romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Q1: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
A1: The Solar Hijri calendar
Q2: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
A2: SH
Q3: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
A3: the Shamsi Hijri calendar
Q4: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
A4: twelve months
Q5: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
A5: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina
In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Q1: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
A1: a small minority
Q2: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
A2: sexist and oppressive
Q3: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
A3: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive
Q4: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
A4: the face
Iran (/aɪˈræn/ or i/ɪˈrɑːn/; Persian: Irān – ایران‎‎ [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/ or /ˈpɜːrʃə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān [d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.

Q1: Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?
A1: Armenia
Q2: How many people live in Iran?
A2: 78.4 million
Q3: What is Iran's land mass in square miles?
A3: 636,372 sq mi
Q4: What is the unofficial name for Iran?
A4: Persia
Q5: What is Iran's official country name?
A5: the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.

Q1: What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?
A1: the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms
Q2: When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?
A2: 625 BC
Q3: Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?
A3: Cyrus the Great
Q4: When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?
A4: 330 BC
Q5: Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
A5: Alexander the Great
In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.

Q1: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?
A1: 633 AD
Q2: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?
A2: 651 AD
Q3: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to?
A3: Sunni Islam
Q4: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?
A4: Imperial Russia
Q5: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?
A5: 1979 Revolution
Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.

Q1: What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?
A1: natural gas
Q2: What city is Iran's capital?
A2: Tehran
Q3: How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?
A3: through its large reserves of fossil fuels
Q4: What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?
A4: proven oil reserves
Q5: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?
A5: 19
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

Q1: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?
A1: 3rd-century
Q2: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?
A2: Parthian
Q3: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"
A3: *ar-yo-
Q4: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?
A4: the gentilic
Q5: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
A5: Ērān
Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

Q1: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?
A1: Greek historians
Q2: What has the West historically referred Iran as?
A2: Persia
Q3: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?
A3: the 9th century BC
Q4: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?
A4: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,
Q5: What is Persis known as today?
A5: Fars Province
In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

Q1: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
A1: 1935
Q2: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
A2: New York Times
Q3: Which name is officially used politically?
A3: Iran
Q4: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
A4: Professor Ehsan Yarshater
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Q1: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
A1: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC
Q2: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
A2: 10th to 8th millennium BC
Q3: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
A3: the Zagros region
Q4: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
A4: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran
The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC.

Q1: What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?
A1: Susa
Q2: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?
A2: the 4th millennium BC
Q3: During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?
A3: Bronze Age
Q4: Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?
A4: Elam
Q5: Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
A5: the 3rd millennium BC
From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved.

Q1: Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?
A1: the Assyrian Empire
Q2: When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?
A2: between 616 BC and 605 BC
Q3: How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?
A3: three centuries
Q4: Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?
A4: king Cyaxares
Q5: When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
A5: 728 BC
In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.

Q1: Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?
A1: Cyrus the Great
Q2: When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?
A2: 550 BC
Q3: Who triggered the Persian Revolt?
A3: the Median ruler Astyages
Q4: What resulted from the Persian Revolt?
A4: The conquest of Media
At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria (Thrace), northern Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon), Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya, Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia, parts of the UAE and Oman, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and much of Central Asia, making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen.

Q1: What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?
A1: the Achaemenid Empire
Q2: What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?
A2: the Achaemenid Empire
Q3: What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?
A3: the Black Sea
Q4: The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?
A4: Central Asia
Q5: The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?
A5: ancient Egypt
It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC.

Q1: The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?
A1: the Greek city states
Q2: How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?
A2: 50 million people
Q3: The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?
A3: 44% of the world's population
Q4: What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?
A4: Imperial Aramaic
Q5: What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?
A5: the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman–Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries.

Q1: Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?
A1: Alexander the Great
Q2: Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?
A2: Darius III
Q3: Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?
A3: the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire
Q4: When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?
A4: In the middle of the 2nd century BC
Q5: When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?
A5: 224 CE
The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

Q1: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
A1: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars
Q2: When did the Arabs invade Iran?
A2: the 7th century
Q3: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
A3: Arab Rashidun Caliphate
Q4: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
A4: Jizya
Q5: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
A5: Academy of Gunde Shapur
The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.

Q1: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?
A1: the Islamic Golden Age
Q2: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?
A2: by the 10th and 11th centuries
Q3: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?
A3: scientific writing
Q4: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
A4: Iran
The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.

Q1: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?
A1: Turkic tribes
Q2: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?
A2: Central Asia
Q3: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?
A3: mamluks (slave-warriors)
Q4: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?
A4: 999
Q5: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
A5: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership
Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran. In 1370, yet another conqueror, Timur, followed the example of Hulagu, establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan, reportedly killing 70,000 citizens. The Ilkhans and the Timurids soon came to adopt the ways and customs of the Iranians, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Iranian.

Q1: Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?
A1: Hulagu Khan
Q2: Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?
A2: 1370
Q3: How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?
A3: 156 years
Q4: The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?
A4: a culture that was distinctively Iranian
Q5: How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?
A5: 70,000 citizens