romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

Q1: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?
A1: flattop vessels
Q2: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
A2: HMS Argus
Q3: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?
A3: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships
Q4: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
A4: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922
Q5: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?
A5: Lexington-class
In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.

Q1: What does EMALS stand for?
A1: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System
Q2: Who developed EMALS?
A2: General Atomics
Q3: What do EMALS enable the launching of?
A3: varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)
Q4: Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
A4: Indian Navy officers
Q5: How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
A5: three
In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.

Q1: What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?
A1: Japan's largest military ship since World War II
Q2: How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?
A2: five
Q3: How long is Japan's largest military ship?
A3: 820-foot-long (250 m)
Q4: How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?
A4: 400
Q5: How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?
A5: 19,500-ton
The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

Q1: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
A1: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class
Q2: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
A2: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)
Q3: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
A3: 2016
Q4: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
A4: 100,000 ton
Q5: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
A5: 45,000 ton
If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

Q1: What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
A1: VTOL-capable or helicopters
Q2: What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
A2: the launch area
Q3: What does V/STOL refer to?
A3: aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing
Q4: What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
A4: hover
Q5: What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
A5: arresting gear
The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

Q1: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
A1: an island
Q2: What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
A2: The superstructure of a carrier
Q3: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
A3: starboard
Q4: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
A4: management of the exhaust from the power plant
Q5: What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
A5: Fumes coming across the deck
1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

Q1: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
A1: Charles de Gaulle
Q2: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
A2: the French Navy
Q3: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
A3: Aster
Q4: What is another name for the French Navy?
A4: Marine Nationale
Q5: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
A5: CATOBAR
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Q1: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
A1: one every four years
Q2: What class does the USS America belong to?
A2: America-class amphibious assault ships
Q3: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
A3: 10
Q4: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
A4: F-35Bs
Q5: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
A5: USS Tripoli
Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

Q1: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
A1: to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size
Q2: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
A2: nearly four times
Q3: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
A3: Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive
Q4: Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
A4: World War II
Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Q1: What does LSO stand for?
A1: landing signal officer
Q2: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
A2: a landing signal officer
Q3: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
A3: colored paddles
Q4: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
A4: Optical Landing System
Q5: What are LSO's still being used to do?
A5: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio
Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

Q1: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
A1: using the ramp and a running start
Q2: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
A2: STOVL
Q3: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
A3: vertical
Q4: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
A4: a ski-jump ramp
Q5: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
A5: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft
One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] São Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.

Q1: What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
A1: Clemenceau
Q2: Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?
A2: the Brazilian Navy
Q3: Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?
A3: the French Navy
Q4: What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
A4: extensive modernization
Q5: What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
A5: another major fire
1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.

Q1: What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?
A1: STOBAR
Q2: When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?
A2: in 1985
Q3: What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?
A3: Tbilisi
Q4: What is unique about Tbilisi?
A4: carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles
Q5: What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
A5: The P-700 systems
The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Q1: Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?
A1: Queen Elizabeth
Q2: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
A2: 70,600 tonnes
Q3: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?
A3: in 2017
Q4: When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?
A4: in about 2020
Q5: Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
A5: Royal Navy
In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption." In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.

Q1: When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?
A1: 2007
Q2: How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?
A2: 46
Q3: How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?
A3: $10.2 million
Q4: What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?
A4: Jim Oberstar
Q5: How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?
A5: 117
On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year.

Q1: When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?
A1: July 22, 2008
Q2: who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?
A2: House
Q3: What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?
A3: the flying public
Q4: how long was the "cooling off" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?
A4: two-year
The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.

Q1: What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?
A1: hijacking
Q2: Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?
A2: Department of Homeland Security
Q3: When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?
A3: 1968
Q4: What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?
A4: 500 feet
Q5: When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?
A5: 1970
On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.

Q1: When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?
A1: World War II
Q2: What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?
A2: radar
Q3: When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?
A3: 1946
Q4: What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?
A4: civil airports
By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

Q1: When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?
A1: mid-1970s
Q2: When was the Airline Deregulation act?
A2: 1978
Q3: When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?
A3: 1981
Q4: when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?
A4: 1994
Q5: What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?
A5: computer technology