romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Q1: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
A1: left ventricular aneurysm
Q2: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
A2: cabinet meeting
Q3: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
A3: right hand
Q4: What is Crohn's disease?
A4: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine
Q5: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?
A5: bowel obstruction
The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Q1: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
A1: heart attack
Q2: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
A2: cholecystitis
Q3: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?
A3: gallbladder
Q4: In what year did Eisenhower die?
A4: 1969
Q5: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
A5: seven
In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

Q1: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?
A1: Richard Nixon
Q2: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?
A2: John F. Kennedy
Q3: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?
A3: 70
Q4: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?
A4: Kennedy
Q5: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?
A5: Kennedy
On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

Q1: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
A1: January 17, 1961
Q2: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?
A2: military–industrial
Q3: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?
A3: Cold
Q4: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?
A4: atheistic
Q5: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
A5: Oval Office
Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer".

Q1: What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?
A1: Gettysburg
Q2: What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?
A2: Dauphin
Q3: Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?
A3: National Park Service
Q4: What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?
A4: dime-store New Dealer
Q5: Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?
A5: Barry Goldwater
On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Q1: How old was Eisenhower when he died?
A1: 78
Q2: At what facility did Eisenhower die?
A2: Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Q3: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
A3: congestive heart failure
Q4: What was Eisenhower's date of death?
A4: March 28, 1969
Q5: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
A5: Episcopal
That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Q1: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?
A1: April 2
Q2: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
A2: $80
Q3: At what location was Eisenhower buried?
A3: Eisenhower Presidential Library
Q4: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
A4: green
Q5: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
A5: 1979
In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Q1: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?
A1: golf
Q2: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
A2: McCarthyism
Q3: Where was Central High school located?
A3: Little Rock
Q4: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
A4: vigorous young successor
Q5: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
A5: Soviet Union
Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Q1: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
A1: United States Army
Q2: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
A2: Lyndon Johnson
Q3: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?
A3: Jimmy Carter
Q4: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
A4: President's Private Secretary
The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Q1: How many appreciation medals were minted?
A1: 9,858
Q2: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
A2: Philadelphia
Q3: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
A3: September 1958 through October 1960
Q4: What were Eisenhower's initials?
A4: D.D.E.
Q5: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
A5: 1,451
The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Q1: What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
A1: Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
Q2: Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?
A2: Austria
Q3: What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
A3: Interstate 290
Q4: When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?
A4: 1993
Q5: What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
A5: Chicago
A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Q1: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
A1: 17th
Q2: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
A2: 192
Q3: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
A3: cut down
Q4: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
A4: ice storm
Q5: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
A5: 1956
The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.

Q1: How many boroughs are in NYC?
A1: five
Q2: Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?
A2: northernmost
Q3: What is the Bronx's population?
A3: 1,438,159
Q4: How large is the Bronx?
A4: 42 square miles (109 km2)
Q5: What is unique about the Bronx's location?
A5: Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland
The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.

Q1: Who is the Bronx named for?
A1: Jonas Bronck
Q2: What did Bronck do?
A2: created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony
Q3: When did Bronck settle in the New York area?
A3: 1639
Q4: What native tribe lived in the New York area?
A4: Lenape
Q5: What types of music the Bronx famous for?
A5: Latin music and hip hop
The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today.

Q1: How poor is part of the Bronx?
A1: one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States
Q2: What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?
A2: Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club
Q3: When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?
A3: the late 1960s and the 1970s
Q4: What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?
A4: arson
Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Q1: When was Jonas Bronck born?
A1: 1600
Q2: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
A2: spring of 1639
Q3: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
A3: Småland, Sweden
Q4: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
A4: the Dutch West India Company
Q5: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
A5: 500 acres
The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.

Q1: What is the Bronx's county name?
A1: The County of Bronx
Q2: What is the Bronx's borough name?
A2: Borough of the Bronx
Q3: When was the Bronx created?
A3: 1874
Q4: When was the Bronx added to?
A4: 1898
Q5: What county was the Bronx split off from?
A5: Westchester
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Q1: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A1: 1759
Q2: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A2: tolls were resented
Q3: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
A3: between New England and New York
Q4: When was Kingsbridge built?
A4: 1693
Q5: Who owned Kingsbridge?
A5: Frederick Philipse
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Q1: How many counties did New York originally have?
A1: 12
Q2: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
A2: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham
Q3: When was West Farms created?
A3: 1846
Q4: When was Morrisania created?
A4: 1855
Q5: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
A5: 1873
The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

Q1: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?
A1: 1873
Q2: When did New York City annex West Farms?
A2: 1873
Q3: When did New York City annex Morrisania?
A3: 1873
Q4: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?
A4: 1895
Q5: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?
A5: 1895
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Q1: When was the Bronx's boom period?
A1: 1900–29
Q2: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
A3: 1.3 million
Q4: When did the Bronx's income declined?
A4: 1950–85
Q5: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
A5: starting in the late 1980s
The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.

Q1: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?
A1: 592,185
Q2: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?
A2: 54,000
Q3: What led to the Bronx's population growth?
A3: Extensions of the New York City Subway
Q4: What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?
A4: Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans
Q5: How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?
A5: 43.9%
Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.

Q1: What is redlining?
A1: a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas
Q2: What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?
A2: rent control laws
Q3: What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?
A3: fire-fighting