q4: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
A4: 70 miles
Q5: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
A5: $10,000 per transfer
VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.

Q1: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
A1: Sweden
Q2: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
A2: financing
Q3: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
A3: Germany
Q4: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
A4: United States
In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

Q1: What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
A1: 2005
Q2: Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?
A2: LifeSize Communications
Q3: Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
A3: Las Vegas, Nevada
Q4: What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?
A4: Polycom
Q5: What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?
A5: 1280 by 720