romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

Q1: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
A1: 2016
Q2: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
A2: 2023
Q3: What was Izvestiya?
A3: Russian newspaper
Q4: Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
A4: Murmansk
Q5: Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
A5: Vladivostok
As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

Q1: What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?
A1: aircraft carriers
Q2: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?
A2: flat-top flight deck
Q3: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
A3: The flight deck
Q4: What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?
A4: a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain
Q5: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
A5: accelerate more quickly to gain lift
Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

Q1: When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
A1: early 1950s
Q2: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?
A2: hitting aircraft parked forward
Q3: How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?
A3: one or two
Q4: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?
A4: two
Q5: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?
A5: An angled deck
Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Q1: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
A1: the forward end of the flight deck
Q2: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
A2: take off at far higher weights
Q3: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
A3: the Royal Navy
Q4: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
A4: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity
Q5: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
A5: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

Q1: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?
A1: full-length
Q2: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?
A2: carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering
Q3: Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?
A3: An aircraft carrier
Q4: What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?
A4: nuclear-powered warships
Q5: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
A5: project air power worldwide without depending on local bases
The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at Tønder and destroyed two zeppelins.

Q1: In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
A1: 1903
Q2: In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?
A2: 1910
Q3: In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?
A3: 1911
Q4: What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?
A4: the Tondern Raid in July 1918
Q5: What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
A5: the world's first successful ship-launched air raid
Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

Q1: Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?
A1: the battleship
Q2: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?
A2: World War II
Q3: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?
A3: Supercarriers
Q4: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?
A4: Amphibious assault ships
Q5: What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?
A5: helicopters
The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it "has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are "STOVL capable".

Q1: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
A1: The Royal Australian Navy
Q2: How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
A2: the largest in Australian naval history
Q3: How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?
A3: 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles
Q4: What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?
A4: to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force
Q5: How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?
A5: multiple helicopters at one time
The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Q1: What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
A1: two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class
Q2: What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?
A2: HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales
Q3: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?
A3: 2020
Q4: How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?
A4: 70,600
Q5: How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
A5: the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy
The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

Q1: Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?
A1: they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched
Q2: What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?
A2: heavy aircraft
Q3: What does CATOBAR allow for?
A3: deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts
Q4: Why is STOVL used by other navies?
A4: it is cheaper to operate
On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.

Q1: Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?
A1: conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own
Q2: What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?
A2: to recover their aircraft
Q3: What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?
A3: extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck
Q4: What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?
A4: bolt
Q5: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
A5: crashing into aircraft on the forward deck
Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet." The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

Q1: What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?
A1: the shooters, the handler, and the air boss
Q2: What are shooters responsible for?
A2: launching aircraft
Q3: What is the handler responsible for?
A3: the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery
Q4: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?
A4: on the Navigation Bridge
Q5: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?
A5: the embarked admiral and his staff
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

Q1: What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?
A1: the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load
Q2: What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
A2: heavily laden aircraft
Q3: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
A3: a catapult or JATO rocket
Q4: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
A4: would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas
Q5: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
A5: with a minimal armament and fuel load
One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets.

Q1: Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
A1: on the pretext of use as a floating casino
Q2: What is Liaoning classifed as?
A2: a training ship
Q3: What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?
A3: carrier usage
Q4: Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?
A4: it is a training ship
Q5: Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?
A5: this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession
India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

Q1: Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?
A1: India
Q2: What will power the Indian-made ship?
A2: four gas-turbine engines
Q3: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?
A3: 8,000 nautical miles
Q4: Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?
A4: Cochin Shipyard
Q5: When was the Indian-made ship launched?
A5: August 2013
Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

Q1: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?
A1: to deploy balloons
Q2: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?
A2: thirty-seven
Q3: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?
A3: supercarriers
Q4: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
A4: up to 90
Q5: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?
A5: The United States Navy
There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

Q1: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?
A1: There is no single definition
Q2: How may aircraft carriers be classified?
A2: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments
Q3: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?
A3: former head of the Royal Navy
Q4: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
A4: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope
The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

Q1: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
A1: The aircraft carrier
Q2: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
A2: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness
Q3: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
A3: They had higher range and precision
Q4: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
A4: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes
Q5: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
A5: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships