romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as "decentralized multipoint", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.

Q1: What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?
A1: a standards-based H.323 technique
Q2: What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?
A2: higher quality
Q3: What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?
A3: increased network bandwidth
Q4: What is the H.323 technique also known as?
A4: decentralized multipoint
Q5: Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?
A5: they don't have to be relayed through a central point
The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.

Q1: Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?
A1: U.S.
Q2: What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?
A2: Social Security Administration (SSA)
Q3: In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?
A3: 2009
Q4: When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?
A4: August 2010
Q5: Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?
A5: St. Louis, Missouri
To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

Q1: What does duel dating use to show the date?
A1: two consecutive years
Q2: What is the Old Style date mean?
A2: Julian calendar
Q3: What is N.S. stand for?
A3: New Style
Q4: What are New Style dates?
A4: Gregorian
Q5: Why use two consecutive year dates?
A5: starting date of the year
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

Q1: Who revised the Julian calendar?
A1: Pope Gregory XIII
Q2: When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?
A2: 1582
Q3: What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?
A3: Julian calendar
Q4: What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?
A4: Easter
Q5: When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?
A5: on the same day
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

Q1: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
A1: Philip II of Spain
Q2: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?
A2: Spain and Portugal
Q3: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
A3: Friday, 15 October 1582
Q4: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
A4: Thursday, 4 October 1582
Q5: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
A5: delay in communication
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.

Q1: When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?
A1: 1923
Q2: At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?
A2: 1582
Q3: How which calendar did some countries notate the date?
A3: in both
Q4: Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?
A4: Woolley
Q5: What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?
A5: different beginnings of the year
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923.

Q1: What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?
A1: 0.002%
Q2: What was the correction due to?
A2: length of the year
Q3: What change in date motivated the change in calendars?
A3: celebration of Easter
Q4: To what astrological date was Easter tied?
A4: spring equinox
Q5: What was wrong in the Julian calendar?
A5: slightly too long
The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years.

Q1: What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?
A1: solar
Q2: How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?
A2: 365
Q3: How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?
A3: every 4 years
Q4: When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?
A4: every 400 years
Q5: On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?
A5: 24 February
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.

Q1: When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
A1: 15th day
Q2: What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference?
A2: compromise
Q3: By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
A3: 10th century
Q4: On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?
A4: eastern border
Q5: What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?
A5: vernal equinox
Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long. As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

Q1: What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?
A1: length of the year
Q2: By how much is the Julian calendar too long?
A2: 11 minutes
Q3: How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?
A3: three days
Q4: On what date was the original vernal equinox set?
A4: 21 March
Q5: By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?
A5: 10 or 11 March
Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.

Q1: On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?
A1: 1 January
Q2: When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?
A2: 1600
Q3: When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?
A3: 1752
Q4: What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?
A4: Calendar (New Style) Act 1750
Q5: When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?
A5: 1800
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

Q1: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?
A1: caution
Q2: When was the Battle of Agincourt?
A2: 25 October 1415
Q3: When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?
A3: prior to 15 October 1582
Q4: What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?
A4: Saint Crispin's Day
Q5: In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?
A5: 1 January
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August.

Q1: Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?
A1: language-independent
Q2: A knuckle count is a month of how many days?
A2: 31
Q3: The space between knuckles is what kind of month?
A3: short month
Q4: What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?
A4: one's two fists
The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

Q1: How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?
A1: two parts
Q2: What was the first reform concerning the calendar?
A2: Julian calendar
Q3: What was the second reform of the calendar?
A3: lunar cycle
Q4: What was calculated using the lunar calendar?
A4: date of Easter
Q5: What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?
A5: number of leap years
Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.

Q1: What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?
A1: lunar Islamic
Q2: What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?
A2: Julian
Q3: Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?
A3: 1 March
Q4: When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?
A4: 1 March 1917
Q5: When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?
A5: 1 January 1926
Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.

Q1: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?
A1: subtract one day
Q2: What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?
A2: February 29 is discounted
Q3: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?
A3: -4
In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days.

Q1: What is the difference in time between the calendars?
A1: 10 minutes 48 seconds
Q2: With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?
A2: accumulated difference
Q3: When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?
A3: 20 March or 21 March
Q4: In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?
A4: 22 March
Q5: How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?
A5: removing ten days
The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).

Q1: When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?
A1: 1563
Q2: To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?
A2: 325
Q3: What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?
A3: motions of the sun and moon
Q4: What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?
A4: tabular method
Q5: Whose modified proposal was adopted?
A5: Aloysius Lilius
A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.

Q1: When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?
A1: 3 April 1582
Q2: Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?
A2: the pope
Q3: What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?
A3: demand for copies
Q4: When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?
A4: 20 September 1582
Q5: Where were the first calendars printed?
A5: Rome
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

Q1: What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?
A1: consular year
Q2: What event started the consular year?
A2: consuls first entered office
Q3: What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?
A3: 1 May
Q4: What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?
A4: 15 March
Q5: When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?
A5: 45 BC
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Q1: What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?
A1: system of weeks
Q2: Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?
A2: irregularities
Q3: After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?
A3: uninterrupted
Q4: What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?
A4: Thursday, 4 October 1582
Q5: What was the date of adoption for the calendar?
A5: Friday, 15 October 1582
Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon. In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival.The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April.

Q1: Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?
A1: Roman Catholic Church
Q2: What even is tired to the date for Easter?
A2: spring equinox
Q3: What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?
A3: Metonic cycle
Q4: Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?
A4: 21 March
Q5: Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?
A5: 25 March