romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.

Q1: The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?
A1: Englishmen
Q2: The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?
A2: international
Q3: Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?
A3: Its direct supervisors were from England
The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The "visitation" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales—Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.

Q1: What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?
A1: Oxford
Q2: Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?
A2: the Blessed Virgin Mary
Q3: What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?
A3: natural philosophy
Q4: What was the most important subject for Dominican students?
A4: theology
Q5: By what year was the school in Oxford completed?
A5: 1265
English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God. This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change, and as the means for reformation of humanity's nature as an image of divinity. This type of mysticism carried with it four elements. First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life. Second, there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ's life and humanity's disposition as images of the divine. Third, English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center. Finally, the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God.

Q1: What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?
A1: ecstatic experiences of union with the divine
Q2: English mysticism was composed of how many elements?
A2: four
Q3: What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?
A3: it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life
Q4: What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?
A4: one's personal relationship with God
For English Dominican mystics, the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God, but in the journey of, or process of, faith. This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity. It is important to understand, however, that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God. They experienced a mystical process that allowed them, in the end, to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only.

Q1: What was so important to English mystics?
A1: the journey of, or process of, faith
Q2: The process of faith leads one to what?
A2: knowledge of divinity
Q3: What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?
A3: visions and voices
Q4: What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?
A4: faith
The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a "progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical"—that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God.

Q1: How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?
A1: through an imitation of His life
Q2: Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?
A2: Christ
Q3: What is the most significant way to know Christ?
A3: emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry
Q4: What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?
A4: the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified
Q5: What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?
A5: progressive
The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will.

Q1: The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?
A1: the events of Christ's life
Q2: What did the English Order not care about?
A2: the stigmata
Q3: The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?
A3: love
Q4: What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?
A4: the mercy of God
Q5: What does love lead to according to English mystics?
A5: spiritual growth
Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the "image of God" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear.

Q1: What is man always seen as?
A1: an image of God
Q2: What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?
A2: moral implications of image-bearing
Q3: What amends humanity to God's life?
A3: The process of Christ's life
Q4: The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?
A4: move toward God
Eton is one of ten English HMC schools, commonly referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils live at the school, and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys' public schools in the United Kingdom (the others being Harrow, Radley, and Winchester) to continue this practice. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has been referred to as the chief nurse of England's statesmen. Charging up to £11,478 per term (there are three terms per academic year) in 2014/15, Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK.

Q1: How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?
A1: ten
Q2: Which type of school requires students to live at the school?
A2: boarding school
Q3: How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?
A3: four
Q4: How much does Eton College charge per term?
A4: up to £11,478
Q5: How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?
A5: sixth most expensive
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, and has recommended that Eton set up a school in the state sector to help drive up standards. Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham, a deprived area of East London, called the London Academy of Excellence, opened in 2012, which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education. In September 2014, Eton opened, and became the sole educational sponsor for, a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils, Holyport College, in Maidenhead in Berkshire, with construction costing around £15 million, in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes, 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care, and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries.

Q1: How many British prime ministers attended Eton?
A1: 19
Q2: Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?
A2: London Academy of Excellence
Q3: How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?
A3: free of charge
Q4: Where will Holyport College be located?
A4: Maidenhead in Berkshire
Q5: How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?
A5: around £15 million
About 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. The recent Head Master, Tony Little, said that Eton is developing plans to allow any boy to attend the school whatever his parents' income and, in 2011, said that around 250 boys received "significant" financial help from the school. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Little said that, in the short term, he wanted to ensure that around 320 pupils per year receive bursaries, and that 70 were educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance would continue to increase. These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Launched in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend state schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent, an area of inner-city deprivation, an intensive one-week residential course, free of charge, designed to help bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level. In 2008, Eton helped found the Eton, Slough, Windsor and Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), with six local state schools. The ISSP's aims are "to raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools". Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months.

Q1: How many students receive financial aid at Eton?
A1: 20%
Q2: How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?
A2: 63
Q3: What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?
A3: raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools
Q4: What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?
A4: choral and English language courses
In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators. Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public, free of charge, almost all the year round.

