romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707). The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting.

Q1: Name three painters?
A1: Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)
Q2: What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?
A2: Shanghai School and the Lingnan School
Q3: Name two arts of the Four Arts?
A3: Calligraphy and painting
Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its association with Chinese opera, developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry, the transition to a greater role for vernacular language, and for poetry by women in Chinese culture. The Qing dynasty was a period of much literary collection and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quantangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, published in the mid-18th century, and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life, written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi's The Scholars (1750) and Li Ruzhen's Flowers in the Mirror (1827).

Q1: What was the sign of a gentleman?
A1: Poetry
Q2: Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?
A2: women
Q3: What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?
A3: Strange Stories
Q4: Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?
A4: Cao Xueqin
Q5: What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?
A5: Six Chapters of a Floating Life
Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detailed the culinary esthetics and theory, along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty. The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs. Nevertheless, culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulent culinary rituals of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, saying that it is cause in part by "...the vulgar habits of bad chefs" and that "Display this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one’s gates or when the boss comes to visit." (皆惡廚陋習。只可用之於新親上門，上司入境)

Q1: Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?
A1: Yuan Mei
Q2: What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?
A2: recipes
Q3: What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?
A3: appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.

Q1: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
A1: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas
Q2: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
A2: Pueblos indígenas
Q3: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?
A3: Amerindian
Q4: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
A4: Aborigen
Q5: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
A5: Native Americans
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.

Q1: Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?
A1: Asia
Q2: What was Beringia?
A2: a land bridge which connected the two continents
Q3: How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?
A3: Beringia
Q4: Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?
A4: 13,500 years ago
Q5: How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?
A5: a wide range of creation myths
Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term "Indian" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Q1: What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus?
A1: Indian
Q2: Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?
A2: East Indies
Q3: Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?
A3: West Indies
Q4: What is implied by the global term of "Indian"?
A4: some kind of racial or cultural unity
Q5: Despite fitting under the umbrella label of "Indian", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?
A5: indigenous
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.

Q1: What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?
A1: hunter-gatherers
Q2: What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?
A2: agricultural endowment
Q3: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?
A3: farming, hunting, and gathering
Q4: Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?
A4: indigenous
Q5: What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?
A5: aquaculture and agriculture
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

Q1: Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?
A1: indigenous
Q2: Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?
A2: Many parts of the Americas
Q3: How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?
A3: At least a thousand
Q4: What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?
A4: religion, social organization, and subsistence practices
Q5: What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?
A5: Western culture
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.

Q1: How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?
A1: ongoing
Q2: When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?
A2: last
Q3: What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?
A3: falling sea levels
Q4: A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?
A4: snowfall
Q5: What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?
A5: Laurentide Ice Sheet
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

Q1: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?
A1: single
Q2: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?
A2: in isolation
Q3: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?
A3: 10–20,000 years
Q4: When did the glaciers begin to melt?
A4: 16,500 years ago
Q5: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?
A5: Pleistocene megafauna
The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.

Q1: What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?
A1: directly ancestral
Q2: What populations is the individual closely related to?
A2: present North American Native American
Q3: What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?
A3: early
Q4: Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?
A4: ruled out
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).

Q1: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
A1: before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492
Q2: When was Columbus' first voyage?
A2: 1492
Q3: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?
A3: conquered or significantly influenced
Q4: What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
A4: "Pre-Columbian"
Q5: What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?
A5: Andes
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.

Q1: Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?
A1: pre-Columbian
Q2: What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?
A2: Some of these civilizations
Q3: How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?
A3: oral history and through archaeological investigations
Q4: What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?
A4: written records
Q5: What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?
A5: a few documents
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.

Q1: What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?
A1: many accomplishments
Q2: What had the Aztec civilization constructed?
A2: one of the largest cities in the world
Q3: How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?
A3: 200,000
Q4: Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?
A4: American
Q5: How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?
A5: thousands
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.

Q1: What did the European colonization forever change?
A1: lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents
Q2: How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?
A2: between 80 and 90%
Q3: What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?
A3: disease
Q4: What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?
A4: smallpox, measles, and cholera
Q5: Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?
A5: lack of prior exposure
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.

Q1: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
A1: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola
Q2: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
A2: dominant culture
Q3: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
A3: 70%
Q4: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
A4: no immunity to European diseases
Q5: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
A5: Increasing punishment
Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries. Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.

Q1: What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?
A1: suicidal
Q2: What did Taínos women start doing to their infants?
A2: aborting or killing
Q3: Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?
A3: violent poison
Q4: Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?
A4: Francisco Barrionuevo
Q5: How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?
A5: thirteen
Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years. Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.

Q1: What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?
A1: epidemic disease
Q2: Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?
A2: 90 to 95%
Q3: How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?
A3: 150 years
Q4: What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?
A4: Smallpox
Q5: How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?
A5: By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).

Q1: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?
A1: between 50 and 67 per cent
Q2: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?
A2: 90 per cent
Q3: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?
A3: Europeans
Q4: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?
A4: by 1679
Q5: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?
A5: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans