romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Plymouth (i/ˈplɪməθ/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.

Q1: In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?
A1: 60
Q2: How many miles away from London is Plymouth?
A2: 190
Q3: What river borders Plymouth on the west?
A3: Tamar
Q4: In what county is Plymouth located?
A4: Devon
Q5: In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?
A5: Plymouth Sound
Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

Q1: What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?
A1: Mount Batten
Q2: What was Plymouth's original name?
A2: Sutton
Q3: In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?
A3: 1620
Q4: When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?
A4: 1646
Q5: What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?
A5: Plymouth Colony
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967.

Q1: What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?
A1: Devonport
Q2: In what year did Plymouth become a city?
A2: 1928
Q3: What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?
A3: Plymouth Blitz
Q4: In what year was Plymstock incorporated?
A4: 1967
Q5: Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?
A5: East Stonehouse
The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe – HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University.

Q1: As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?
A1: 261,546
Q2: Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?
A2: 30th
Q3: How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?
A3: three
Q4: In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?
A4: Santander
Q5: What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?
A5: Plymouth University
Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.

Q1: What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?
A1: TAMARI OSTIA
Q2: Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?
A2: Mount Batten
Q3: What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?
A3: mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.

Q1: In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?
A1: 11th
Q2: What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?
A2: south town
Q3: In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?
A3: 1211
Q4: During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?
A4: King Henry VI
Q5: What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?
A5: mouth of the River Plym
During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).

Q1: In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?
A1: 1340
Q2: Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?
A2: Breton raiders
Q3: In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?
A3: 1596
Q4: Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?
A4: Sutton Pool
Q5: In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?
A5: 1512
During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.

Q1: What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?
A1: Sir John Hawkins
Q2: Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?
A2: Sir Francis Drake
Q3: In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?
A3: 1588
Q4: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?
A4: 1620
Q5: What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?
A5: Plymouth Colony
During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.

Q1: Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?
A1: Parliamentarians
Q2: For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?
A2: four
Q3: Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?
A3: Freedom Fields Park
Q4: In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?
A4: 1660
Q5: What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?
A5: Drake's Island
Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.

Q1: During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?
A1: 18th
Q2: In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?
A2: 17th
In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.

Q1: In what year was HMNB Davenport established?
A1: 1690
Q2: What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?
A2: River Tamar
Q3: How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?
A3: 318
Q4: What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?
A4: 3,000
Q5: In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?
A5: Stoke Damerel
Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.

Q1: Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?
A1: timber
Q2: What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?
A2: Devonport
Q3: Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?
A3: Stonehouse
Q4: What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?
A4: John Foulston
Q5: On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?
A5: Union Street
Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.

Q1: Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?
A1: William Cookworthy
Q2: In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?
A2: 1768
Q3: What was William Cookworthy's profession?
A3: chemist
Q4: What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?
A4: John Smeaton
The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.

Q1: In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A1: 2
Q2: Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A2: John Rennie
Q3: In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A3: 1841
Q4: When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A4: 1812
Q5: Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?
A5: Devonport
Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.

Q1: What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?
A1: guano
Q2: In what settlement were the dockyards located?
A2: Devonport
During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.

Q1: What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?
A1: Scapa Flow
Q2: What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?
A2: escort vessels
Q3: What location provided a base for flying boats?
A3: Mount Batten
In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.

Q1: What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?
A1: Royal Australian Air Force
Q2: What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?
A2: Western Approaches Command
Q3: How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?
A3: 59
Q4: How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?
A4: more than 1,000
Q5: How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?
A5: over 3,700
The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.

Q1: Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?
A1: Sir Patrick Abercrombie
Q2: In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?
A2: over 1000
Q3: In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?
A3: over 20,000
Q4: When was the Civic Centre built?
A4: 1962
Q5: What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?
A5: grade II
Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.

Q1: What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?
A1: Ark Royal
Q2: By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?
A2: 1971
Q3: What military unit is based in Plymouth?
A3: 42 Commando of the Royal Marines
The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".

Q1: In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?
A1: Domesday Book
Q2: In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?
A2: 1086
Q3: What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?
A3: Sudtone
Q4: In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?
A4: 1254
Q5: In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?
A5: 1439
In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.

Q1: Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?
A1: Nancy Astor
Q2: For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?
A2: Plymouth Sutton
Q3: On what date did Plymouth become a city?
A3: 18 October 1928
Q4: In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?
A4: 1935
Q5: What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?
A5: Plymstock
In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.

Q1: What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?
A1: Plymouth Devonport
Q2: What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?
A2: Secretary of State for Education
Q3: What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?
A3: 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act
Q4: What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?
A4: Labour
Q5: In what town was Michael Foot born?
A5: Plymouth
The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.

Q1: What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?
A1: 250,000
Q2: What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?
A2: 1971 Local Government White Paper
Q3: What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?
A3: Tamarside
Q4: On what date did Plymouth's county status end?
A4: 1 April 1974
Q5: What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?
A5: the Banham Commission
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.

Q1: What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?
A1: South West England
Q2: Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?
A2: Gary Streeter
Q3: As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?
A3: Conservative
Q4: What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?
A4: Moor View
The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).

Q1: How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?
A1: three
Q2: How many members are on the Plymouth council?
A2: 57
Q3: What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?
A3: a third
Q4: With what French city is Plymouth twinned?
A4: Brest
Q5: In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?
A5: 2001
Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.

Q1: What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?
A1: King George V
Q2: How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?
A2: six
Q3: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?
A3: the Lord Mayor
Q4: Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
A4: Dr John Mahony