romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Q1: When did the Gurkhas come into power?
A1: 1768
Q2: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
A2: Nepal
Q3: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
A3: Amar Singh Thapa
Q4: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
A4: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,
Q5: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
A5: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami
Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Q1: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
A1: great variation
Q2: What is the climate like?
A2: varies from hot and subhumid tropical
Q3: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
A3: summer, winter, and rainy season
Q4: How long does summer last?
A4: mid-April till the end of June
Q5: How long does winter last?
A5: late November till mid March.
Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Q1: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
A1: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members
Q2: Who presides over meetings?
A2: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence
Q3: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
A3: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.
Q4: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
A4: The Governor
Q5: How long are the terms of office?
A5: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term
Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Q1: What is Railway Himachal famous for?
A1: its narrow gauge tracks railways
Q2: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
A2: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar
Q3: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
A3: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.
Q4: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
A4: survey
Q5: What is the total length of the railways?
A5: 259 kilometres (161 mi)
Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Q1: Who is famous for natural beauty?
A1: Himachal Pradesh
Q2: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
A2: 1814–1816
Q3: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
A3: snow
Q4: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
A4: In the lap of Himalayas
Q5: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
A5: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma
Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Q1: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
A1: Himachal Pradesh
Q2: What are the newspapers famous for?
A2: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states
Q3: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
A3: All major English daily newspapers
Q4: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
A4: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal
Q5: What has grown significantly?
A5: Radio and TV
Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Q1: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
A1: Virbhadra Singh
Q2: How many seats did the BJP win?
A2: 41 of the 68 seats
Q3: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
A3: Prem Kumar Dhumal
Q4: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
A4: December 2007
Q5: When was he sworn in?
A5: 30 December 2007
Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Q1: What type of agriculture is in the state?
A1: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig
Q2: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
A2: Solan
Q3: Where is seed potato mostly grown?
A3: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas
Q4: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
A4: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state
Q5: What is the state deficient in?
A5: food grains
Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Q1: Who was largely untouched by external customs?
A1: Himachal
Q2: What has made the state change very rapidly?
A2: technological advancements
Q3: What are the common languages spoken?
A3: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri
Q4: Who makes up the tribal populations?
A4: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis
Q5: Himachal is?
A5: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Q1: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
A1: 2006 at Sundernagar
Q2: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
A2: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur
Q3: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
A3: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)
Q4: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
A4: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Q1: What is Doordarshan?
A1: state-owned television broadcaster
Q2: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
A2: Dial-up access
Q3: What is available in few cities?
A3: Private FM stations
Q4: Who are the cellular phone operators available?
A4: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel
Q5: What is All India Radio?
A5: public radio station
Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Q1: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
A1: villages and towns
Q2: No single house is without?
A2: a toilet
Q3: What are the villages well connected to?
A3: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband
Q4: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
A4: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala
Q5: What are the most visited places in the country?
A5: The hill stations
Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Q1: What is nonverbal communication?
A1: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages
Q2: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
A2: body language
Q3: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A3: shaking a hand
Q4: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A4: sweating
Q5: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
A5: 55%
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Q1: Why do fungi communicate?
A1: to coordinate and organize their growth and development
Q2: How do fungi communicate with insects?
A2: through biochemicals of biotic origin
Q3: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
A3: five
Q4: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
A4: interpretation processes
Q5: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
A5: similar molecules without biotic content
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Q1: What acts are included in communication between parties?
A1: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions
Q2: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
A2: abilities of the group communicating
Q3: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
A3: channel (through which medium)
Q4: What is one target of communication?
A4: another person or being
Q5: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
A5: Wilbur Schram
Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

Q1: What is human communication defined as?
A1: a system of symbols
Q2: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
A2: during human childhood
Q3: How many human languages are there?
A3: thousands
Q4: What do human languages use to communicate with others?
A4: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols
Q5: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
A5: programming languages
Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

Q1: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
A1: family rules, family roles or family dialectics
Q2: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
A2: marriage, parenthood or divorce
Q3: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
A3: a well constructed family
The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

Q1: How is animal communication defined?
A1: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal
Q2: What is the study of animal communication called?
A2: zoo semiotics
Q3: What is the study of human communication called?
A3: anthroposemiotics
Q4: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
A4: animal emotions, animal culture and learning
Q5: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
A5: vibrational communication