romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention to the importance of "ancestry" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this "race science", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:

Q1: Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?
A1: Y
Q2: What does the new "race science" call attention to the importance of?
A2: ancestry
Q3: What do people desire to use science to confirm?
A3: their claims about ancestry
Q4: What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?
A4: race science
Q5: How were older notions of race used?
A5: to explain differences in human behaviour or social status
One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Q1: What is a problem with racial assignments?
A1: admixture
Q2: How many people have a varied ancestry?
A2: Many
Q3: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?
A3: colonial and early federal history
Q4: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?
A4: African
Q5: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?
A5: 10%
Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.

Q1: What is the aggregate population of Paris?
A1: 10,550,350
Q2: From what census is this information from?
A2: 2012 census
Q3: What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?
A3: 12,341,418
Q4: How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?
A4: 12,012 km²
Q5: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?
A5: 12 million
Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

Q1: What is the most visited art museum in the world?
A1: Louvre
Q2: what is the Musee de Orsay known for?
A2: French Impressionist art
Q3: In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?
A3: 1889
Q4: How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?
A4: 22.4 million
Q5: In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?
A5: 12th
Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

Q1: What is the name of the football club in Paris?
A1: Paris Saint-Germain
Q2: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?
A2: Stade Français
Q3: How many seats are in Stade de France?
A3: 80,000
Q4: In what year did Paris host the World Cup?
A4: 2007
Q5: In what month is the Tour de France?
A5: July
By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "Montmartre". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.

Q1: What was Paris known as in Latin?
A1: Parisius
Q2: In what century was Christianity introduced?
A2: 3rd
Q3: Who brought Christianity to Paris?
A3: Saint Denis
Q4: What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?
A4: Basilica of Saint-Denis
Q5: Where was Saint Denis beheaded?
A5: Mountain of Martyrs
Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

Q1: who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?
A1: Clovis the Frank
Q2: In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?
A2: 987
Q3: What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?
A3: bridges
Q4: The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?
A4: Gaul
By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.

Q1: What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?
A1: Île de la Cité
Q2: Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?
A2: Maurice de Sully
Q3: Where was the University of Paris located?
A3: The Left Bank
Q4: Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?
A4: Louis VII
During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

Q1: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?
A1: 1420 until 1436
Q2: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?
A2: Joan of Arc
Q3: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
A3: 24 August 1572
Q4: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?
A4: 1610
Q5: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's
A5: Henry IV
Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

Q1: In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?
A1: 1682
Q2: What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?
A2: Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.
Q3: What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?
A3: To show that the city was safe against attack
Q4: In what city was the French Academy of Science founded
A4: Paris
Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

Q1: Where did Louis XVI and his family live?
A1: Tuileries Palace
Q2: When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?
A2: 9 November 1799
Q3: Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?
A3: 16,000
Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

Q1: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?
A1: 1848
Q2: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?
A2: 1860
Q3: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?
A3: Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

Q1: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?
A1: Impressionism
Q2: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?
A2: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution
Q3: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?
A3: 1889 Universal Exposition
Q4: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?
A4: Symbolism
During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

Q1: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?
A1: 6,000
Q2: What are the years after the war commonly known as?
A2: Les Années Folles
Q3: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?
A3: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

Q1: On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?
A1: 14 June 1940
Q2: How many Jews were arrested following German orders?
A2: 12,884
Q3: Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?
A3: Vel d'Hiv
Q4: How many children came back from Auschwitz?
A4: None
Q5: On what date was the city liberated?
A5: 25 August 1944
In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

Q1: How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?
A1: 11
Q2: What was the result of the police officer killing?
A2: curfew on Muslims of Algeria
Q3: How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?
A3: at least 40
Q4: Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?
A4: Organisation de l'armée secrète
Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opéra Bastille (1985-1989), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.

Q1: In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?
A1: 1977
Q2: What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?
A2: Musée d'Orsay
Q3: How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?
A3: 14
Q4: In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?
A4: 2006
Q5: What did Jacques Chirac have built?
A5: Musée du quai Branly
In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

Q1: What was the population of Paris in 2011?
A1: 2.25 million
Q2: Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?
A2: Bertrand Delanoë
Q3: What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?
A3: Vélib'
Q4: When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?
A4: June 2013
On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris–along with international political leaders–to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech. Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured. Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis. President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month state of emergency.

Q1: On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?
A1: 7 January 2015
Q2: How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?
A2: thirteen
Q3: How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?
A3: 1.5 million
Q4: Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?
A4: ISIL
Q5: How did the attackers kill themselves?
A5: setting off their explosive vests
Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, "Martyr's mound", in 250.

Q1: Where in France is Paris located?
A1: northern central
Q2: How many kilometers is it away from London?
A2: 450
Q3: What major river is located in Paris?
A3: Seine
Q4: What is the largest island in Paris?
A4: Île de la Cité
Q5: What is the largest hill in Paris?
A5: Montmartre
Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

Q1: What road encircles Paris?
A1: Boulevard Périphérique
Q2: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?
A2: 2,300 km2
Q3: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?
A3: 1860
Q4: How many arrondissements are there?
A4: 20
Q5: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed?
A5: 1929
Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F).

Q1: Which current affects Paris' weather?
A1: North Atlantic Current
Q2: How is Paris' climate categorized?
A2: mild and moderately wet
Q3: What are the average temperatures for summer?
A3: between 15 and 25 °C
Q4: What was the average temperature for July 2011?
A4: 17.6 °C
Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C (45 °F). Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below −5 °C (23 °F) for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.

Q1: What is the average temperature during winter?
A1: 7 °C
Q2: Does Paris see snow?
A2: sometimes sees light snow or flurries
Q3: How often does the temperature drop below -5 C
A3: a few days a year
The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.

Q1: How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?
A1: 163
Q2: How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected
A2: majority of council members
Q3: How often does the council meet?
A3: once a month
Q4: What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?
A4: 2001-2014