romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Q1: Who built the organ?
A1: Harrison & Harrison
Q2: When was the organ built?
A2: 1937
Q3: When was the organ first used?
A3: the coronation of King George VI
Q4: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
A4: pipework
Q5: Who designed the two organ cases?
A5: John Loughborough Pearson
In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.

Q1: What part of the organ is not connected or playable?
A1: the Celestial Organ
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Q1: When were the bells overhauled?
A1: 1971
Q2: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
A2: Ten
Q3: When were the ten bells cast?
A3: 1971
Q4: Who cast the abbey bells?
A4: Whitechapel Bell Foundry
In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Q1: Who cast the two service bells?
A1: Robert Mot
Q2: When were the two service bells cast?
A2: 1585 and 1598
Q3: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
A3: 1738
Q4: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
A4: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester
Q5: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
A5: in the refectory
The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Q1: Under whom was the chapter house built?
A1: Henry III
Q2: Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
A2: Sir George Gilbert Scott
Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Q1: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
A1: Geometrical Gothic style
Q2: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
A2: crypt
Q3: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
A3: vaulted
Q4: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
A4: 4-light quatre-foiled windows
Q5: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
A5: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

Q1: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
A1: mid-13th-century
Q2: A door in the vestible dates back to when?
A2: 1050
Q3: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
A3: the 14th century
Q4: Who else met in the chapter house?
A4: King's Great Council and the Commons
The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Q1: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
A1: The Pyx Chamber
Q2: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
A2: the late 11th century
Q3: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
A3: the Trial of the Pyx
The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

Q1: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
A1: English Heritage
Q2: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
A2: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster
Q3: English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
A3: repairs
The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

Q1: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
A1: The Westminster Abbey Museum
Q2: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
A2: 1065
Q3: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
A3: 1908
The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Q1: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
A1: funeral saddle, helm and shield
Q2: What kind of panels are in the museum?
A2: panels of mediaeval glass
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Q1: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
A1: sculptor Patience Wright
Q2: What are the effigies made of?
A2: wax
Q3: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
A3: some of his own clothes
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Q1: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
A1: 13th-century Westminster Retable
Q2: What is the Westminster Retable?
A2: England's oldest altarpiece
Q3: What was the altarpiece designed for?
A3: high altar of the abbey
Q4: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
A4: altarpiece
In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

Q1: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
A1: major building work
Q2: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
A2: 4 August 2010
Q3: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
A3: a restaurant
Q4: What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
A4: English Oak
Q5: Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
A5: Luke Hughes and Company
A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

Q1: What will be created in the medieval triforium?
A1: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries
Q2: What has been designed to help with the gallery?
A2: Gothic access tower with lift
Q3: When will the new galleries open?
A3: 2018
Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty.

Q1: k
A1: ks
Q2: j
A2: Ch
Q3: n
A3: n
Q4: b
A4: b
Q5: v
A5: v
Q6: What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?
A6: Nanjing
Q7: What region is Nanjing in?
A7: lower Yangtze River region
Q8: When was the city given the name Nanjing?
A8: Ming dynasty
Q9: When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?
A9: Jin dynasty
Q10: What does Nanjing mean?
A10: "Southern Capital"
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.

Q1: What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?
A1: East
Q2: What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
A2: inland ports
Q3: What river is Nanjing associated with?
A3: Yangtze River
Q4: What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
A4: Nanjing
Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

Q1: How long has Nanjing been important?
A1: over a thousand years
Q2: How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?
A2: Four
Q3: What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?
A3: Nanjing
Q4: What mausoleum is in Nanjing?
A4: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Q5: What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?
A5: Nanjing
Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Q1: How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live?
A1: more than 500 thousand years ago
Q2: What vessel was found 5000 years ago?
A2: Zun, a kind of wine vessel
Q3: When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?
A3: 473 BC
Q4: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?
A4: about 400 years
Q5: When was the Wu state created?
A5: the late period of Shang dynasty
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.

Q1: When did Nanjing become a state capital?
A1: 229 AD
Q2: Who founded Eastern Wu?
A2: Sun Quan
Q3: When was Eastern Wu founded?
A3: during the Three Kingdoms period
Q4: Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?
A4: the Western Jin dynasty
Q5: When was Nanjing extended?
A5: 211 AD
Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

Q1: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
A1: the unification of the region
Q2: When did the Jin court head South?
A2: 317
Q3: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?
A3: Nanjing
Q4: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
A4: nobles and wealthy families
During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

Q1: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
A1: more than two and a half centuries
Q2: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?
A2: Nanjing
Q3: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?
A3: 280,000 registered households
Q4: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
A4: more than 1.4 million residents
Q5: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
A5: historical documents
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

Q1: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
A1: A number of sculptural ensembles
Q2: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
A2: Qixia and Jiangning District
Q3: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?
A3: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu
Q4: Who was Xiao Xiu?
A4: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang
Q5: When did Xiao Xiu live?
A5: 475–518
The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated.

Q1: When was Nanjing made a capital again?
A1: during the Southern Tang (937–976)
Q2: During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?
A2: the Song dynasty
Q3: What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?
A3: The court of Da Chu
Q4: Who defeated the court of Song?
A4: the Mongol empire
The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

Q1: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A1: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q2: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
A2: the Yuan dynasty
Q3: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
A3: long city wall
Q4: How long did it take to finish the wall?
A4: 21 years
Q5: How many workers worked on the wall?
A5: 200,000
It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.

Q1: When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
A1: from 1358 to 1425
Q2: What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
A2: 487,000
Q3: When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
A3: 1421
Q4: Where was the capital moved to?
A4: Beijing
Q5: Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A5: the Yongle Emperor
Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

Q1: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
A1: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Q2: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
A2: the Taipings
Q3: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
A3: in the 19th century
Q4: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
A4: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties