romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The Corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds going back to support student programs, such as Student Union Activities.

Q1: When was KU's first student union constructed?
A1: 1926
Q2: What was the role the union was intended serve?
A2: campus community center
Q3: What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?
A3: Jayhawk Central
Q4: What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?
A4: KU Memorial Unions Corporation
Q5: What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?
A5: Student Union Activities
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America’s first foundation for a public university. Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas.

Q1: What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?
A1: KU Endowment
Q2: When was the KU Endowment founded?
A2: 1891
Q3: To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?
A3: donors
Q4: What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?
A4: philanthropic support
The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.

Q1: What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?
A1: The Community Tool Box
Q2: What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?
A2: the Work Group for Community Health and Development
Q3: What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?
A3: professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development
Q4: How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?
A4: more than 7,000 pages
Q5: Where can the Community Tool Box be found?
A5: online
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

Q1: What do you call  government officials using power for illicit private gain?
A1: political corruption
Q2: Who benefits from political corruption?
A2: government officials
Q3: It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?
A3: their official duties
Q4: Trading in what is considered political corruption?
A4: influence
Q5: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
A5: Political corruption
Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.

Q1: Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what?
A1: corruption
Q2: Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what?
A2: criminal enterprise
Q3: Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what?
A3: corruption
Q4: One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?
A4: nepotism
Q5: Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?
A5: gombeenism
Q6: Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?
A6: human trafficking
Q7: The repression of what is also considered political corruption?
A7: political opponents
The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Q1: What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?
A1: country or jurisdiction
Q2: Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?
A2: broad or ill-defined
Q3: How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?
A3: 1 trillion US dollars
Q4: unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?
A4: kleptocracy
Q5: What does kleptocracy mean?
A5: rule by thieves
Q6: A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?
A6: kleptocracy
Q7: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?
A7: bribery
Q8: What does kleptocracy mean?
A8: rule by thieves
Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.

Q1: Another for of corruption is what?
A1: institutional corruption
Q2: A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?
A2: institutional corruption
Q3: Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?
A3: personal gain
Q4: What are some forms of corruption now  called?
A4: institutional corruption
Q5: Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
A5: bribery
Q6: This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
A6: the primary purpose of the institution
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Q1: What does corruption undermine in politics?
A1: democracy
Q2: What does corruption disregard in politics?
A2: formal processes
Q3: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
A3: accountability
Q4: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
A4: judiciary
Q5: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
A5: public administration
More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.

Q1: What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
A1: trust and tolerance
Q2: Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
A2: bought and sold
Q3: The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
A3: accountability
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Q1: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
A1: private
Q2: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
A2: bureaucracy
Q3: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
A3: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations
Q4: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
A4: competition
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

Q1: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
A1: public investment
Q2: What is more plentiful in capital projects?
A2: bribes and kickbacks
Q3: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
A3: compliance
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Q1: African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?
A1: Swiss
Q2: What form has corruption taken in Africa?
A2: rent extraction
Q3: In Africa, the finances are often moved where?
A3: overseas
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Q1: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
A1: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Q2: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
A2: external debts
Q3: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
A3: political instability
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Q1: Where is corruption most noticeable?
A1: countries with the smallest per capita incomes
Q2: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
A2: health services
Q3: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
A3: Local
Q4: Which report described this corruption?
A4: the 2006 World Bank Report
Q5: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
A5: about half
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

Q1: What kind of employees received payments?
A1: ghost employees
Q2: Where were drugs siphoned off to?
A2: the black market
Q3: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
A3: counterfeit drugs
Q4: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
A4: money
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Q1: Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
A1: environmental destruction
Q2: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
A2: bribed
Q3: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
A3: social rights worker protection
Q4: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
A4: illegitimate economic advantage
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Q1: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
A1: Amartya Sen
Q2: What can trigger famine conditions?
A2: drought
Q3: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
A3: government action or inaction
Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Q1: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
A1: kleptocracy
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Q1: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
A1: construction
Q2: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
A2: physically diverted
Q3: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
A3: assessments
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Q1: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
A1: workmanship
Q2: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
A2: kickbacks
Q3: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
A3: exclusion
Q4: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
A4: forced to give sexual favors
Q5: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
A5: statistics
Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

Q1: These types of corruption can harm what?
A1: the public health
Q2: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
A2: social relationships
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Q1: Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
A1: sports
Q2: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
A2: anti-doping controls
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

Q1: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
A1: artificial
Q2: What needs to stay away from loopholes?
A2: national anti-corruption initiatives
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Q1: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
A1: a bribe
Q2: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
A2: two
Q3: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
A3: culture of corruption
Q4: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
A4: harm
In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

Q1: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
A1: active and passive bribery
This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Q1: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
A1: mutual understanding
Q2: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
A2: accepting
Q3: Bribes can be direct or what?
A3: indirect