romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.

Q1: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
A1: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah
Q2: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
A2: East India Company
Q3: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
A3: Robert Clive
Q4: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
A4: feudal
Q5: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
A5: monopolized
As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.

Q1: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
A1: Carnatic
Q2: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
A2: 1766–1799
Q3: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
A3: 1772–1818
Q4: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
A4: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu
Q5: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?
A5: princely state
The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.

Q1: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
A1: Company's rule
Q2: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
A2: brutally suppressed
Q3: What force took control of the company and the situation?
A3: British government
Q4: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
A4: full control
Q5: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
A5: grievances
In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.

Q1: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
A1: British Crown
Q2: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
A2: provinces
Q3: Over what did Britain have direct control?
A3: Company's lands
Q4: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
A4: indirect influence
Q5: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
A5: 565
After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

Q1: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
A1: infrastructure
Q2: What new law was created?
A2: Indian Penal Code
Q3: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
A3: Thomas Babington Macaulay
Q4: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
A4: late 19th century
Q5: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
A5: infrastructure
In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.

Q1: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?
A1: Lord Curzon
Q2: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?
A2: Hindu
Q3: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?
A3: Muslim
Q4: What movement did the division of Bengal start?
A4: anti-colonial
Q5: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?
A5: Indian National Congress
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.

Q1: What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?
A1: Bengali Renaissance
Q2: What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?
A2: English educated Bengali Hindus
Q3: With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?
A3: Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Q4: With whom was it said the the movement ended?
A4: Rabindranath Tagore
Q5: From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?
A5: medieval' to the 'modern
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Q1: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
A1: Renaissance in Europe
Q2: What did the Movement question?
A2: existing orthodoxies
Q3: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
A3: Young Bengal
Q4: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
A4: rationalism and atheism
Q5: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
A5: minds and intellect
During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.

Q1: What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?
A1: famines
Q2: How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?
A2: 6.1 million to 10.3 million
Q3: When did the Great Famine happen?
A3: 1876–78
Q4: How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?
A4: 1.25 to 10 million
Q5: What killed 10 million people in India?
A5: Third Plague Pandemic
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".

Q1: What movement rose in the 19th century?
A1: Indian nationalism
Q2: What did Indian first want as government?
A2: self-rule
Q3: What did Indians finally begin to demand?
A3: complete independence
Q4: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?
A4: causes
Q5: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?
A5: Probable reasons
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Q1: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
A1: councillors
Q2: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
A2: 1909
Q3: What more local councils were set up?
A3: Provincial Councils
Q4: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
A4: British
Q5: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
A5: minority groups
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Q1: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
A1: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Q2: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
A2: three big provinces
Q3: How was the Congress split in 1907?
A3: two factions
Q4: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
A4: The radicals
Q5: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
A5: The moderates
From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Q1: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
A1: Mahatma Gandhi
Q2: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
A2: peaceful
Q3: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
A3: Indian National Army
Q4: On what date did India gain its independence?
A4: 15 August 1947
Q5: What action did the movements combine to produce?
A5: Government of India Act 1935
Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

Q1: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?
A1: minority
Q2: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?
A2: Hindu rule
Q3: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?
A3: interim government
Q4: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?
A4: 500,000
Q5: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?
A5: 12 million
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.

Q1: What number president of Egypt was Nasser?
A1: second
Q2: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: In what year did Nasser become president?
A3: 1956
Q4: In what year did Nasser die?
A4: 1970
Q5: What type of government did Nasser overthrow?
A5: monarchy
Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Q1: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
A1: five million
Q2: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
A2: Suez Canal
Q3: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
A3: United Arab Republic
Q4: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
A4: North Yemen Civil War
Q5: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
A5: 1965
Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Q1: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
A1: Aswan Dam and Helwan City
Q2: What century did Nasser rule in?
A2: 20th
Q3: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
A3: anti-imperialist
Q4: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
A4: human rights violations
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

Q1: What was Nasser's father's occupation?
A1: postal worker
Q2: In what city was Nasser raised?
A2: Alexandria
Q3: What year was Nasser born?
A3: 1918
Q4: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?
A4: Glory of the Arabs
Q5: What siblings did Nasser have?
A5: two more boys
In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

Q1: What elementary school did Nasser attend?
A1: Attarin
Q2: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?
A2: Helwan
Q3: What secondary school did Nasser attend?
A3: Ras el-Tin
Q4: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?
A4: Manshia Square
Q5: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?
A5: Young Egypt Society
When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Q1: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
A1: al-Nahda al-Masria
Q2: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
A2: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom
Q3: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
A3: British rule
Q4: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
A4: Two
Q5: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
A5: constitution