romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS.

Q1: In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?
A1: New Delhi
Q2: What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?
A2: New Delhi
Q3: What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?
A3: UNDP
Q4: The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?
A4: New Delhi
Q5: The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?
A5: New Delhi
Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

Q1: Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?
A1: Imams
Q2: What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?
A2: Imamah
Q3: Who do the Iamas provide guidance to?
A3: their tariqa followers
Q4: What are Imams possessed of?
A4: divine knowledge and authority
Q5: Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?
A5: Muhammad
Q6: What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
A6: Imamah
Q7: Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
A7: Imams
Q8: What is the role of Imams?
A8: providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran
Q9: Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
A9: Imams
Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse (...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...) 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm.

Q1: Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?
A1: Shias
Q2: On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?
A2: Ghadir Khumm
Q3: What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?
A3: 4:165
Q4: Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?
A4: Allah
Q5: What must a prophet do?
A5: guide the people
Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.

Q1: Why did different sects come about within Shiism?
A1: they differed over their Imams' successions
Q2: What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?
A2: Shia - Sunni
Q3: What does each Shia tariqah follow?
A3: its own particular Imam's dynasty
Q4: What is the literal meaning of tariqah?
A4: path
Q5: What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?
A5: The Occultation
It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad’s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste."[b][improper synthesis?]

Q1: What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?
A1: their nobility
Q2: What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?
A2: Muslims
Q3: Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?
A3: Jesus
Q4: What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?
A4: not to be from the family of Muhammad
Q5: What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?
A5: his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad
The word "Imām" denotes a person who stands or walks "in front". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab ("school of thought"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word "Imam" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam.

Q1: What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?
A1: Imām
Q2: For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?
A2: a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque
Q3: What does the word madhhab mean?
A3: school of thought
Q4: What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?
A4: members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible
Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.

Q1: What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?
A1: Shia
Q2: What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?
A2: Occultation
Q3: Who deny the concept of Occulation?
A3: Shia Nizari Ismailis
Q4: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?
A4: present and living
Q5: What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?
A5: come to an end
According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to reimprove the Dīn of Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six “Nātıq” (Spoken) – “Sāmad” (Silent) silsila (Noah–Shem), (Abraham–Ishmael), (Moses–Aaron), (Jesus–Simeon), (Muhammad bin ʿAbd Allāh–Ali ibn Abu Tālib); the silsila of “Nātıqs and Sāmads have been completed with (Muhammad bin Ismā‘īl as-ṣaghīr (Maymûn’ûl-Qaddāh)–ʿAbd Allāh Ibn-i Maymûn and his sons).

Q1: How many great prophets has Allah sent?
A1: seven
Q2: What are the seven great prophets known as?
A2: Nātıq
Q3: What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?
A3: disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam
Q4: What is the great prophets assistant called?
A4: Sāmad (Silent) Imām
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam.

Q1: In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?
A1: the "Shia"
Q2: What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?
A2: Ismailis
Q3: What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?
A3: Bohras
Q4: Which tariqah no longer exists?
A4: The Shia Sevener
Q5: Which tariah is known as the Fivers?
A5: Zaidi Shias
During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.

Q1: How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
A1: via deputies
Q2: How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
A2: acted as agents between him and his followers
Q3: What would believers do when they had a problem?
A3: write their concerns and send them to his deputy
Q4: What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
A4: seal and signature
Q5: What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
A5: zakat and khums
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):

Q1: How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
A1: living imams
Q2: Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
A2: Isma'il ibn Jafar
Q3: Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
A3: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Q4: What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
A4: mantle of the imamate
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

Q1: What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?
A1: Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra
Q2: What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?
A2: went into a Dawr-e-Satr
Q3: Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?
A3: Dai-al-Mutlaq
Q4: What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?
A4: manages the affairs of the Imam
Q5: Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?
A5: Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all.

Q1: Who do Muslims believe said "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?
A1: Muhammad
Q2: How many books can this quote be found?
A2: 45
Q3: What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?
A3: the word 'Mawla'
Q4: What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?
A4: beloved
Q5: What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?
A5: Lord and Master
By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.

Q1: By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
A1: 2:124
Q2: What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
A2: no age can be without an Imam
Q3: Imamah is a position appointed by who?
A3: God
Q4: What is an Imam protected by?
A4: divine protection
Q5: Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
A5: Imam
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]

Q1: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?
A1: Hussayn ibn 'Alī
Q2: Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?
A2: son
Q3: What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?
A3: Genesis 17:19–20
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.

Q1: Where does migration mainly occur?
A1: the northern hemisphere
Q2: Why do birds primarily migrate?
A2: availability of food
Q3: Which birds migrate?
A3: Many species
Q4: What is bird migration?
A4: the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds
Q5: What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
A5: humans
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.

Q1: When was migration first recorded?
A1: 3,000 years ago
Q2: Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
A2: Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job
Q3: Where was Johannes Leche from?
A3: Finland
Q4: Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?
A4: storks, turtle doves, and swallows
Q5: What is a major threat to migratory birds?
A5: habitat destruction
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.

Q1: Which birds migrate the furthest?
A1: The Arctic tern
Q2: Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
A2: between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic
Q3: Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
A3: between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean
Q4: which bird migrates by circling the earth?
A4: albatrosses
Q5: What is an example of a shorter migration?
A5: altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.

Q1: What causes the timing of migration?
A1: changes in day length
Q2: How do migrating birds navigate?
A2: celestial cues from the sun and stars
Q3: How else to migrating birds navigate?
A3: the earth's magnetic field
Q4: What might help migrating birds navigate?
A4: mental maps
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: "Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival."

Q1: Who recorded early records of migration?
A1: Ancient Greek writers
Q2: Where in the bible does it mention migration?
A2: the Book of Job (39:26)
Q3: What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
A3: hawk
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.

Q1: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
A1: Aristotle
Q2: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
A2: Pliny the Elder
Q3: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
A3: in his Historia Naturalis
Q4: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
A4: cranes
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes".

Q1: Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
A1: swallows
Q2: Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
A2: 1878
Q3: Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
A3: Elliott Coues
Q4: Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?
A4: Gilbert White
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward", and states the situation in Britain as follows:

Q1: When was migration finally accepted?
A1: the end of the eighteenth century
Q2: Who wrote A History of British Birds?
A2: Thomas Bewick
Q3: What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
A3: 1797
Q4: Where were Swallows seen flying?
A4: between the islands of Minorca and Majorca
Q5: Which directions were the Swallows flying?
A5: northward
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:

Q1: Who describes an experiment with swallows?
A1: Bewick
Q2: Where did this experiment take place?
A2: Britain
Q3: How did the experiment succeed?
A3: they remained warm and dry through the winters
Q4: How long did the birds stay alive?
A4: several years
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

Q1: Why do birds migrate?
A1: response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather
Q2: What are non=migratory birds called?
A2: resident or sedentary
Q3: How many species of birds are there?
A3: 10,000
Q4: How many bird species are long distance migrants?
A4: 1800
Q5: Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
A5: north and south