romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

Q1: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?
A1: water clocks
Q2: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?
A2: hora tertia
Q3: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?
A3: 75
Q4: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?
A4: Jewish
During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.

Q1: Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?
A1: Benjamin Franklin
Q2: Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?
A2: Parisians
Q3: In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?
A3: 1784
Q4: What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?
A4: rail
Q5: In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?
A5: ringing church bells
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

Q1: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
A1: entomologist
Q2: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
A2: insects
Q3: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
A3: 1895
Q4: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?
A4: William Willett
Q5: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
A5: Robert Pearce
Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.

Q1: What year did Germany decide to try DST?
A1: 1916
Q2: What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?
A2: Sommerzeit
Q3: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?
A3: coal
Q4: What year did the United States get on board with DST?
A4: 1918
Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

Q1: What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?
A1: energy crisis
Q2: What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?
A2: Ireland
Q3: Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?
A3: Second World War
Q4: Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?
A4: Europe
Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.

Q1: Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?
A1: many
Q2: Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?
A2: repeals
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.

Q1: At what local time does the United States change the time?
A1: 02:00
Q2: Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?
A2: 23
Q3: In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?
A3: 25
Q4: At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?
A4: 03:00:00.0
Q5: Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?
A5: spring
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.

Q1: During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?
A1: weekend
Q2: What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?
A2: weekday schedules
Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Q1: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
A1: Eastern European Time
Q2: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?
A2: two hours
Q3: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?
A3: October 26
Q4: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?
A4: one hour
Q5: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?
A5: Hawaii
Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.

Q1: What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?
A1: 1996
Q2: European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?
A2: October
Q3: What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?
A3: the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Q4: What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?
A4: Congress
Q5: Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?
A5: Halloween
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

Q1: In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?
A1: Beginning and ending dates
Q2: At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?
A2: 24:00
Q3: What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?
A3: Saturday
Q4: In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?
A4: five hours
Q5: During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?
A5: summer
DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Q1: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
A1: southern Brazil
Q2: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
A2: equatorial Brazil
Q3: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
A3: Asia and Africa
Q4: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
A4: sunrise
Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

Q1: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?
A1: Winston Churchill
Q2: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?
A2: Daylight Slaving Time
Q3: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?
A3: agricultural
Q4: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?
A4: sports
Q5: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?
A5: war
The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Q1: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?
A1: Edward VII
Q2: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?
A2: Napier Shaw
Q3: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?
A3: 1909
Q4: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?
A4: Andrew Peters
After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.

Q1: What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?
A1: Robert Garland
Q2: What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?
A2: 1917
Q3: What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?
A3: 1918
The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Q1: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?
A1: Britain
Q2: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?
A2: Easter
Q3: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?
A3: 1919
Q4: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?
A4: golf
Q5: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?
A5: New York
The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

Q1: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?
A1: May 1965
Q2: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?
A2: Idaho
Q3: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?
A3: 7-Eleven
Q4: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?
A4: 1987
Q5: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?
A5: 1966
In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

Q1: What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?
A1: 54.5%
Q2: What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?
A2: Daylight Saving for South East Queensland
Q3: In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?
A3: rural
Q4: What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?
A4: Peter Wellington
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

Q1: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?
A1: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents
Q2: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?
A2: postal workers
Q3: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?
A3: northern regions
In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

Q1: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?
A1: Ramadan
Q2: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?
A2: the evening dinner
Q3: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?
A3: Iran
Q4: When was Ramadan in 2012?
A4: July and August
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

Q1: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?
A1: 2011
Q2: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?
A2: Belarus
Q3: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?
A3: Russia
Q4: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?
A4: winter
Q5: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?
A5: 2014
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Q1: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
A1: urban workers
Q2: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?
A2: summer
Q3: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?
A3: saves energy
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

Q1: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?
A1: heart attack
Q2: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?
A2: Farmers
Q3: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?
A3: inconclusive
Q4: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?
A4: morning