romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Q1: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
A1: peripherals
Q2: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
A2: input
Q3: A printer is what type of peripheral device?
A3: output
Q4: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
A4: input and output
Q5: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
A5: input
While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.

Q1: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
A1: multitasking
One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

Q1: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
A1: "time-sharing"
Q2: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
A2: an interrupt,
Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

Q1: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
A1: more slowly,
Q2: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
A2: input/output devices
Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Q1: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
A1: CPUs
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Q1: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
A1: thousands
Q2: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
A2: Supercomputers
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

Q1: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
A1: SAGE system
Q2: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
A2: the 1950s
In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.

Q1: Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
A1: ARPA
Q2: ARPA is now known as what?
A2: DARPA)
In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Q1: The network spread to be known as what today?
A1: the Internet.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Q1: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?
A1: programs
Q2: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?
A2: The Church–Turing thesis
A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Q1: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
A1: a computer
Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

Q1: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?
A1: transistors
Q2: Transistors are typically made up of what today?
A2: photolithographed semiconductors
Q3: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
A3: billiard ball computer)
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Q1: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?
A1: quantum computers
Q2: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
A2: quantum factoring
A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Q1: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
A1: artificial intelligence
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Q1: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
A1: hardware
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Q1: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
A1: Software
Q2: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
A2: firmware
Q3: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
A3: software
Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

Q1: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?
A1: the motherboard
Q2: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
A2: BIOS set up
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

Q1: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?
A1: CPU
Q2: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
A2: output devices
Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Q1: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
A1: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,
Q2: What is "black people" a term for?
A2: racial classification or of ethnicity
Q3: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
A3: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies
Q4: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
A4: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,
Q5: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
A5: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.
Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Q1: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?
A1: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"
Q2: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?
A2: societal variables
Q3: Are mixed race people classified as black?
A3: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."
Q4: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?
A4: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.
Q5: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?
A5: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Q1: What made up Mauretania?
A1: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla
Q2: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
A2: The Romans
Q3: During what period did Mauretania exist?
A3: the classical period.
Q4: Where were the people of the region noted?
A4: in Classical literature
Q5: What is Mauri in English?
A5: Moors
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Q1: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
A1: North Africa
Q2: When were the Arab Invasions?
A2: the 7th century
Q3: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities?
A3: North Africa
Q4: When did these communities begin?
A4: some dating from prehistoric communities.
Q5: Who are they descendants of?
A5: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Q1: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
A1: (1672–1727)
Q2: How many black slaves did he own?
A2: 150,000
Q3: What did he call his slave army?
A3: Black Guard
Q4: What did the Black Guard do?
A4: coerced the country into submission.
Q5: When did the Black Guard exist?
A5: In the 18th century
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

Q1: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
A1: because they have some distant white ancestry.
Q2: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
A2: Brazil's University of the State of Bahia
Q3: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
A3: in ways that resemble multi-racials
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

Q1: Who was the Egyptian President?
A1: Anwar Sadat
Q2: What ethnicity was his mother?
A2: Nubian Sudanese
Q3: What ethnicity was his father?
A3: Egyptian
Q4: What color did he refer to himself as?
A4: reddish
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Q1: Who was enslaved more often?
A1: black women
Q2: What did the Qur'an permit?
A2: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave
Q3: What were female slaves used for?
A3: domestic service and agriculture
Q4: What is the term for a pregnant slave?
A4: umm walad
Q5: What does umm walad mean?
A5: "mother of a child"
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Q1: Who was the ruler in Morocco?
A1: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur
Q2: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
A2: from 1578 to 1608
Q3: What ethnicity was his mother?
A3: Fulani
Q4: What Arabic term is still used for black people?
A4: (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave")
Q5: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
A5: sub-Saharan peoples
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Q1: When did the Arab apartheid intensify?
A1: early 1991
Q2: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
A2: non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe
Q3: Where did these people live?
A3: Sudan
Q4: Who controlled the government?
A4: Sudanese Arabs
Q5: What was the government being accused of?
A5: deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Q1: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
A1: George Ayittey
Q2: Who executed the apartheid?
A2: the Arab government
Q3: Who was excluded?
A3: blacks
Q4: Where were they?
A4: Sudan
Q5: What is George Ayittey's profession?
A5: economist
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Q1: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
A1: Irwin Cotler
Q2: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?
A2: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."
Q3: Who argeed with Dershowitz?
A3: Irwin Cotler
Q4: Where did Irwin Cotler live?
A4: Canadian
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

Q1: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?
A1: many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes
Q2: What was a result of these marriages?
A2: mixed-race children
Q3: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
A3: second-class
Q4: Who was included in the Coloured group?
A4: Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent
Q5: What does apartheid mean?
A5: a system of legal racial segregation
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Q1: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
A1: the Population Registration Act of 1945
Q2: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
A2: pencil test
Q3: How did the pencil test work?
A3: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil
Q4: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
A4: Minor officials
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Q1: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
A1: Sandra Laing
Q2: What year was the movie "Skin" made?
A2: 2008
Q3: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
A3: age 10
Q4: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?
A4: South African
Q5: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
A5: three