romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

Q1: How common was divorce for samurai?
A1: rare
Q2: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
A2: adoption of a male heir
Q3: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
A3: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage
Q4: What financial concern prevented divorce?
A4: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.

Q1: What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
A1: Maintaining the household
Q2: What did okugatasama mean?
A2: one who remains in the home
Q3: What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
A3: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly
Q4: What was a naginata?
A4: a polearm
Q5: What was tantojutsu?
A5: the skill of the knife
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

Q1: What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
A1: humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty
Q2: Who did samurai wives have to teach?
A2: the children (and perhaps servants, too)
Q3: Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
A3: elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof
Q4: Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
A4: her husband
Q5: What defined the samurais' code?
A5: Confucian law
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

Q1: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
A1: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate
Q2: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
A2: Hino Tomiko
Q3: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
A3: lost interest in politics
Q4: Who was Nene?
A4: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Q5: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
A5: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.

Q1: In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
A1: Tokugawa
Q2: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
A2: intelligence and education as desirable attributes
Q3: What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
A3: philosophical and literary classics
Q4: When had most samurai wives learned to read?
A4: the end of the Tokugawa period
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

Q1: Who was the first Western samurai?
A1: William Adams
Q2: Who made William Adams a samurai?
A2: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
Q3: What was William Adams's Japanese name?
A3: Anjin Miura
Q4: What did hatamoto mean?
A4: bannerman
Q5: How many servants did William Adams have?
A5: eighty or ninety
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Q1: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
A1: Dutch
Q2: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
A2: 1556
Q3: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
A3: Yayousu
Q4: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
A4: a Red Seal Ship
Q5: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
A5: drowned after his ship ran aground
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.

Q1: What nationality was Edward Schnell?
A1: Prussian
Q2: What duties did Edward Schnell have?
A2: military instructor and procurer of weapons
Q3: Who did Edward Schnell work for?
A3: the Aizu domain
Q4: What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
A4: Hiramatsu Buhei
Q5: Where did Edward Schnell live?
A5: Wakamatsu
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).

Q1: What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
A1: a form of lamellar armor
Q2: What was the first samurai armor called?
A2: yoroi
Q3: What were the small scales in yoroi called?
A3: kozane
Q4: What were kozane made of?
A4: iron or leather
Q5: What was a full chest armor called?
A5: dou
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.

Q1: Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
A1: the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection
Q2: What type of armor was replaced?
A2: kozane dou
Q3: What new type of armor replaced the old?
A3: plate armor
Q4: What was the new armor called?
A4: Tosei-gusoku
Q5: When was samurai armor last used?
A5: 1877
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

Q1: What did 'samurai' mean at first?
A1: those who serve in close attendance to nobility
Q2: What did 'samorapu' mean?
A2: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend
Q3: What did 'saburahu' mean?
A3: to serve, to attend
Q4: What did 'saburahi' mean?
A4: servant, attendant
Q5: When was the word 'samurahi' used?
A5: the Edo period
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.

Q1: Who were the bushi class?
A1: ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families
Q2: Where did the bushi live?
A2: mainly in the north of Japan
Q3: Where did the imperial family live?
A3: Kyoto
Q4: What does Bushido mean?
A4: the "way of the warrior"
Q5: What was a bukeyashiki?
A5: the mansion of a warrior
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.

Q1: What was a synonym for seppuku?
A1: hara kiri
Q2: What was the reason for seppuku?
A2: allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death
Q3: How idealistic were samurai?
A3: as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior
Q4: How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
A4: romanticized
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

Q1: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
A1: Akechi Mitsuhide
Q2: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
A2: Kusunoki Masashige)
Q3: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
A3: Tokugawa
Q4: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
A4: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

Q1: What is Jidaigeki?
A1: historical drama
Q2: Who is Akira Kurosawa?
A2: One of Japan’s most renowned directors
Q3: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
A3: Akira Kurosawa
Q4: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
A4: Seven Samurai
Q5: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
A5: The Magnificent Seven
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.

Q1: Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
A1: one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists
Q2: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
A2: for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture
Q3: What are Japanese comic books called?
A3: manga
Q4: What are Japanese animation called?
A4: anime
Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.

Q1: Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?
A1: Moscardi, N.D.
Q2: What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?
A2: hack-and-slash
Q3: What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?
A3: gritty urban
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.

Q1: Who created Afro Samurai?
A1: Takashi Okazaki
Q2: Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
A2: Studio Gonzo
Q3: When did Afro Samurai first air?
A3: 2007
Q4: On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
A4: Spike TV
Q5: Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
A5: Samuel L. Jackson
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)

Q1: In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?
A1: Marvel
Q2: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
A2: an energy charged katana
Q3: How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
A3: over 350
Q4: Who starred in The Last Samurai?
A4: Tom Cruise
Q5: Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
A5: US Army Captain Nathan Algren
As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.

Q1: What is the purpose of testing software?
A1: finding software bugs
Q2: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?
A2: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite
Q3: What can come from one bug being fixed?
A3: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,
Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.

Q1: What can testing not completely find?
A1: all the defects
Q2: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?
A2: furnishes a criticism or comparison
Q3: What does the software compare during testing against?
A3: oracles—principles or mechanisms
Q4: What make up the oracle during testing?
A4: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions