romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".

Q1: What influence did Madonna music video reflects?
A1: American and Hispanic mixed street style
Q2: She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?
A2: American audience
Q3: Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?
A3: Spanish look
Q4: What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?
A4: boleros and layered skirts
Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal. In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."

Q1: Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?
A1: Academics
Q2: In which video was it the most obvious?
A2: "Like a Prayer
Q3: Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?
A3: MTV
Q4: When was Madonna awarded the accolade?
A4: 2003
Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying, "MTV, with its almost exclusively lip-synched videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words." The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, "Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing." Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."

Q1: Who had new standards of showmanship?
A1: Madonna and Janet Jackson
Q2: Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?
A2: Madonna
Q3: What came as an expense of live singing?
A3: highly athletic dancing
To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic". Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes. Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized. Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as "extravagant show piece, a walking art show."

Q1: What did Madonna use in her concerts?
A1: hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones
Q2: What was the microphone coined as?
A2: "Madonna mic"
Q3: Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?
A3: Madonna
Q4: Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?
A4: Madonna's
Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that "during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon." Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that "She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality." Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that "really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye." William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to." Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.

Q1: Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?
A1: Madonna
Q2: Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?
A2: Laura Barcella
Q3: Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?
A3: William Langley from The Daily Telegraph
Q4: Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?
A4: Alan McGee from The Guardian
According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC, "It's worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When The Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back—with an emphasis on the female." Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, asserted that "Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers." According to Fouz-Hernández, subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Kylie Minogue, the Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, and Pink were like her "daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her." Time magazine included her in the list of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century", where she became one of only two singers to be included, alongside Aretha Franklin. She also topped VH1's lists of "100 Greatest Women in Music" and "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".

Q1: Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?
A1: Madonna
Q2: Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?
A2: Howard Kramer
Q3: A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?
A3: Madonna,
Q4: Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?
A4: Time magazine
Q5: Who is the other woman who earned the title?
A5: Aretha Franklin
Madonna's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism. As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise "irreverent" behavior in her live performances. The Times wrote that she had "started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice." Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations. In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates. According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women. Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as "an almost sacred feminist icon."

Q1: Madonna used what to benefit her career?
A1: sexual imagery
Q2: Who started a revolution in music with women?
A2: Madonna
Q3: Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?
A3: Professor Sut Jhally
Q4: Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?
A4: Madonna
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself." London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her." Hazel Blackmore and Rafael Fernández de Castro in the book ¿Qué es Estados Unidos? from the Fondo de Cultura Económica, noted: "Madonna has been undoubtedly the most important woman in the history of popular music and a great businesswoman in herself; creating fashion, breaking taboos and provoking controversies."

Q1: Who is an acclaim role model business woman?
A1: Madonna
Q2: Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?
A2: $1.2 billion in
Q3: Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?
A3: London Business School academics
Q4: Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?
A4: Morton
Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.

Q1: Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?
A1: 300 million records
Q2: Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?
A2: Madonna
Q3: Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?
A3: Billboard
Q4: How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?
A4: $1.31 billion
Q5: How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?
A5: 20
Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.

Q1: Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?
A1: Madonna
Q2: How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?
A2: 45
Q3: Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?
A3: Madonna
Q4: How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?
A4: 38
Q5: Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?
A5: Madonna
London i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.

Q1: What city is the capital of England?
A1: London
Q2: Who founded the city of London?
A2: the Romans
Q3: As of 2011, what was the population of London?
A3: 7,375
Q4: What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?
A4: county of Greater London
Q5: When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?
A5: Londinium
Q6: As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?
A6: 7,375
Q7: On what river is London situated?
A7: River Thames
Q8: What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?
A8: Londinium
Q9: What bodies govern Greater London?
A9: the Mayor of London and the London Assembly
Q10: What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?
A10: 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

Q1: Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?
A1: fifth-or sixth-largest
Q2: Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?
A2: world's most-visited
Q3: How many universities are located in London?
A3: 43
Q4: Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?
A4: first
Q5: How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?
A5: three times
Q6: Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?
A6: fifth-or sixth-largest
Q7: How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?
A7: three
Q8: What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?
A8: international arrivals
Q9: How many universities does London boast?
A9: 43
Q10: When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?
A10: 2012
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.

Q1: How many different languages are spoken in London?
A1: 300
Q2: What was the population in London in 2014?
A2: 8,538,689
Q3: Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?
A3: second most
Q4: How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?
A4: 13,879,757
Q5: What years was London considered the world's most populous city?
A5: 1831 to 1925
Q6: From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?
A6: Paris
Q7: During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?
A7: around 1831 to 1925
Q8: Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?
A8: more than 300
Q9: As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?
A9: 12.5
Q10: What is the population of metropolitan London?
A10: 13,879,757
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.

Q1: What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?
A1: Westminster Abbey
Q2: Where is the British Museum located?
A2: London
Q3: Are there any bridges located in London?
A3: Tower Bridge
Q4: What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?
A4: British Library
Q5: What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?
A5: The London Underground
Q6: How many theaters does London's West End have?
A6: 40
Q7: Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?
A7: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Q8: What famous palace is located in London?
A8: Buckingham Palace
Q9: What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?
A9: The London Underground
Q10: How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?
A10: four
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.

Q1: Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?
A1: Celtic
Q2: What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?
A2: 'river too wide to ford
Q3: What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?
A3: Llundain
Q4: Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions
A4: Richard Coates
Q5: In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?
A5: 1998
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.

Q1: What river flows into the River Thames?
A1: the River Effra
Q2: The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?
A2: Bronze Age
Q3: The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?
A3: not known
Q4: How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?
A4: Two
Q5: The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?
A5: 4500 BC