romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

Q1: What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?
A1: the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west
Q2: What was the initial result of the French invasion?
A2: Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757
Q3: What was the result of the Austrian invasion?
A3: then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757
Q4: Name the four opponents of Prussia.
A4: (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)
Q5: What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?
A5: a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

Q1: What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
A1: Cumberland
Q2: What country won the battle at Hanover?
A2: French
Q3: How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
A3: Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war
Q4: How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
A4: Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

Q1: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
A1: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758
Q2: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
A2: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania
Q3: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
A3: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania
Q4: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
A4: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.
Q5: What political development shaped the policy of the British?
A5: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Q1: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
A1: Count András Hadik
Q2: What city did Hadik occupy?
A2: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night
Q3: How was Berlin spared?
A3: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers
Q4: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
A4: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines
Q5: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
A5: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city
In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

Q1: Where did Frederick invade in 1758
A1: Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia
Q2: What city did Frederick lay siege to?
A2: Olmütz
Q3: What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?
A3: Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,
Q4: How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
A4: Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.
In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

Q1: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
A1: an annual subsidy of £670,000
Q2: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
A2: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army
Q3: What caused alarm in France?
A3: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces
Q4: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
A4: the French
Q5: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
A5: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

Q1: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
A1: marched to counter it.
Q2: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
A2: 35,000 men
Q3: How many Russians were in defense?
A3: Russian army of 43,000
Q4: Which army withdrew?
A4: the Russians withdrew
Q5: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
A5: Swedish
The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

Q1: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
A1: Marshal Daun
Q2: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
A2: lost much of his artillery
Q3: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
A3: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods
Q4: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
A4: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough
Q5: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
A5: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Q1: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
A1: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats
Q2: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
A2: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians
Q3: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
A3: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000
Q4: What happened at Minden in 1757?
A4: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French
Q5: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
A5: Frederick himself lost half his army
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

Q1: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
A1: near the mouth of the Loire
Q2: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
A2: their Brest and Toulon fleets
Q3: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?
A3: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet
Q4: What happened to the French Brest fleet?
A4: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground
Q5: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?
A5: putting an end to the French plans.
Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Q1: Identify a success of the Austrians?
A1: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz
Q2: Where is Glatz
A2: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia
Q3: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
A3: outnumbered three to one
Q4: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
A4: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.
Q5: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
A5: General Saltykov
1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Q1: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
A1: Spain
Q2: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
A2: Portugal
Q3: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
A3: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida
Q4: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
A4: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side
Q5: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
A5: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Q1: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
A1: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them
Q2: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
A2: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons
Q3: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
A3: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania
Q4: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
A4: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.
Q5: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
A5: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

Q1: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
A1: offering concessions to secure peace
Q2: How many troops did Frederick have left?
A2: 60,000 men
Q3: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?
A3: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin
Q4: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?
A4: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden
Q5: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?
A5: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command
By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Q1: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
A1: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened
Q2: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
A2: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army
Q3: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
A3: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute
Q4: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
A4: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war
Q5: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
A5: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

Q1: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
A1: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise
Q2: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
A2: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay
Q3: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
A3: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan
Q4: What damage was done at the alternate site?
A4: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction
Q5: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
A5: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering
Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Q1: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
A1: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;
Q2: Who led the invasion troops?
A2: The elderly General Bligh
Q3: Was the landing successful?
A3: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,
Q4: Where did the troops land?
A4: Cherbourg
Q5: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
A5: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.