romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

Q1: How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?
A1: 17.1 lumens per watt
Q2: How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?
A2: as much as 19.8 lumens per watt
Q3: How does filament size relate to voltage level?
A3: Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament
Q4: What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?
A4: They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

Q1: What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?
A1: high resistance
Q2: How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?
A2: 22
Q3: How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?
A3: by use of the Sprengel pump
Q4: Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?
A4: Robert Friedel and Paul Israel
Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

Q1: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?
A1: safety
Q2: What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?
A2: rough
Q3: What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?
A3: body
Q4: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?
A4: Clothes
Q5: What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?
A5: UV
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000–72,000 BP.

Q1: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?
A1: when clothing was first developed
Q2: What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?
A2: lice
Q3: What habitat is the body louse specific to?
A3: clothing
Q4: What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?
A4: primates
Q5: How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?
A5: 650
The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.

Q1: What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?
A1: comfort
Q2: In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?
A2: hot
Q3: What property of clothing is important in cold climates?
A3: thermal insulation
Q4: What has seasonal and regional aspects?
A4: clothing
Q5: What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?
A5: thinner
Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.

Q1: What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?
A1: very wide
Q2: What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?
A2: purses
Q3: Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?
A3: adornment
Q4: What are footwear and hats both considered?
A4: accessories
Q5: What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?
A5: eyeglasses
Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.

Q1: What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?
A1: the uncovered human body
Q2: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?
A2: elements
Q3: Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?
A3: protection
Q4: What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?
A4: environmental
Q5: What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?
A5: medical scrubs
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.

Q1: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?
A1: Humans
Q2: What are space suits an example of a solution to?
A2: environmental hazards
Q3: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?
A3: social
Q4: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?
A4: protective
Q5: Why are some parts of the body covered?
A5: social norms
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.

Q1: What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?
A1: 19th
Q2: What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published?
A2: 1930
Q3: Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?
A3: Newburgh's
Q4: How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?
A4: little
Q5: What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?
A5: the main concepts
In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

Q1: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?
A1: Trousers
Q2: What gender's clothing is often more practical?
A2: Male
Q3: What can males typically bare in more places?
A3: their chests
Q4: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?
A4: male clothing
Q5: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?
A5: unusual
In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.

Q1: Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?
A1: senators
Q2: Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?
A2: high-ranking chiefs
Q3: What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?
A3: the right to cover their upper body
Q4: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?
A4: China
Q5: What can peer pressure influence?
A5: clothing choice
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.

Q1: How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?
A1: tied around
Q2: What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?
A2: deteriorate
Q3: Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?
A3: Archeologists
Q4: Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?
A4: a prehistoric cave
Q5: What dates back to 36,000 BP?
A5: Dyed flax fibers
Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]

Q1: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?
A1: Scientists
Q2: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?
A2: genetic
Q3: What do lice require human clothing to do?
A3: survive
Q4: What may have the invention of clothing happened with?
A4: northward migration
Q5: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?
A5: the date
Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Q1: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?
A1: cloth
Q2: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?
A2: rectangles
Q3: What nationality wears kilts?
A3: Scottish
Q4: Pins or belts hold what in place?
A4: garments
Q5: What precious material may remain uncut?
A5: cloth
By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

Q1: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?
A1: western clothing styles
Q2: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?
A2: centuries
Q3: What have Western corporations penetrated?
A3: markets throughout the world
Q4: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?
A4: Western media corporations
Q5: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?
A5: charity organizations
Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.

Q1: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.
A1: special
Q2: Leotards are an example of what type of garment?
A2: sportswear
Q3: What does spandex soak up?
A3: sweat
Q4: What's an example of a form fitting garment?
A4: Spandex
Q5: What type of sport is wrestling considered?
A5: active
The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

Q1: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.
A1: technological
Q2: What have researchers in science labs been making?
A2: prototypes
Q3: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?
A3: electricity
Q4: What can garments made with kevlar resist?
A4: bullets
Q5: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?
A5: absorption of liquids
Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]

Q1: What type of conditions do many garment works endure?
A1: challenging
Q2: What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?
A2: Mass-produced
Q3: What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?
A3: long work hours
Q4: Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?
A4: industrialized
Q5: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?
A5: undocumented
Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]

Q1: The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?
A1: Outsourcing production to low wage countries
Q2: What did the MFA put quotas on?
A2: textiles imports
Q3: What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?
A3: Globalization
Q4: What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?
A4: the International Labor Organization
Q5: What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?
A5: India
The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

Q1: What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?
A1: animal fur
Q2: Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?
A2: arctic
Q3: Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?
A3: uncontroversial
Q4: Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?
A4: campaigners
Q5: What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?
A5: PETA
Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.

Q1: What's the point of ironing clothing?
A1: to remove wrinkles
Q2: What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?
A2: Ironed
Q3: What material doesn't easily wrinkle?
A3: knit
Q4: Permanent press materials have been treated with what?
A4: a coating
Q5: What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?
A5: wrinkles
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.

Q1: What releases formaldehyde?
A1: A resin
Q2: What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?
A2: formaldehyde
Q3: What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?
A3: Accountability
Q4: How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?
A4: 75
Q5: How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?
A5: 6
In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

Q1: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?
A1: mending
Q2: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
A2: tear
Q3: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
A3: worth more than labor
Q4: What is clothing considered today?
A4: a consumable item
Q5: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
A5: thrifty
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a members of the National League (NL) Central division; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field. The Cubs are also one of two active major league teams based in Chicago; the other is the Chicago White Sox, who are a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is currently owned by Thomas S. Ricketts, son of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts.

Q1: What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?
A1: The Chicago Cubs
Q2: What league are the Chicago Cubs in?
A2: the National League
Q3: Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?
A3: Wrigley Field
Q4: Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?
A4: Joe Ricketts