Q1: What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?
A1: training facilities
Q2: How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?
A2: 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)
Q3: What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?
A3: best 2012 Olympic venue
Q4: How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?
A4: free of charge
Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.

Q1: Who was Eton's first Headmaster?
A1: William Waynflete
Q2: How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?
A2: 1480s
Q3: Between what years was College Hall built?
A3: 1441 and 1460
Q4: How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?
A4: eighteen - or possibly seventeen
Q5: How many bays does the chapel have today?
A5: eight
As the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors. Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517. His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard, perhaps the most famous image of the school. This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber, where most of the 18th century "leaving portraits" are kept.

Q1: Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?
A1: 1517
Q2: Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?
A2: Roger Lupton
Q3: Where are 18th century "leaving portraits" kept at Eton?
A3: Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber
Q4: What is the most famous image of Eton College?
A4: the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard
The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton". Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there. According to Nevill (citing the historian Sir Edward Creasy), what Wellington said, while passing an Eton cricket match many decades later, was, "There grows the stuff that won Waterloo", a remark Nevill construes as a reference to "the manly character induced by games and sport" amongst English youth generally, not a comment about Eton specifically. In 1889, Sir William Fraser conflated this uncorroborated remark with the one attributed to him by Count Charles de Montalembert's "C'est ici qu'a été gagné la bataille de Waterloo" ("It is here that the Battle of Waterloo was won.")

Q1: Who was incorrctly quoted in saying "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton"?
A1: Duke of Wellington
Q2: During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?
A2: 1781 to 1784
Q3: What "stuff" won Waterloo, according to Wellington?
A3: the manly character induced by games and sport
As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.

Q1: Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?
A1: 59 Club
Q2: What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?
A2: familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas
Q3: What is Eton's rowing club called?
A3: Eton Manor Boys' Club
Q4: Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?
A4: it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic
Q5: Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?
A5: district of Hackney Wick in east London
The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone (1949–52) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).

Q1: To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?
A1: Etonians who had died in the Boer War
Q2: What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?
A2: A bomb
Q3: Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?
A3: Evie Hone
In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers. In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism".

Q1: What were new students once called by others?
A1: 'Jews'
Q2: What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?
A2: applicant's father being British by birth
Q3: For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?
A3: "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism"
Q4: Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?
A4: A. J. Ayer
One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name "King's Scholars" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense.

Q1: The College boarding house is reserved for whom?
A1: King's Scholars
Q2: Where do "King's Scholars" get their name?
A2: the school was founded by King Henry VI
Q3: How many original Scholars were there in the original School?
A3: seventy
Q4: How many students receive some form of financial aid?
A4: up to a third
As the School grew, more students were allowed to attend provided that they paid their own fees and lived in the town, outside the College's original buildings. These students became known as Oppidans, from the Latin word oppidum, meaning town. The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner, and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as "dames". They typically contain about fifty boys. Although classes are organised on a School basis, most boys spend a large proportion of their time in their House. Each House has a formal name, mainly used for post and people outside the Eton community. It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master, the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it.

Q1: What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?
A1: Oppidans
Q2: Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?
A2: "dames"
Q3: What is a House Master?
A3: the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it
Q4: About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?
A4: fifty
Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.

Q1: If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?
A1: Oppidan Scholars
Q2: Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?
A2: Oppidan Scholar
Q3: How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?
A3: 24
Q4: Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?
A4: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations
Q5: How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?
A5: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career
The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House, Jourdelay's, (both built as such c. 1720), Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows, 1845, when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control), The Hopgarden, South Lawn, Waynflete, Evans's, Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Wotton House, Holland House, Mustians, Angelo's, Manor House, Farrer House, Baldwin's Bec, The Timbralls, and Westbury.

Q1: Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?
A1: Godolphin House, Jourdelay's
Q2: Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?
A2: Hawtrey House, Durnford House
Q3: Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?
A3: Godolphin House, Jourdelay's