romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Q1: Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?
A1: Aegean and Ionian seas
Q2: During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?
A2: Bronze
Q3: Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?
A3: Constantinople
Q4: Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past?
A4: Egypt
Q5: What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?
A5: Byzantine Empire
Q6: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
A6: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea
Q7: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
A7: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas
Q8: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
A8: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.
Q9: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
A9: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century
Q10: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
A10: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.
The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Q1: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ?
A1: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.
Q2: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
A2: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels
Q3: What other language has this same trait ?
A3: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language
Q4: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
A4: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian
Q5: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
A5: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Q1: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?
A1: the Dorians
Q2: When did these groups make the migration ?
A2: Around 1200 BC
Q3: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
A3: the Mycenaean civilization,
Q4: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ?
A4: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)
Q5: What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?
A5: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC
The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.

Q1: How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
A1: Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors
Q2: How did they believe their forebears lived ?
A2: Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth
Q3: What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
A3: The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past
Q4: Who was the author of these tales ?
A4: Homer
Q5: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ?
A5: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Q1: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
A1: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism
Q2: When did this event occur ?
A2: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.
Q3: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
A3: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,
Q4: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ?
A4: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)
Q5: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
A5: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Q1: The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
A1: classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC
Q2: What is so well known about this period ?
A2: It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras
Q3: Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
A3: this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander
Q4: What shiny other name is this time also called ?
A4: The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization
Q5: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
A5: civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.
In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Q1: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
A1: Alexander
Q2: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
A2: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way
Q3: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
A3: Hellenistic cities
Q4: Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
A4: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.
Q5: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
A5: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.
This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Q1: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?
A1: the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.
Q2: The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?
A2: larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.
Q3: How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?
A3: Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.
Q4: What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?
A4: the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.
Q5: What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?
A5: Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.
In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Q1: When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
A1: decline beginning in the 3rd century BC
Q2: What encouraged the change of faith ?
A2: with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.
Q3: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
A3: The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.
Q4: What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
A4: Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity
Q5: What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?
A5: Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking
Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Q1: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
A1: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")
Q2: What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
A2: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans
Q3: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
A3: secondary to religious considerations
Q4: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
A4: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.
The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

Q1: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks.
A1: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,
Q2: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
A2: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)
Q3: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
A3: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.
Q4: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
A4: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"
Q5: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
A5: the Latin West started to favour the Franks
A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

Q1: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
A1: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204
Q2: When did the nation reestablish itself ?
A2: empire was revived in 1261
Q3: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
A3: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.
Q4: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
A4: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity
Q5: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
A5: second Russo-Turkish War
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

Q1: When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ?
A1: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453
Q2: What did the populace do in response to the loss ?
A2: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West
Q3: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?
A3: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia
Q4: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?
A4: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy
Q5: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?
A5: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.
For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi, (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic. There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Greek Orthodox protector, the Russian Empire, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining crypto-Christian. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as Greek Muslims - excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the devshirme - were to be found in Crete (Cretan Turks), Greek Macedonia (for example among the Vallahades of western Macedonia), and among Pontic Greeks in the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan Selim the Grim, whose mother Gülbahar Hatun was a Pontic Greek.

Q1: How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?
A1: religion was the defining characteristic of national groups
Q2: What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?
A2: was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.
Q3: What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?
A3: The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi
Q4: What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?
A4: those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic
Q5: Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?
A5: second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Q1: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ?
A1: the Greek tradition of education and commerce
Q2: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
A2: the wealth of the extensive merchant class
Q3: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
A3: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce
Q4: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
A4: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.