romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In response to attribution of recent climate change, the City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program, however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral. Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna, feral pigeon, brown rat, European wasp, common starling and red fox. Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne. Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good. Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.

Q1: In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?
A1: 2002
Q2: Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?
A2: City of Glen Eira
Q3: By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?
A3: 2020
Q4: Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?
A4: largest
Q5: Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?
A5: EPA Victoria and several local councils
In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which — the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight — still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.

Q1: Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889?
A1: William Pitt
Q2: Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?
A2: Eureka Tower
Q3: Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?
A3: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight
Q4: In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?
A4: 2006
Q5: How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?
A5: second largest
In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

Q1: Tasmania was formerly known as what?
A1: Van Diemen's Land
Q2: How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?
A2: 600,000
Q3: Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?
A3: John Batman
Q4: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?
A4: eight
Q5: On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?
A5: 2 September 1835
Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Q1: What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?
A1: quarter acre home and garden
Q2: Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?
A2: high-density
Q3: Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?
A3: 1945
Q4: Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?
A4: low density
With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.

Q1: When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?
A1: public buildings
Q2: During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?
A2: 1850s and 1860s
Q3: Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?
A3: gold rush
Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well the nation's largest publishing sector. The city is home to significant writers' festivals, most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival. Several major literary prizes are open to local writers including the Melbourne Prize for Literature and the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas' The Slap. Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer and Peter Carey.

Q1: Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?
A1: Melbourne Writers Festival
Q2: What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?
A2: novels
Q3: What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?
A3: set in Melbourne
Q4: Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?
A4: Melbourne
Q5: What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?
A5: writers and poets
During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably the APA Building, amongst the world's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network.

Q1: Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?
A1: Marvellous Melbourne
Q2: In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?
A2: 1888
Q3: In what year was a hydraulic facility established?
A3: 1887
Q4: In what year was the APA Building completed?
A4: 1889
Q5: What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?
A5: elevators
Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's "cultural capital", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building.

Q1: Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?
A1: Economist Intelligence Unit
Q2: For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?
A2: fifth year in a row
Q3: Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?
A4: Melbourne Shuffle
Some of Australia's most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking, six are located in Melbourne. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city. Furthermore, Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Melbourne is the home of seven public universities: the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Deakin University, La Trobe University, Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University.

Q1: How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?
A1: six
Q2: According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?
A2: fourth
Q3: How many public universities are located in Melbourne?
A3: seven
Q4: Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?
A4: public
Q5: Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?
A5: rapid increase
Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city. New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

Q1: In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?
A1: 1958
Q2: Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?
A2: Chadstone Shopping Centre
Q3: What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?
A3: demolished or subdivided
Q4: Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?
A4: CBD and St Kilda Road
Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.

Q1: In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
A1: 1956
Q2: In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City"?
A2: 2006, 2008 and 2010
Q3: Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?
A3: Europe and the United States
Q4: Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
A4: Olympic Stand
Q5: Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
A5: Melbourne
Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named "Melbourne" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.

Q1: In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?
A1: 1837
Q2: On what date did the official general post office open?
A2: 13 April 1837
Q3: What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?
A3: the Hoddle Grid
Q4: What was the settlement originally named?
A4: Batmania
From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined, and Melbourne's property market remained strong, resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.

Q1: Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?
A1: less affected
Q2: Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?
A2: property market
Q3: After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?
A3: Brisbane and Perth
Q4: What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008?
A4: Melbourne @ Five Million strategy
Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively.

Q1: How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A1: Two
Q2: Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A2: NAB and ANZ
Q3: Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?
A4: Scoresby
Q5: Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?
A5: Ford Australia
The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument—the Burke and Wills statue.

Q1: In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?
A1: 1850s and 1860s
Q2: In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?
A2: 1855
Q3: Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" become popular?
A3: 1859
Q4: In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?
A4: 1861
Q5: What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?
A5: the Burke and Wills statue
Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.

Q1: What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?
A1: 68.1%
Q2: What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?
A2: Chinese
Q3: The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?
A3: 70,000
Q4: What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?
A4: more affordable housing and cost of living
Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain.

Q1: During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?
A1: spring and summer
Q2: Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?
A2: cold fronts
Q3: Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?
A3: changeable
Q4: What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?
A4: Cfb
Q5: What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?
A5: Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean
Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay—the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems, as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution. In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment towards sustainability, was launched in Melbourne.

Q1: Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?
A1: the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project
Q2: Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?
A2: fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected
Q3: Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?
A3: 350,000
Q4: What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?
A4: The Transition Decade
Q5: What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?
A5: septic systems, as well as litter