romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.

Q1: Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?
A1: president
Q2: What group is Mali's sole legislative party?
A2: The unicameral National Assembly
Q3: The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?
A3: 113
Q4: How many legislative assemblies are  held each year?
A4: two regular sessions
Q5: Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?
A5: prime minister
Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.

Q1: What is Mali's highest court?
A1: Supreme Court
Q2: What controls do the supreme court have?
A2: both judicial and administrative powers
Q3: Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?
A3: judicial review
Q4: Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?
A4: election
Q5: Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?
A5: village chiefs and elders
Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be privatized in 2008.

Q1: In what year did Mali start economic changes?
A1: 1988
Q2: Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes?
A2: World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Q3: In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises?
A3: 1988 to 1996
Q4: How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement?
A4: sixteen enterprises
Q5: How many companies were completely liquidated?
A5: 20
In 2007, about 48 percent of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49 percent were 15–64 years old, and 3 percent were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. Life expectancy at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females). Mali has one of the world's highest rates of infant mortality, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.

Q1: In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under?
A1: 48
Q2: What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?
A2: 6.4 children
Q3: In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people?
A3: 16.5
Q4: Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality?
A4: infant
Q5: For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years?
A5: 53.06
In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due the historical spread of slavery in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.

Q1: Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?
A1: 800,000
Q2: What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?
A3: Arabic population
Q4: The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?
A4: Tamasheq
Q5: What region of the country is historical slavery well known?
A5: far north
Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.

Q1: Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?
A1: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs
Q2: Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?
A2: Malian government
Q3: What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?
A3: radical Islamists
Q4: What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?
A4: servitude and bondage
Q5: Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?
A5: discrimination
Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62–65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totalled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.

Q1: What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?
A1: poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation
Q2: How does Malian Health and development rank globally?
A2: among the worst in the world
Q3: As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?
A3: Life expectancy
Q4: In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?
A4: 62–65
Q5: In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?
A5: 69
Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Q1: What does ICRISTAT stand for?
A1: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Q2: What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?
A2: improve nutrition
Q3: The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?
A3: recipe di-dèguè
Q4: ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?
A4: equinut
Q5: What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?
A5: peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour
Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

Q1: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?
A1: cholera and tuberculosis
Q2: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?
A2: Malaria
Q3: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?
A3: 85–91
Q4: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?
A4: HIV/AIDS
Q5: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
A5: immunization
Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koité. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.

Q1: What is the translation or meaning of a griot?
A1: Keepers of Memories
Q2: Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?
A2: Dance
Q3: What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?
A3: mask
Q4: What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?
A4: Ali Farka Touré
Q5: What is a well known Afro-pop artist?
A5: Salif Keita
A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

Q1: What is the purpose of an NPO?
A1: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.
Q2: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?
A2: In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission
Q3: What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?
A3: the distribution constraint
Q4: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
A4: purposes are other than making a profit
Q5: What is an NPO also known as?
A5: non-business entity
Q6: What is the purpose of an NPO?
A6: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view
Q7: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?
A7: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit
Q8: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
A8: distribution constraint
The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Q1: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
A1: charitable
Q2: Who does an NPO usually serve?
A2: member-serving or community-serving
Q3: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
A3: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally
Q4: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
A4: by directly supporting them
Q5: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
A5: a helping service for fellow citizens
Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Q1: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
A1: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans
Q2: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
A2: controlling members or a board of directors
Q3: How do NPOs handle staffing?
A3: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation
Q4: What are token fees used for?
A4: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Q1: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
A1: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally
Q2: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
A2: a supporting organization
Q3:  What is a major function of a foundation?
A3: giving value to the groups of people they administer to
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

Q1: What are the two top types of NPOs?
A1: membership and board-only
Q2: How is a membership organization run?
A2: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws
Q3: How is a board only organization run?
A3: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board
Q4: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?
A4: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned
Q5: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
A5: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation
Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

Q1: How are NPOs classified in Canada?
A1: incorporated or unincorporated
Q2: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?
A2: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations
Q3: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?
A3: formal approval by the appropriate government
Q4: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?
A4: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association
Q5: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
A5: Letters Patent
During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

Q1: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?
A1: 2009
Q2: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?
A2: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation
Q3: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?
A3: 2010
Q4: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?
A4: 1 July 2013
Q5: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
A5: 10 October 2011
Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

Q1: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?
A1: Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)
Q2: What are donors to receive from a NPO?
A2: income tax receipts
Q3: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?
A3: file annual reports
Q4: How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?
A4: a common law test to its stated objects and activities
Q5: What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?
A5: cash, investments and fixed assets
In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

Q1: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?
A1: a tax certificate
Q2: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?
A2: a tax deduction by the donor
Q3: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?
A3: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)
Q4: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?
A4: Master of the High Court
Q5: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
A5: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"