romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

Q1: What Epistle described the cross?
A1: Epistle of Barnabas
Q2: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?
A2: Justin Martyr
Q3: Why was that type of cross important?
A3: a symbol of the suffering
Q4: How many ends did the cross supposedly have?
A4: five extremities
Q5: How is one attached to the cross?
A5: fixed by the nails
The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

Q1: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?
A1: three nails
Q2: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?
A2: 14 nails
Q3: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?
A3: artistic depictions of the crucifixion
Q4: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?
A4: Nails are almost always depicted
Q5: Jesuits claim how many nails were used?
A5: three nails
The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

Q1: Where were the nails placed?
A1: the hands, or the wrists
Q2: Who claims the hands were pierced?
A2: the Greek
Q3: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
A3: without fracturing any bones
Q4: What other location is offered by the Greek?
A4: forearm
Q5: What other way to affix to the cross is there?
A5: Ropes
Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

Q1: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?
A1: a hypopodium
Q2: Why was a platform used?
A2: the hands may not have been able to support the weight
Q3: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?
A3: Rasmus Bartholin
Q4: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?
A4: Frederick Zugibe
Q5: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?
A5: Nazis
The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.

Q1: What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?
A1: Psalm 22
Q2: What contradiction is found in this Psalm?
A2: verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew
Q3: What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?
A3: a proverbial saying in common usage
Q4: How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?
A4: theologically correct and reassuring
Q5: How does the sentence appear to historians?
A5: a genuine cry
Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"

Q1: As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?
A1: a solar eclipse
Q2: Why was a solar eclipse impossible?
A2: the full moon
Q3: Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?
A3: Greek historian Phlegon
Q4: Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?
A4: Tiberius Caesar
Q5: What other event supposedly took place that shook people?
A5: earthquakes
Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun." Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.

Q1: Which historian was referenced for the reports?
A1: Thallus
Q2: What event did Thallus describe?
A2: an eclipse of the sun
Q3: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?
A3: the 14th day
Q4: When does the passion of Jesus fall?
A4: the day before the passover
Q5: Where were these events documented?
A5: the Roman archives
Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Q1: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
A1: lunar
Q2: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
A2: thirty minutes
Q3: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
A3: a scribe wrongly amending a text
Q4: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
A4: David Henige
Q5: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
A5: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours
Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

Q1: Who created the account of Jesus?
A1: author of the Mark Gospel
Q2: Who amended the account at a later date?
A2: Luke
Q3: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?
A3: the death of kings and other major figures
Q4: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?
A4: Jewish
Q5: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?
A5: Géza Vermes
In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Q1: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
A1: Frederick Zugibe
Q2: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
A2: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus
Q3: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
A3: carried out a number of experiments over several years
Q4: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
A4: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging
Q5: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
A5: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

Q1: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
A1: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God
Q2: How are people united with God?
A2: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death
Q3: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
A3: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death
Q4: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
A4: confidence of eternal life
Q5: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
A5: joy
In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the "lamb slain but standing" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.

Q1: What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?
A1: agent Christology
Q2: Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.
A2: sake of eventual victory
Q3: What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?
A3: salvific theme
Q4: How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?
A4: lamb slain but standing
Q5: What is another name for Jesus given?
A5: The Lamb of God
Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

Q1: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
A1: Paul's Christology
Q2: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
A2: directly related
Q3: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
A3: the cross of Christ
Q4: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
A4: based on the plan of God
Q5: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
A5: power of the cross
John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

Q1: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
A1: successfully argued for his innocence
Q2: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
A2: obedience to the Father
Q3: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
A3: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father
Q4: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
A4: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam
Q5: What is the blood of the lamb?
A5: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water
Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

Q1: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
A1: how salvation is granted to humanity
Q2: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
A2: central importance
Q3: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
A3: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself
Q4: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
A4: an act of perfect obedience
Q5: What church is the sacrifice important to?
A5: the Roman Catholic church
The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

Q1: Who was present under the cross?
A1: Virgin Mary
Q2: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
A2: Marian Cross
Q3: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
A3: Pope John Paul II
Q4: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
A4: Raphael
Q5: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?
A5: Caravaggio
Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.

Q1: On which coast of Florida is Miami located?
A1: Atlantic
Q2: Miami is located in which Florida county?
A2: Miami-Dade County
Q3: Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?
A3: eighth
Q4: Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?
A4: Washington, D.C.
Q5: What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?
A5: 5.5 million
Q6: Which Florida county is Miami located in?
A6: Miami-Dade
Q7: How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?
A7: second most populous
Q8: What is the population of Miami?
A8: 430,332
Q9: How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?
A9: fourth-largest
Q10: Which coast is Miami located on?
A10: Atlantic
Q11: What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?
A11: 5.5 million
Q12: In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?
A12: southeastern
Q13: What county is Miami located in?
A13: Miami-Dade County
Q14: Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?
A14: 44th
Q15: How many people live in Miami?
A15: 430,332
Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Q1: What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?
A1: Alpha−World City
Q2: Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?
A2: 33rd
Q3: What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?
A3: America's Cleanest City
Q4: What is a nickname given to Miami?
A4: Capital of Latin America
Q5: Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?
A5: second
Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.

Q1: What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?
A1: international banks
Q2: Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?
A2: passenger
Q3: What is called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?
A3: Port of Miami
Q4: How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?
A4: two decades
Q5: Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?
A5: research institutes
Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida." The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami." Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.

Q1: Where was Julia Tuttle born?
A1: Cleveland
Q2: Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?
A2: Biscayne Bay Country
Q3: When did the Great Freeze occur?
A3: 1894–95
Q4: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?
A4: Florida East Coast Railway
Q5: Who was "the mother of Miami"?
A5: Julia Tuttle
Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

Q1: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?
A1: 40
Q2: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?
A2: Avenue J
Q3: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?
A3: Bahamas