romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

Q1: What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
A1: caliper
Q2: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?
A2: thousandths of an inch
Q3: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
A3: mm
Q4: Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?
A4: 0.0028 and 0.0071 in
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

Q1: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?
A1: weight
Q2: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?
A2: a ream
Q3: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?
A3: card
In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.

Q1: What ISO sizing system does Europe use?
A1: ISO 216
Q2: If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?
A2: card
Q3: Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?
A3: dimensions
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

Q1: Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?
A1: length and width
Q2: Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?
A2: standard paper sizes
Q3: Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?
A3: length and width
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

Q1: Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
A1: ISO 216
Q2: What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
A2: Germany
Q3: What is the largest standard size paper?
A3: A0
Q4: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
A4: 2
Q5: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
A5: A3
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

Q1: What is the lightest density of paper produced?
A1: tissue paper
Q2: What is the common density of printing paper?
A2: 800 kg/m3
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

Q1: What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?
A1: Alum
Q2: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?
A2: sizing
Q3: How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?
A3: more stable
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

Q1: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
A1: lignin
Q2: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
A2: lignin
Q3: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
A3: light and oxygen
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

Q1: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
A1: Library of Congress
Q2: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?
A2: oxalic
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Q1: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
A1: twice
Q2: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
A2: Mechanical
Q3: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
A3: acid-free
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Q1: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?
A1: 400%
Q2: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
A2: 35%
Q3: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
A3: plant trees
Q4: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
A4: 10%
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

Q1: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
A1: 40%
Q2: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
A2: 71.6 million
Q3: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
A3: 16 billion
Q4: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
A4: 31
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Q1: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
A1: bleaching
Q2: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
A2: through food
Q3: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
A3: fatty tissue
Q4: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
A4: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

Q1: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
A1: paperfoam
Q2: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
A2: biodegradable
Q3: What is paperfoam primarily made of?
A3: paper
Q4: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
A4: recycled
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

Q1: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?
A1: corn protein
Q2: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?
A2: corn protein
Q3: PFOA is what type of coating?
A3: synthetic
The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Q1: When was the football league established?
A1: 1987
Q2: Where is football played?
A2: indoors
Q3: What does AFL sand for?
A3: Arena Football League
Q4: Who founded The AFL?
A4: Jim Foster
Q5: In what year was the AFL founded?
A5: 1987
Q6: In what decade was AFL sport invented?
A6: 1980s
Q7: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
A7: Jim Foster
Q8: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
A8: 1987
Q9: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
A9: third
Q10: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
A10: 68
Q11: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
A11: half
For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  –  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for "reasons not associated with League operations."

Q1: How many teams were there in the 2015 season?
A1: 12
Q2: How many conferences does the AFL have?
A2: 2
Q3: What are these conferences in the AFL named?
A3: American Conference and National Conference
Q4: Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?
A4: San Jose SaberCats
Q5: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
A5: 12
Q6: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
A6: Spokane Shock
Q7: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
A7: IFL
Q8: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?
A8: National Conference
Q9: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
A9: four
The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.

Q1: As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?
A1: 16
Q2: How long is the AFL regular season?
A2: 18-week
Q3: In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?
A3: March
Q4: What month did the 2015 AFL season end?
A4: August
Q5: What is the name of the AFL championship game?
A5: ArenaBowl
From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.

Q1: What was the name of the AFL development league?
A1: af2
Q2: When did the AFL development league begin?
A2: 2000
Q3: When was the first AFL season played?
A3: 1987
Q4: What Arena Football League season was cancelled?
A4: 2009
Q5: In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
A5: Chicago, Illinois
Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

Q1: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
A1: the National Football League
Q2: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A2: an indoor soccer match
Q3: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A3: Madison Square Garden
Q4: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
A4: 1981
Q5: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
A5: NBC
Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

Q1: What football league began in 1982?
A1: the United States Football League
Q2: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
A2: Chicago Blitz
Q3: When did the USFL shut down?
A3: 1985
Q4: On what date was the arena football test game played?
A4: April 27, 1986
Q5: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
A5: executive vice-president
The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

Q1: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
A1: Rockford, Illinois
Q2: At what venue did the test game occur?
A2: Rockford MetroCentre
Q3: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?
A3: Chicago Politicians
Q4: On what date did the second test game take place?
A4: February 26, 1987
Q5: The second test game was played in what arena?
A5: Rosemont Horizon
Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and shoot" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.

Q1: How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?
A1: four
Q2: Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?
A2: Washington Commandos
Q3: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?
A3: executive director of football operations
Q4: What was Darrell Davis' nickname?
A4: Mouse
Q5: Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?
A5: Davis
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

Q1: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
A1: June 19, 1987
Q2: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?
A2: Gladiators
Q3: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
A3: 12,117
Q4: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
A4: June 20, 1987
Q5: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
A5: the Rosemont Horizon
On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990. The patent expired on September 30, 2007.

Q1: On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?
A1: September 30, 1987
Q2: When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?
A2: March 27, 1990
Q3: On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?
A3: September 30, 2007
Q4: With whom did Foster file his patent?
A4: the United States Patent and Trademark Office
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.

Q1: In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?
A1: ESPN
Q2: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?
A2: midnight
Q3: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?
A3: Arena Bowl XII
Q4: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?
A4: 1998
Q5: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
A5: Wide World of Sports
On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento's Arco Arena, as part of the AFL's 'Barnstorming America' tour. Foster had walked onto the field of play to mediate an altercation between the two teams when Haering, a former NFL assistant, punched him in the jaw. Haering was suspended without pay.

Q1: Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?
A1: Joe Haering
Q2: What day of the week was July 23, 1989?
A2: Saturday
Q3: Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?
A3: Jim Foster
Q4: What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?
A4: USA Today
Q5: In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?
A5: Arco Arena
One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988–1993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team.

Q1: What team did Art Schlichter play for?
A1: Detroit Drive
Q2: Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?
A2: Joe Louis Arena
Q3: In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?
A3: 1988
Q4: Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?
A4: Mike Ilitch
Q5: What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?
A5: Detroit Tigers