romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

Q1: What is another name for Xiamen dialect?
A1: Amoy
Q2: What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?
A2: Xiamen dialect
Q3: During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?
A3: late Ming dynasty
Q4: What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?
A4: Xiamen
Q5: Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?
A5: in search of job opportunities
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.

Q1: What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?
A1: Hokkien
Q2: How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?
A2: similar
Q3: What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?
A3: many pronunciations
Q4: Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?
A4: phoneme inventories
In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

Q1: How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?
A1: 5 to 7
Q2: What is another name for phonemic tones?
A2: tone classes
Q3: What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?
A3: minor
Q4: What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?
A4: Amoy or Quanzhou
Q5: What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?
A5: the area of Taiwan
The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese.

Q1: The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?
A1: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou
Q2: Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?
A2: Taiwanese
Q3: What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?
A3: Quanzhou
Q4: What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?
A4: Zhangzhou speech
Q5: In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?
A5: Malay
Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.

Q1: In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?
A1: meaning
Q2: What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?
A2: subject–verb–object
Q3: Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?
A3: subject–verb–object
Q4: Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?
A4: time, gender and plural
Q5: What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?
A5: Different particles
The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.

Q1: What are literary and colloquial readings called?
A1: tha̍k-im
Q2: What is another name for colloquial?
A2: vernacular)
Q3: Literary readings are usually used where?
A3: formal phrases and written language
Q4: colloquial reading are usually used where?
A4: spoken language and vulgar phrases
The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

Q1: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?
A1: Min
Q2: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?
A2: Han dynasty
Q3: When was the Han Dynasty?
A3: 206 BCE - 220 CE
Q4: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?
A4: 420 - 589 CE
Q5: When was the Tang Dynasty?
A5: 618–907 CE
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

Q1: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?
A1: in the state of Wu
Q2: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?
A2: the state of Chu
Q3: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?
A3: Mandarin Chinese
Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect.

Q1: Where did Hokkein originate?
A1: Quanzhou
Q2: What year was the Opium war?
A2: 1842
Q3: What is another name for Xiamen?
A3: Amoy
Q4: What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?
A4: Xiamen
Q5: What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?
A5: Amoy Hokkien
In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Hokkien degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien on a regular basis.

Q1: When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?
A1: In the 1990s
Q2: What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?
A2: 1993
Q3: What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?
A3: 2001
Q4: What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?
A4: Tai-lo
Q5: What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?
A5: 2007
Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character.

Q1: Hokkien is usually written using what characters?
A1: Chinese
Q2: Written Hokkein is based on what?
A2: classical Chinese
Q3: What is another name for standard written chinese?
A3: Mandarin
Q4: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?
A4: 20 to 25%
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食.

Q1: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
A1: standard designated
Q2: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?
A2: a particular morpheme
Q3: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
A3: etymological or phono-semantic
Q4: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
A4: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters
Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe̍h-ōe-jī (traditional Chinese: 白話字; simplified Chinese: 白话字; pinyin: Báihuàzì). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist.

Q1: Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?
A1: Latin
Q2: What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?
A2: Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Q3: What is another name for POJ?
A3: Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Q4: Who developed POJ?
A4: Presbyterian missionaries in China
Q5: POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?
A5: 19th
Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.

Q1: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
A1: the 16th century
Q2: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
A2: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
Q3: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
A3: after 1587
Q4: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
A4: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines
Q5: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
A5: Romance of the Lychee Mirror
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.

Q1: What is another name for unicode?
A1: the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set
Q2: Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?
A2: diacritics
Q3: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?
A3: Unicode
In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass.

Q1: How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?
A1: This proposal encountered strong opposition
Q2: What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?
A2: the proposal did not pass
Q3: What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?
A3: 2002
Q4: Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?
A4: ethnic
Q5: What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?
A5: Taiwan Solidarity Union
It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.

Q1: What is Montevideo classified as?
A1: a Beta World City
Q2: What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?
A2: 8th
Q3: Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?
A3: Uruguay
Q4: Montevideo is the chief port of what area?
A4: Uruguay
Q5: What is the population of Montevideo?
A5: around 2 million
A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Q1: Who organized the Spanish expedition?
A1: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala
Q2: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?
A2: 22 January 1724
Q3: Who was one significant early italian resident?
A3: Jorge Burgues
A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

Q1: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?
A1: Montevideo
Q2: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?
A2: maritime commerce
Q3: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?
A3: Buenos Aires
On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.

Q1: When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?
A1: 3 February 1807
Q2: When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?
A2: 2 September
Q3: Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental?
A3: John Whitelocke
Q4: Who replaced Liniers?
A4: Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Q1: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces?
A1: Rio de la Plata
Q2: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
A2: Montevideo
Q3: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
A3: José Gervasio Artigas
The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

Q1: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?
A1: 1814
Q2: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?
A2: 1816
Q3: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled?
A3: Treinta y Tres Orientales
Q4: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?
A4: 1828
Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

Q1: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?
A1: Empire of Brazil
Q2: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?
A2: Lavalleja
Q3: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?
A3: National Party
Q4: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?
A4: Colorado Party