romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.

Q1: What ranks in the top of the country for investment?
A1: businesses and institutions
Q2: Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
A2: philanthropy
Q3: Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
A3: environmental sustainability and investment
Q4: Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
A4: The city has one of the highest costs of living
Q5: How does Boston rank on world livability?
A5: high
Q6: Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
A6: colleges and universities
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Q1: What was the name before the city was called Boston?
A1: Trimountaine
Q2: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
A2: Trimountaine
Q3: What does Trimountaine mean?
A3: three mountains
Q4: What year was the city renamed Boston?
A4: 1630
Q5: Who named the city Boston?
A5: Puritan colonists from England
Q6: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
A6: fresh water
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.

Q1: What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?
A1: 1629
Q2: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
A2: 1635
Q3: Who was Massachusetts first governor?
A3: John Winthrop
Q4: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
A4: four
Q5: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
A5: John Winthrop
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.

Q1: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
A1: the American Revolution
Q2: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
A2: seafaring tradition
Q3: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
A3: the American Revolution
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.

Q1: What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?
A1: The Embargo Act of 1807
Q2: What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?
A2: The Embargo Act of 1807
Q3: What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?
A3: manufacturing
Q4: In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?
A4: 19th century
Q5: When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?
A5: the early 20th century
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.

Q1: What was the name given to old Boston families?
A1: Boston Brahmins
Q2: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?
A2: Boston Brahmins
Q3: Boston was admired for what kind of life?
A3: literary life
Q4: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?
A4: artistic patronage
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

Q1: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade?
A1: slave trade
Q2: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?
A2: the abolitionist movement
Q3: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?
A3: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Q4: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?
A4: Franklin Pierce
In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).

Q1: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?
A1: the Town of Boston
Q2: What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?
A2: 1822
Q3: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?
A3: a city
Q4: What was the population of Boston in 1822?
A4: about 46,226
Q5: How many square miles was the city in 1822?
A5: 4.7 square miles
In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

Q1: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?
A1: Boston's population grew rapidly
Q2: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?
A2: the city's ethnic composition
Q3: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?
A3: about 35,000
Q4: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?
A4: Roman Catholicism
Q5: What is Bostons largest religious group today?
A5: Catholics
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.

Q1: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?
A1: the crown of Beacon Hill
Q2: What sits on Beacon Hill today?
A2: State House
Q3: What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?
A3: The Great Boston Fire of 1872
Q4: What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?
A4: as landfill along the downtown waterfront
By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.

Q1: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?
A1: 20th century
Q2: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?
A2: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)
Q3: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?
A3: with vociferous public opposition.
The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

Q1: What year did the first community health center in the US open?
A1: 1965
Q2: Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?
A2: the Dorchester neighborhood
Q3: In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?
A3: Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center
Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.

Q1: The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?
A1: The Boston Globe
Q2: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?
A2: Bank of America
Q3: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?
A3: 2004
Q4: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?
A4: Macy's
Q5: What department stores merged to form Macy's?
A5: Jordan Marsh and Filene's
On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.

Q1: On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?
A1: April 15, 2013
Q2: At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?
A2: near the finish line
Q3: How many fatalities were there at the marathon?
A3: three
Q4: About how many people were injured in the explosion?
A4: 264
Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.

Q1: What is the total area of Boston?
A1: 89.6 square miles
Q2: How many square miles of land is Boston?
A2: 48.4 square miles
Q3: How many square miles of water is Boston?
A3: 41.2 square miles
Q4: How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?
A4: 19 ft
Q5: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?
A5: oceanic coastline
Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.

Q1: What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?
A1: Greater Boston
Q2: What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?
A2: The Charles River
Q3: What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?
A3: To the east
Q4: Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?
A4: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.

Q1: What s Boston sometimes called?
A1: city of neighborhoods
Q2: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?
A2: 23 neighborhoods
Q3: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?
A3: Office of Neighborhood Services
More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay. Downtown and its immediate surroundings consists largely of low-rise (often Federal style and Greek Revival) masonry buildings, interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings—the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the "Big Dig"), which allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.

Q1: How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?
A1: More than two-thirds
Q2: The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?
A2: tidal areas
Q3: Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?
A3: Trimountain
Q4: A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?
A4: the Back Bay
Q5: The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?
A5: the Back Bay
Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.

Q1: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?
A1: 6b
Q2: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?
A2: Prevailing wind patterns
Q3: What is the hottest month in Boston?
A3: July
Q4: What is the coldest month in Boston?
A4: January
Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]

Q1: On what coast is Boston located?
A1: the North Atlantic
Q2: What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?
A2: Nor'easter
Q3: What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?
A3: 43.8 inches
Q4: What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?
A4: 43.8 inches
Q5: When does most snowfall occur?
A5: December through March
Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum.

Q1: During what seasons is fog common in Boston?
A1: spring and early summer
Q2: When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?
A2: late summer and early autumn
Q3: Sea breezes occur during what season?
A3: late spring
Q4: What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?
A4: May to September
Q5: What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?
A5: 2,600