romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

Q1: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
A1: Stanley Crouch
Q2: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
A2: "Magic Negro",
Q3: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
A3: assuage white 'guilt'
Q4: What was the title of Crouch's article?
A4: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

Q1: What does the "mixture" heading mean?
A1: cannot be racially categorized
Q2: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
A2: 2000
Q3: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
A3: Mixture
Q4: How many race options were there?
A4: five enumerated races
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

Q1: What is considered to be neglected in American history?
A1: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans
Q2: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
A2: April 1502
Q3: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
A3: Santo Domingo
Q4: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
A4: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River
Q5: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
A5: 100 enslaved Africans
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

Q1: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
A1: Anatole Broyard
Q2: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
A2: autobiography
Q3: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
A3: Colored White Boy
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

Q1: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
A1: the 1980s
Q2: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
A2: mostly negative
Q3: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
A3: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins
Q4: What did they fear would happen?
A4: a loss in political and economic power
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

Q1: Who married Sacagewea?
A1: French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau
Q2: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
A2: European men and Indigenous American women
Q3: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
A3: the kinship system of the woman's tribe
Q4: What nations are considered matrilineal?
A4: Creek and Cherokee
Q5: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
A5: adopted into the tribe by an adult male
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

Q1: What brought African Americans together?
A1: the one-drop rule
Q2: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
A2: family elders
Q3: Slaves were not allowed to do what?
A3: to learn to read and write
Q4: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
A4: spoke English, nor read or wrote it
Q5: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
A5: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.

Q1: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
A1: "tragic octoroon"
Q2: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
A2: Lydia Maria Child
Q3: What story was written by Child in 1842?
A3: "The Quadroons"
Q4: What does the tragic octoroon point out?
A4: sexual exploitation in slavery
Q5: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
A5: abolitionists
By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

Q1: Who identified the active substance?
A1: John Abel
Q2: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
A2: Jokichi Takamine
Q3: Who marketed epinephrine?
A3: Parke Davis
Q4: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
A4: Adrenalin
Q5: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?
A5: nasal congestion
Q6: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
A6: Jokichi Takamine
Q7: What could epinephrine treat?
A7: nasal congestion
Q8: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
A8: 2011
Q9: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
A9: Adrenalin
Q10: In what year was epinephrine discovered?
A10: 1897
Q11: What was the trade name of epinephrine?
A11: Adrenalin
Q12: Who first discovered epinephrine?
A12: John Abel
Q13: What is epinephrine used to treat?
A13: asthma attacks
Q14: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
A14: 2011
While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.

Q1: Who developed Amphetamine?
A1: Smith, Kline and French
Q2: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?
A2: Gordon Alles
Q3: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?
A3: sensations of exhilaration and palpitations
Q4: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?
A4: 1960s
Q5: What were some uses for Amphetamine?
A5: narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications
Q6: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?
A6: asthma
Q7: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?
A7: 1929
Q8: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?
A8: Benzedrine Inhaler
Q9: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?
A9: 1937
Q10: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
A10: 1960s
A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

Q1: What is diabetes caused from?
A1: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas
Q2: Why was insulin therapy delayed?
A2: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity
Q3: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?
A3: surgical removal of the pancreas
Q4: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?
A4: only a few months
Q5: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?
A5: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best
Q6: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?
A6: pancreas
Q7: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?
A7: a few months
Q8: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?
A8: pH
Q9: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?
A9: Eli Lilly and Co.
Q10: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
A10: dogs
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

Q1: What is phenobarbital used for?
A1: epilepsy
Q2: Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?
A2: Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering
Q3: What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?
A3: Veronal
Q4: What is amphetamine used for today?
A4: attention deficit disorder
Q5: Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?
A5: addictive properties and abuse potential
Q6: What compound was discovered to induce sleep?
A6: diethylbarbituric acid
Q7: What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?
A7: Veronal
Q8: What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
A8: epilepsy
Q9: In what year was phenobarbital discovered?
A9: 1911
Q10: What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?
A10: sleep aid
In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]

Q1: Who developed Arsphenamine?
A1: Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim
Q2: What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?
A2: Arsphenamine
Q3: What complications are associated with Syphilis?
A3: severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death
Q4: What is Amphetamine's market name?
A4: Institute of Experimental Therapy
Q5: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?
A5: Berlin
Q6: Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?
A6: arsenic
Q7: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?
A7: arsphenamine
Q8: Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?
A8: syphilis
Q9: In what year was arsphenamine discovered?
A9: 1911
Q10: What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?
A10: Salvarsan
The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of these structural changes.

Q1: When was Morphine and Quinine first available?
A1: mid 1800s
Q2: Who was the compound named after?
A2: Morpheus
Q3: Who came up with the name Morphine?
A3: Friedrich Sertürner
Q4: Where were was Morphine extracted from?
A4: opium
Q5: Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?
A5: German dye manufacturers
Q6: Morphine was named after what Greek god?
A6: Morpheus
Q7: Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?
A7: Glaxo Smith Kline
Q8: Who discovered morphine?
A8: Friedrich Sertürner
Q9: What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?
A9: opium
Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II.

Q1: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?
A1: Gerhard Domagk
Q2: Prontosil is in what drug class?
A2: antibiotics
Q3: Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?
A3: Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk
Q4: What causes Streptococci?
A4: pathogens
Q5: Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?
A5: infectious diseases
Q6: What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?
A6: Prontosil
Q7: What award did Domagk receive in 1939?
A7: Nobel Prize in Medicine
Q8: Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?
A8: World War II
Q9: Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?
A9: less
Q10: Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?
A10: sulfonamides
Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.

Q1: Who created the first rabies vaccine?
A1: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux
Q2: How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?
A2: 206,000
Q3: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?
A3: formaldehyde
Q4: Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?
A4: Maurice Hilleman
Q5: How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?
A5: 15,520
Q6: The rabies vaccine was created in what year?
A6: 1885
Q7: In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?
A7: 1914
Q8: What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?
A8: formaldehyde
Q9: Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine?
A9: Maurice Hilleman
Q10: What company did Hilleman later work for?
A10: Merck