romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

Q1: What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?
A1: Tavistock
Q2: What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?
A2: El Draco
Q3: In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?
A3: 1596
Q4: What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?
A4: dysentery
Q5: What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?
A5: Sir Joshua Reynolds
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

Q1: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
A1: Robert Lenkiewicz
Q2: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
A2: Plymouth College of Art
Q3: What genre of music does John Surman play?
A3: Jazz
Q4: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
A4: Keith Rowe
Q5: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
A5: Trematon Castle
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.

Q1: What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?
A1: footballer
Q2: What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?
A2: Canadian
Q3: What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?
A3: Lyndon B. Johnson
Q4: In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?
A4: Clear and Present Danger
Q5: What is Dawn French's job?
A5: comedian
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

Q1: What is heresy mainly at odds with?
A1: established beliefs or customs
Q2: What is a person called is practicing heresy?
A2: A heretic
The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

Q1: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
A1: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism
In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

Q1: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
A1: Christian, Islamic and Jewish
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

Q1: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
A1: Greek
Q2: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
A2: slightly different
Q3: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
A3: heresiarch
Q4: What is the study of heresy?
A4: Heresiology
Q5: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
A5: "choice" or "thing chosen"
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.

Q1: How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
A1: two times
Q2: What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
A2: divisive person
Q3: What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
A3: sound
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

Q1: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
A1: Jews and Judaism
Q2: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
A2: Orthodox Christianity
Q3: Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
A3: Tertullian
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

Q1: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
A1: Irenaeus
Q2: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
A2: orthodox
Q3: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
A3: apostolic succession
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

Q1: Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
A1: Constantine the Great
Q2: What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
A2: Edict of Milan
Q3: What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
A3: Pontifex Maximus
Q4: What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
A4: the ecumenical councils
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

Q1: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
A1: AD 380
Q2: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
A2: Thessalonica of Theodosius I
Q3: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
A3: state-sponsored support
Q4: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
A4: state powers of legal enforcement
Q5: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
A5: death sentence
Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

Q1: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
A1: Priscillian
Q2: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
A2: excommunicated
Q3: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
A3: Catholics
Q4: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
A4: Cayetano Ripoll
Q5: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
A5: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter
In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Q1: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
A1: obstinate and willful manifest heresy
Q2: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
A2: The Codex Justinianus
Q3: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
A3: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism
Q4: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
A4: Paulicians
Q5: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
A5: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Q1: In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
A1: France
Q2: What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
A2: The Cathar Crusade
Q3: What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
A3: Heresy
Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

Q1: Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?
A1: Galileo Galilei
Q2: What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?
A2: the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe
Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Q1: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
A1: Pope St. Gregory
Q2: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
A2: Christ
Q3: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
A3: Jewish
Q4: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
A4: Roman-Christian law
In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

Q1: What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
A1: Eastern Christianity
Q2: After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
A2: Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation
Q3: What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
A3: Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm
In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

Q1: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
A1: "On the Jews and Their Lies"
Q2: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
A2: blasphemous
Q3: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
A3: Jewish circumcision
In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Q1: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
A1: European Reformation
Q2: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
A2: Henry VIII
Q3: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
A3: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher
Q4: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
A4: Edward VI
Q5: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
A5: 1612
Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

Q1: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
A1: 1659, 1660, and 1661
Q2: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
A2: Anglican Puritans
Q3: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
A3: purer absolute theocracy
Q4: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
A4: Quaker sect
Q5: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
A5: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

Q1: What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
A1: 1826
Q2: Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
A2: Cayetano Ripoll
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

Q1: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
A1: Christian
Q2: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
A2: Protestant
Q3: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
A3: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

Q1: What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
A1: Spanish inquisition
Q2: Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
A2: Jorge Luis Borges
Q3: What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
A3: Christian heresy
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

Q1: What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
A1: Shia Qizilbash
Q2: What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
A2: 70