romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.

Q1: When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?
A1: 1997
Q2: Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?
A2: Greensboro Coliseum
Q3: What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?
A3: PNC Arena
Q4: What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?
A4: National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes
Q5: When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?
A5: 2006
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000–2004); the Raleigh–Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association (1991–1992); the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League (1997–1999); and most recently, the Carolina Courage of the Women's United Soccer Association (2000–2001 in Chapel Hill, 2001–2003 in suburban Cary), which won that league's championship Founders Cup in 2002.

Q1: What sports teams have been in Raleigh?
A1: Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football
Q2: What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?
A2: Raleigh Bullfrogs
Q3: When did the Raleigh Cougars play?
A3: 1997–1999
Q4: What type of team was the Carolina Courage?
A4: Women's United Soccer
Q5: What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?
A5: 2002
North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

Q1: Where is North Carolina State University?
A1: southwest Raleigh
Q2: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?
A2: Wolfpack
Q3: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?
A3: Carter-Finley Stadium
Q4: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?
A4: third largest football stadium in North Carolina
Q5: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?
A5: Reynolds Coliseum
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.

Q1: How many sites are throughout Raleigh?
A1: 150
Q2: What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?
A2: park land,
Q3: What type of race track is in Raleigh?
A3: BMX championship-caliber
Q4: How many public lakes are in Raleigh?
A4: 5 public lakes,
Q5: What is the name of the arboretum?
A5: J. C. Raulston Arboretum
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime – far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.

Q1: How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?
A1: 1,740
Q2: What were there 12,995 of in 2010?
A2: property crime
Q3: How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?
A3: far below both the national average
Q4: How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?
A4: 14
Q5: How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?
A5: 870
Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.

Q1: Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?
A1: Wake County Public School System
Q2: What is the school system praised for?
A2: innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system
Q3: How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?
A3: three
Q4: What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?
A4: International Baccalaureate
Q5: Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?
A5: Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.
Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the region's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.

Q1: What is the area's primary airport?
A1: Raleigh-Durham International Airport,
Q2: Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?
A2: Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham
Q3: How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?
A3: 35
Q4: What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?
A4: passengers
Q5: What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?
A5: Terminal C
Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.

Q1: What was Triangle Transit called before?
A1: Triangle Transit Authority,
Q2: What does Triangle Transit offer?
A2: scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service
Q3: Where else does Triangle Transit go to?
A3: Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park
Q4: Does Triangle Transit have a van service?
A4: Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool
Q5: Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?
A5: rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers
Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.

Q1: What does RDN stand for?
A1: Registered dietitian nutritionists
Q2: Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?
A2: Certified Clinical Nutritionists
Q3: For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?
A3: RDN
Q4: Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?
A4: Certified Nutrition Specialist
According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or "wind" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into "hot" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and "cold" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation.

Q1: In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?
A1: 6th century BC
Q2: What is the European equivalent of "Qi"?
A2: pneuma
Q3: What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?
A3: hot
Q4: What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?
A4: Greek
Q5: Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?
A5: emaciation
The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.

Q1: What does the Book of Daniel contain?
A1: first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects
Q2: Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?
A2: Israel
Q3: What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?
A3: court servants
Q4: How long did the trial diet last?
A4: 10 days
Q5: What is another term for vegetables that was used?
A5: pulses
One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.

Q1: How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?
A1: 1500 years
Q2: Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?
A2: Marcus Aurelius
Q3: Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?
A3: Benedictine monks
Q4: What did Galen believe that pneuma was?
A4: the source of life
Q5: What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?
A5: four humours
In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.

Q1: Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?
A1: Paracelsus
Q2: Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?
A2: Leonardo da Vinci
Q3: What was a burning candle comparable to?
A3: metabolism
Q4: Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?
A4: carbon dioxide
Q5: Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?
A5: Herman Boerhaave
Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as "limeys." The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.

Q1: When was the first nutrition experiment performed?
A1: 1747
Q2: What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?
A2: James Lind
Q3: The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?
A3: lime
Q4: How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?
A4: two million
Q5: Which nickname was given to the British sailors?
A5: limeys
In 1816, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.

Q1: Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?
A1: protein
Q2: Who first began dividing foods into categories?
A2: William Prout
Q3: Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?
A3: Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Q4: Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?
A4: animal physiology
Q5: What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?
A5: body fat
In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

Q1: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?
A1: white rice
Q2: What is the scientific term for beriberi?
A2: endemic neuritis
Q3: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?
A3: paralysis
Q4: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?
A4: Kanehiro Takaki
Q5: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?
A5: thiamine
In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

Q1: What element can be found in thyroid glands?
A1: iodine
Q2: What group of natives suffered from beriberi?
A2: Java
Q3: Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?
A3: Christiaan Eijkman
Q4: What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?
A4: unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact
Q5: How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?
A5: two decades
In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors," other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.

Q1: What was measured in the early 20th century?
A1: caloric energy expenditure
Q2: What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?
A2: principles of physics
Q3: Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?
A3: tryptophan
Q4: What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?
A4: unsuspected dietetic factors
Q5: Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?
A5: single-grain experiment
In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

Q1: What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?
A1: fat-soluble
Q2: Which property was vitamin B found to have?
A2: water-soluble
Q3: Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?
A3: scurvy
Q4: What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?
A4: rickets
Q5: What was referred to as "food factor X"?
A5: vitamin E
The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.

Q1: Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?
A1: Marion Nestle
Q2: What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?
A2: macro-nutrients
Q3: What is notable about cellulose in humans?
A3: non-digestible
Q4: What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?
A4: phytochemicals
Q5: In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?
A5: 2014
The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.

Q1: Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?
A1: macronutrients
Q2: What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?
A2: structural material
Q3: What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?
A3: Joules
Q4: Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?
A4: fats
Q5: Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?
A5: provide energy