romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Q1: What are converts to Islam called?
A1: Muwallad or Muladi
Q2: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
A2: noblemen from Oman
Q3: Where were the Berbers originally from?
A3: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa
Q4: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
A4: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus
Q5: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
A5: 800
A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

Q1: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
A1: García, became king of León
Q2: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
A2: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia
Q3: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
A3: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital
Q4: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
A4: 910
Q5: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
A5: 1230
In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Q1: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
A1: 1348 and 1349
Q2: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
A2: England
Q3: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
A3: Portugal made an alliance with England
Q4: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
A4: NATO
Q5: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
A5: Oporto region
Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

Q1: What European age did Portugal spearhead?
A1: the Age of Discovery
Q2: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
A2: King João I
Q3: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
A3: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
Q4: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
A4: Cape of Good Hope
Q5: What South American country did Portugal discover?
A5: Brazil
As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Q1: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
A1: increased
Q2: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
A2: Prime Minister
Q3: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
A3: British
Q4: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
A4: Sebastião de Melo
Q5: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
A5: Sebastião de Melo
But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Q1: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
A1: economic and financial
Q2: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
A2: to ensure the wine's quality
Q3: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
A3: especially among the high nobility
Q4: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
A4: Sebastião de Melo
Q5: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
A5: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Q1: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
A1: April 1974
Q2: What was the Carnation Revolution?
A2: left-wing military coup in Lisbon
Q3: By what was the PREC characterized by?
A3: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

Q1: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
A1: Junta de Salvação Nacional
Q2: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
A2: Socialist Party
Q3: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
A3: Mário Soares
Q4: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
A4: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Q1: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
A1: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model
Q2: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
A2: 1976
Q3: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
A3: to accommodate socialist and communist principles
Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

Q1: What type of climate does Portugal have?
A1: Mediterranean
Q2: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?
A2: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)
Q3: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?
A3: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)
Q4: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?
A4: 900 metres (3,000 ft)
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.

Q1: What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?
A1: subtropical
Q2: What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?
A2: rough topography
Q3: What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?
A3: Mediterranean
Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

Q1: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
A1: deciduous and coniferous
Q2: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
A2: the Tertiary period
Q3: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
A3: Pyrenean
Q4: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
A4: Boars
Q5: How many national parks does Portugal have?
A5: 12
Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

Q1: What is Laurisilva?
A1: a unique type of subtropical rainforest
Q2: What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
A2: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear
Q3: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
A3: migratory birds
There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

Q1: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?
A1: more than 100
Q2: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?
A2: in the Tagus International Natural Park
Q3: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?
A3: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought
Q4: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?
A4: plankton
The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

Q1: For how many years is the Portugal president elected?
A1: five
Q2: Who is the current president of Portugal?
A2: Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Q3: How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?
A3: 230
Q4: For how long of a term are deputies elected?
A4: four-year
Q5: How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?
A5: thirteen
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

Q1: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?
A1: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
Q2: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?
A2: national-, regional- and local-levels
Q3: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?
A3: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
Q4: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?
A4: 5 and 15%
The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Q1: Who is the Head of State of Portugal?
A1: President of the Republic
Q2: For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?
A2: five
Q3: By what means is the President of the Republic elected?
A3: by direct, universal suffrage
Q4: Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?
A4: President of the Republic
The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.

Q1: What group acts as the presidential cabinet?
A1: The Council of Ministers
Q2: What process is required of each government's policies?
A2: define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate
Q3: What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?
A3: an absolute majority of deputies
Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

Q1: Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?
A1: former colonies and territories
Q2: What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?
A2: a civilian police force who work in urban areas
Q3: What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?
A3: a highly specialized criminal investigation police
Q4: Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?
A4: the Public Ministry.
Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.

Q1: In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?
A1: 2001
Q2: How much of a drug is legal to possess?
A2: 10 days worth of personal use
Q3: What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?
A3: go to a rehab facility
Q4: By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?
A4: 50 percent
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

Q1: How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?
A1: 308
Q2: How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?
A2: 3,092
Q3: How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?
A3: 18