romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Q1: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
A1: university departments named for the Near East
Q2: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
A2: Middle East
Q3: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
A3: Expertise on the modern Middle East
Q4: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
A4: Near Eastern Languages
Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

Q1: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?
A1: Chekiang
Q2: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
A2: Anhui
Q3: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
A3: Jiangxi
Q4: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
A4: Fujian
Q5: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
A5: East China Sea
The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Q1: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
A1: Zhe River
Q2: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
A2: Hangzhou Bay
Q3: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
A3: Crooked
Q4: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
A4: Zhe River
Q5: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
A5: Hangzhou
Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

Q1: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
A1: Neolithic
Q2: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
A2: Zhejiang
Q3: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
A3: 2007
Q4: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
A4: Liangzhu
Q5: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
A5: O1
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Q1: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
A1: Hundred Yue
Q2: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
A2: Spring and Autumn Period
Q3: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
A3: northern Zhejiang
Q4: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
A4: Yu the Great
Q5: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
A5: bird-worm seal script
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

Q1: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
A1: Kuaiji Commandery
Q2: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
A2: the Han
Q3: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
A3: Kuaiji
Q4: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
A4: Xiang Yu
Q5: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
A5: the Qin Empire
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Q1: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
A1: 220–280 CE
Q2: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
A2: Zhejiang
Q3: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
A3: the Kingdom of Wu
Q4: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
A4: Jianye
Q5: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
A5: Funan
Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Q1: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
A1: during the Three Kingdoms
Q2: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
A2: Sun Wu
Q3: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
A3: Wu
Q4: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?
A4: Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Q5: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?
A5: Shu
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Q1: What was Nanjing formerly known as?
A1: Jiankang
Q2: What was the former name of Hangzhou?
A2: Qiantang
Q3: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?
A3: Chengdu
Q4: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
A4: 589
Q5: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
A5: three
Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Q1: When was the Jin Dynasty?
A1: 265–420
Q2: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
A2: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)
Q3: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
A3: this day
Q4: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
A4: mountainous
Q5: When did Zhuge Liang live from?
A5: 181–234
Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Q1: When did the Six Dynasties end?
A1: 589
Q2: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
A2: Zhejiang
Q3: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
A3: the Sui dynasty
Q4: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
A4: the Zhe River
The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Q1: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
A1: 960
Q2: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
A2: 1127
Q3: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
A3: Lin'an
Q4: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
A4: Lin'an
Q5: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
A5: Kinsay
Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

Q1: What were greenware ceramics made from?
A1: celadon
Q2: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
A2: bluish-green
Q3: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
A3: the Ming
Q4: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
A4: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi
Q5: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
A5: Middle Eastern
"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Q1: What do 'to-min' mean?
A1: idle people
Q2: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
A2: music people
Q3: What does 'si-min' mean?
A3: small people
Q4: What does Tanka mean?
A4: egg-people
Q5: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
A5: Zhejiang
During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Q1: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
A1: the First Opium War
Q2: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
A2: 1843
Q3: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
A3: Ningbo
Q4: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
A4: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Q5: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
A5: 1876
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

Q1: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
A1: World War II
Q2: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
A2: Japan
Q3: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
A3: 250,000
Q4: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
A4: B-25
Q5: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
A5: the Reorganized National Government of China
After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao’s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.

Q1: When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?
A1: 1949
Q2: When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?
A2: 1955
Q3: When was the Cultural Revolution?
A3: 1966–76
Q4: When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?
A4: 1966–69
Q5: What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?
A5: grain
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.

Q1: What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?
A1: natural
Q2: What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?
A2: flooding
Q3: What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?
A3: capitalist
Q4: Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?
A4: Northeast Zhejiang
Q5: What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?
A5: flat
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

Q1: What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?
A1: hills
Q2: What percent of Zhejiang is hills?
A2: 70%
Q3: What is the highest peak of the province?
A3: Huangmaojian Peak
Q4: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?
A4: 1,929
Q5: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?
A5: 6,329
Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Q1: What does the north of the province lie just south of?
A1: the Yangtze Delta
Q2: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
A2: Hangzhou
Q3: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
A3: Ou Rivers
Q4: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
A4: West Lake
Q5: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
A5: South Lake
There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest.  Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

Q1: How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?
A1: over three thousand
Q2: What is the largest island near Zhejiang?
A2: Zhoushan Island
Q3: What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?
A3: Hangzhou Bay
Q4: How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?
A4: four
Q5: When does Spring start in Zhejiang?
A5: March
The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called "China's Hollywood".

Q1: How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A1: eleven
Q2: How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A2: 90
Q3: How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
A3: 1,570
Q4: What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?
A4: Jinhua
Q5: What is called 'China's Hollywood'?
A5: Hengdian