romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.

Q1: What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?
A1: health
Q2: IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?
A2: the masses
Q3: Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?
A3: the public
Q4: Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?
A4: patent
Q5: What type of monopolies does IP create?
A5: intellectual
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself".

Q1: Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?
A1: World Intellectual Property Organization
Q2: When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?
A2: 2001
Q3: Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?
A3: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Q4: Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
A4: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Q5: When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?
A5: 2004
Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

Q1: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?
A1: socially valuable
Q2: What is an example of socially valuable goods?
A2: life-saving medicines
Q3: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?
A3: the marginal cost of production
Q4: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?
A4: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product
Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

Q1: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?
A1: community creativity
Q2: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?
A2: indigenous cultural "property"
Q3: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?
A3: Western
Q4: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?
A4: written
Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.

Q1: What is the American film industry's trade organization?
A1: Motion Picture Association of America
Q2: The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?
A2: film
Q3: Which country is the world's largest producer of films?
A3: United States
Q4: The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?
A4: intellectual-property
The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.

Q1: What does the recording industry call piracy?
A1: copyright infringement
Q2: What type of company was Napster?
A2: file-sharing
Q3: What law enforces digital rights management systems?
A3: Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Q4: Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?
A4: Article 6 and 7
Q5: When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?
A5: 1998
In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

Q1: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?
A1: 1994
Q2: What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?
A2: common law
Q3: What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?
A3: trademark
Q4: What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?
A4: a trademark
Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.

Q1: What does Florida stand for
A1: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land")
Q2: What states border Florida
A2: to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida
Q3: What is the state capital of Florida
A3: Tallahassee is the state capital
Q4: Where does Florida rank in US population
A4: the 3rd most populous
Q5: What city has the most people in Florida
A5: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida
A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

Q1: What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US
A1: it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles
Q2: What level is most of the land in florida
A2: Much of the state is at or near sea level
Q3: What is the florida climate
A3: The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south
Q4: Some animals and reptiles native to Florida
A4: American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee
Q5: Name a National Park in Florida
A5: Everglades National Park
"By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.

Q1: What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539
A1: Hernando de Soto
Q2: Who established early settlements in Florida
A2: Both the Spanish and French established settlements
Q3: Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida
A3: Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano
Q4: What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida
A4: Native ancestors of the Seminole
Q5: What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida
A5: Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more
In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Q1: What did Spain trade Florida for
A1: In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba
Q2: Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba
A2: Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba
Q3: What road did the British construct
A3: the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia
Q4: What river does the Kings road cross
A4: the St. Johns River
The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.

Q1: What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida
A1: British East Florida and British West Florida
Q2: Who was given Florida land grants
A2: officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement
Q3: Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from
A3: coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda
Q4: The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as
A4: what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County
Q5: What did the Colonist cultivate
A5: the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

Q1: What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida
A1: British governors were directed to call general assemblies
Q2: Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence
A2: Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence
Q3: Who did Florida side with during the revolution
A3: Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.
Q4: What legal system is still used by florida
A4: English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government
Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

Q1: Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from
A1: English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina
Q2: Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as
A2: Florida Crackers
Q3: Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements
A3: Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers
These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

Q1: What led to the rebellion in 1810
A1: Spanish rule
Q2: What did the rebellion lead to
A2: the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23
Q3: What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag
A3: a single white star on a blue field
Q4: What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion
A4: Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge
Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".

Q1: Where did Seminole Indians raid
A1: Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements
Q2: Who did the Indians offer haven to
A2: runaway slaves
Q3: What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now
A3: First Seminole War
Q4: Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary
A4: orida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage
Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.

Q1: Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US
A1: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons
Q2: What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US
A2: Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821
Q3: Which president was given control of Florida
A3: James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance
Q4: When did East and West Florida Merge
A4: On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory
By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

Q1: What was an issue in the early 1800's
A1: Indian removal was a significant issue
Q2: What did congress pass in 1830
A2: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
Q3: Who did Seminoles harbor
A3: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles
Q4: What was the name of the treaty of 1832
A4: Treaty of Payne's Landing
Q5: What did Paynes Landing promiss
A5: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.
The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country.

Q1: What tempers the Florida Climate
A1: somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean
Q2: What divides Florida two climates
A2: Lake Okeechobee
Q3: What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July
A3: Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s
Q4: Low temperatures in Florida average
A4: mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward
Q5: The average daily temperature in Miami
A5: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country
Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.

Q1: What is Florida's nickname
A1: Sunshine State
Q2: What is central Florida known as
A2: lightning capital of the United States
Q3: Hours of annual sunshine in florida
A3: 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually