romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat.

Q1: What are male chickens called ?
A1: cocks
Q2: How are male chickens able to be identified ?
A2: cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).
Q3: What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?
A3: in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.
Q4: Do chickens fly like other birds?
A4: They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.
Q5: From what birds are chickens decended from ?
A5: Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia
Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.

Q1: When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?
A1: By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry
Q2: How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?
A2: can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling
Q3: How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?
A3: light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption
Q4: Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?
A4: with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.
A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

Q1: What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?
A1: A bantam
Q2: How are bantams different from other chickens?
A2: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart
Q3: Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?
A3: Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs
Q4: Where are bantams kept?
A4: kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.
Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.

Q1: How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?
A1: Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.
Q2: What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?
A2: Cockfighting
Q3: Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?
A3: fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.
Q4: Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?
A4: Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour
Q5: Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?
A5: large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.
Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.

Q1: How can you identify a duck from other poultry?
A1: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.
Q2: What do you call a male duck?
A2: drakes
Q3: How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?
A3: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds
Q4: What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?
A4: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.
Q5: Do all ducks fly south for the winter?
A5: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly
Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks "lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.

Q1: How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?
A1: Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture
Q2: How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?
A2: domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West
Q3: How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?
A3: collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,
Q4: When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?
A4: ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD
Q5: Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?
A5: mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.
It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

Q1: What breed of duck is considered the first?
A1: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck
Q2: What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?
A2: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.
Q3: What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.
A3: Pekin duck
Q4: Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?
A4: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days
Q5: Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??
A5: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in
The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.

Q1: When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?
A1: The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago
Q2: What other name is the swan goose know by ?
A2: Chinese goose
Q3: Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?
A3: Siberia
Q4: Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?
A4: Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.
Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers.

Q1: do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?
A1: Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends
Q2: What types of geese are used for human consumption?
A2: The greylag-derived birds
Q3: What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?
A3: Chinese geese
Q4: What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?
A4: use in pillows and padded garments
Q5: Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?
A5: they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids
The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.

Q1: How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?
A1: descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey
Q2: When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?
A2: Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC
Q3: What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?
A3: feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes
Q4: When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?
A4: Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.
Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world.

Q1: What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?
A1: Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions
Q2: What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?
A2: The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly
Q3: At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?
A3: Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19
Q4: How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?
A4: Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts
Q5: What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?
A5: 60 million birds in the United States
The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Q1: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
A1: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.
Q2: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?
A2: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.
Q3: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
A3: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.
Q4: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?
A4: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations.

Q1: Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?
A1: Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.
Q2: When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?
A2: By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,
Q3: What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?
A3: the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production
Q4: How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?
A4: Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year
Q5: Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?
A5: Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies
Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months.

Q1: What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?
A1: Africa
Q2: Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?
A2: ancient Greeks and Romans.
Q3: Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.
A3: They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.
Q4: What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?
A4: roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.
A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

Q1: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
A1: A squab
Q2: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?
A2: rock pigeon (Columba livia)
Q3: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?
A3: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop
Q4: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
A4: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months