romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

Q1: Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?
A1: Ukrainian Haidamaks
Q2: Near what region was Balta bording?
A2: Bessarabia
Q3: During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?
A3: 1768–1774
Q4: The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?
A4: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Q5: The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?
A5: freedom to worship
The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the "sick man" by Europeans. The suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro – moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.

Q1: During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?
A1: 1804–1815
Q2: What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?
A2: Suzerainty of Serbia
Q3: There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?
A3: the Greeks
Q4: Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?
A4: 1829
Q5: What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?
A5: the "sick man"
The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.

Q1: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?
A1: 571
Q2: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?
A2: 140,000
Q3: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?
A3: 528
Q4: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?
A4: 654
Q5: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?
A5: consuls and citizenship
The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey.[page needed] Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers, totaling 1–1.5 million deported or killed.

Q1: During what years did the Crimean War take place?
A1: 1853–1856
Q2: On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?
A2: 4 August 1854
Q3: Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?
A3: Crimean Tatars
Q4: Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?
A4: Circassians
Q5: Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?
A5: Turkey
As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks." The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.

Q1: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence?
A1: Eugene Rogan
Q2: In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?
A2: 1875
Q3: What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?
A3: Ottoman Public Debt Administration
Q4: Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?
A4: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.
Q5: European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?
A5: the detriment of local Ottoman interests
The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.

Q1: Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?
A1: Ottoman bashi-bazouks
Q2: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?
A2: Russo-Turkish War
Q3: Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?
A3: The Russo-Turkish War
Q4: What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?
A4: Romania
As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.

Q1: Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?
A1: Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
Q2: When did the Balkan Wars take place?
A2: 1912–13
Q3: What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?
A3: East Thrace (European Turkey)
Q4: How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?
A4: 400,000
Q5: Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?
A5: Justin McCarthy
The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire’s citizens to modernize the state’s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them “Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party” were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912–1913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.

Q1: What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?
A1: Second Constitutional Era
Q2: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?
A2: the Young Turk Revolution
Q3: The restoration of what happened in 1876?
A3: the Ottoman constitution
Q4: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?
A4: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”
Q5: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?
A5: Bosnia and Herzegovina
The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

Q1: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?
A1: Middle Eastern theatre
Q2: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?
A2: Ottoman victories
Q3: The Arab Revolt began in what year?
A3: 1916
Q4: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?
A4: 30 October 1918
Q5: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?
A5: 1919–22
In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and systematic massacre. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing.

Q1: When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?
A1: In 1915
Q2: What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?
A2: ethnic Armenian
Q3: How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?
A3: 1.5 million
Q4: Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?
A4: the Syrian desert
Q5: Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?
A5: Greek and Assyrian minorities
Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.

Q1: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?
A1: Sultan was the highest position
Q2: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on?
A2: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics
Q3: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?
A3: the state
Q4: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?
A4: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims
Q5: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?
A5: orthodox Islamic practice
The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299–1326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.

Q1: What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?
A1: House of Osman
Q2: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?
A2: House of Habsburg
Q3: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?
A3: Turkish
Q4: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?
A4: eleven occasions
Q5: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?
A5: 1918–1922
The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese‎) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme).

Q1: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?
A1: The highest position
Q2: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?
A2: pâdişâh or "lord of kings"
Q3: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?
A3: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court
Q4: What was the purpose of the palace educational system?
A4: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor
Q5: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?
A5: Enderûn
Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.

Q1: The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?
A1: the supreme monarch
Q2: What was the council that handled state politics named?
A2: Divan
Q3: What type of people were initially in the Divan?
A3: elders of the tribe
Q4: At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?
A4: military officers and local elites
Q5: A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?
A5: 1320
The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?
A1: Qanun (or Kanun)
Q2: What was religious law known as?
A2: Sharia
Q3: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?
A3: central and local authority
Q4: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?
A4: three court systems
Q5: What were the laws of the court system based upon?
A5: Turkic Yassa and Töre
These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.

Q1: What were the primary courts of the empire?
A1: Islamic courts
Q2: From what works was Sharia developed?
A2: the Qur'an; the Hadīth
Q3: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?
A3: the prophet Muhammad
Q4: Where were the empire's law schools?
A4: in Istanbul and Bursa.
Q5: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?
A5: Jews and Christians
The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.

Q1: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?
A1: Qadi
Q2: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?
A2: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation
Q3: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?
A3: an appellate structure
Q4: What did Qadis focus on in some areas?
A4: local customs and traditions
Q5: What is another word for Qadi?
A5: judge