romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

Q1: Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?
A1: majority
Q2: Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?"
A2: Igor Mandić
Q3: Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?
A3: Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić
The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.

Q1: Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?
A1: Italian or Slavic
Q2: Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?
A2: Old Croatian
Q3: Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?
A3: two languages were not distinguished by most speakers
However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as "Slovin" and "Illyrian" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat – these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagić pointed out in 1864:

Q1: To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?
A1: Catholic Christendom
Q2: After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?
A2: Croatian
Q3: Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?
A3: Macedonian or Greek
The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).

Q1: What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?
A1: Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)
Q2: For what was "Evangel from Reims" named?
A2: the town of its final destination
Q3: In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?
A3: (1483)
In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

Q1: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?
A1: Novi Sad Agreement
Q2: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?
A2: equal status
Q3: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?
A3: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska
In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some Štokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in Čakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.

Q1: Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?
A1: imperfective
Q2: Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?
A2: perfective or imperfective
Q3: When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?
A3: action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration
The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian.

Q1: To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?
A1: -io
Q2: What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"?
A2: prije
Q3: Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled "pre"?
A3: due to potential ambiguity with pri
Q4: What is the meaning of "pri"?
A4: approach, come close to
On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Rešetar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: "The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian."

Q1: All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?
A1: (Illyrian)
Q2: Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?
A2: Milan Rešetar
Q3: Where was Milan Resetar born?
A3: Dubrovnik
Q4: Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?
A4: Serbian
Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow "borrowed" their standard languages from them.[citation needed] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have "appropriated" the Bosnian language, since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats'— in more extreme formulations Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language from the Serbs.[citation needed]

Q1: What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?
A1: they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians
Q2: What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?
A2: they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians
Q3: Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?
A3: Neoštokavian-Ijekavian
Q4: Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?
A4: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Q5: How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?
A5: Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language
In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as "Bosniak" (bošnjački) rather than "Bosnian" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).

Q1: In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?
A1: Vojvodina
Q2: To what should the language be referred to instead of "Bosnian"?
A2: "Bosniak" (bošnjački)
Q3: In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?
A3: 1st and 2nd
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.

Q1: What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?
A1: 738,432
Q2: How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?
A2: Approximately half
Q3: Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?
A3: fishing, natural gas, and oil
Q4: How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?
A4: largest state in the United States by area
Q5: Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?
A5: 3rd least populous
Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

Q1: What are the contiguous states sometimes called?
A1: "the Lower 48"
Q2: What is Alaska's capital city?
A2: Juneau
Q3: How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?
A3: 500
Q4: Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?
A4: Aleutian Islands
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.

Q1: Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?
A1: Tongass National Forest
Q2: Which city was Alaska's former capital?
A2: Sitka
Q3: What is the area closest to the continental US called?
A3: Panhandle or Inside Passage
Q4: Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?
A4: Panhandle or Inside Passage
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

Q1: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?
A1: The North Slope
Q2: What is the northernmost city in the US?
A2: Barrow
Q3: What resource is the North Slope known for?
A3: massive reserves of crude oil
With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.

Q1: How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?
A1: nearly 34,000 miles
Q2: On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?
A2: Unimak Island
Q3: What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?
A3: actively undergoing continent building
Q4: What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?
A4: most perfect volcanic cone on Earth
Q5: How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?
A5: 10,000 feet (3,048 m)
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).

Q1: What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?
A1: 65%
Q2: What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?
A2: national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges
Q3: How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?
A3: 87 million
Q4: How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?
A4: 23.8%
Q5: What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?
A5: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities. These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.

Q1: How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?
A1: 101 million acres
Q2: How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?
A2: 101 million acres (41 million hectares)
Q3: Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?
A3: remote and roadless locations
Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

Q1: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?
A1: Doyon, Limited
Q2: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?
A2: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases
Q3: Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?
A3: repealed before they could take effect
The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.

Q1: How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?
A1: over 50 in
Q2: In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?
A2: Southeast
Q3: Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?
A3: mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts
Q4: How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?
A4: over 150 in (380 cm)
The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation.

Q1: What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?
A1: Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska
Q2: Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?
A2: tremendous amount of variety
Q3: Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?
A3: the region around Kotzebue Sound
Q4: How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?
A4: less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.

Q1: Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?
A1: Grover Cleveland
Q2: What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?
A2: smallpox
Q3: In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?
A3: 1887
Q4: Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?
A4: the Haida