romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Q1: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
A1: sober narrative
Q2: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
A2: What Do You Care What Other People Think?
Q3: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
A3: 1 in 200
Q4: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
A4: NASA
Q5: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
A5: Christa McAuliffe
Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Q1: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
A1: Jewish
Q2: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
A2: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize
Q3: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
A3: the chosen people
Q4: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
A4: atheist
Q5: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
A5: race
While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Q1: Who was Feynman's wife?
A1: Arline Greenbaum
Q2: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
A2: tuberculosis
Q3: In which year did his wife die?
A3: 1945
Q4: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
A4: Feynman's daughter, Michelle
Q5: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
A5: Infinity
Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Q1: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
A1: ants and Martians
Q2: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
A2: Mathematics
Q3: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
A3: parallel computing
Q4: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
A4: Don Quixote
Q5: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
A5: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Q1: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
A1: Brazilian Center for Physics Research
Q2: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
A2: Tuva
Q3: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
A3: The day after he died
Q4: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
A4: Genghis Blues
Q5: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
A5: Feynman's daughter Michelle
According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain—the same reason given in "O Americano, Outra Vez" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.

Q1: What substance did Feynman give up later in life?
A1: alcohol
Q2: Why did Feynman give up alcohol?
A2: he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain
Q3: Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?
A3: LSD
Q4: In what book did he talk about his LSD use?
A4: O Americano, Outra Vez
In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, "and a physics professor" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.

Q1: Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?
A1: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman
Q2: Where was his second office at Caltech?
A2: topless bar
Q3: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?
A3: Feynman
Q4: Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
A4: paper placemats
Q5: Who tried to shut the topless bar down?
A5: county officials
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Q1: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
A1: New York Times
Q2: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
A2: James Gleick
Q3: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?
A3: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm
Q4: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?
A4: write down the answer
The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

Q1: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
A1: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64
Q2: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?
A2: professional physicists and graduate students
Q3: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?
A3: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands
Q4: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?
A4: "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics
Q5: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?
A5: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/;  audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

Q1: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?
A1: 1942 – 20 October 2011
Q2: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
A2: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism
Q3: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
A3: his own Third International Theory
Q4: What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
A4: Pan-Africanism
Q5: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?
A5: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011
Q6: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?
A6: from 1977 to 2011
Q7: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
A7: Pan-Africanism
Q8: List Gaddafi's lifespan.
A8: 1942 – 20 October 2011
Q9: When did he first gain power in Libya?
A9: 1969
Q10: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
A10: Third International Theory
Q11: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
A11: Colonel Gaddafi
Q12: What was Gaddafi's nationality?
A12: Libyan
Q13: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
A13: Libyan Arab Republic
Q14: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?
A14: Brotherly Leader
Q15: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
A15: 20 October 2011
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Q1: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
A1: The Green Book
Q2: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
A2: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council
Q3: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
A3: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic
Q4: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
A4: introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system
Q5: Describe the Popular Revolution.
A5: the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.
Q6: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
A6: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system
Q7: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
A7: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.
Q8: Describe the Popular Revolution.
A8: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions
Q9: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
A9: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic
Q10: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
A10: Islamic socialism
Q11: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
A11: goat herder
Q12: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
A12: Bedouin
Q13: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
A13: Benghazi
Q14: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
A14: Idris
Q15: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
A15: Revolutionary Command Council
In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Q1: What does "Jamahiriya" mean?
A1: state of the masses
Q2: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?
A2: he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents
Q3: List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah."
A3: Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing
Q4: Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.
A4: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions
Q5: How did Gaddafi lose power?
A5: uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC
Q6: What was Libya's socialist government called?
A6: Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")
Q7: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?
A7: Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing
Q8: How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?
A8: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.
Q9: How did Gaddafi lose power?
A9: an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War
Q10: How did Gaddafi die?
A10: Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.
Q11: What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?
A11: state of the masses
Q12: In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?
A12: 1977
Q13: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?
A13: Chad
Q14: What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?
A14: Lockerbie
Q15: In what year did the United states bomb Libya?
A15: 1986
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Q1: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
A1: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya
Q2: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
A2: as a goat and camel herder
Q3: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
A3: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.
Q4: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
A4: Bedouin
Q5: When was Gaddafi born?
A5: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943
Q6: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
A6: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya
Q7: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
A7: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder
Q8: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
A8: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records
Q9: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
A9: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.
Q10: When did Gaddafi's parents die?
A10: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)
Q11: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?
A11: Abu Meniar
Q12: When did Gaddafi's mother die?
A12: 1978
Q13: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
A13: three
Q14: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
A14: Sirte
Q15: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
A15: Qadhadhfa
From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Q1: When did Libya become an independent nation?
A1: In 1951
Q2: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?
A2: an absolute monarchy
Q3: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?
A3: British and French forces
Q4: Who was the first leader of Libya?
A4: a pro-western monarch, Idris
Q5: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?
A5: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911
Q6: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?
A6: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911
Q7: What happened to Libya right after World War II?
A7: Libya was occupied by British and French forces
Q8: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?
A8: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership
Q9: What was the first type of government that Libya had?
A9: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.
Q10: What country occupied Libya during World War II?
A10: his nation was occupied by Italy
Q11: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?
A11: Italy
Q12: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?
A12: British
Q13: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?
A13: Abdessalam Bouminyar
Q14: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?
A14: 1911
Q15: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?
A15: French