romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

Q1: Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?
A1: Vanguard Health Systems
Q2: How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?
A2: $1.5 B
Q3: What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?
A3: St. Joseph's
Q4: How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?
A4: $417 M
Q5: How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?
A5: $500 M
On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.

Q1: Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?
A1: Lisa Raitt
Q2: How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?
A2: $250 million
Q3: How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?
A3: $2.1 billion
Q4: When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?
A4: 2020
Q5: How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?
A5: 95 per cent
Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.

Q1: Which Interstate is the major north-south route?
A1: I-75
Q2: Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?
A2: Lake Erie
Q3: How many major interstates are serve Detroit?
A3: Four
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.

Q1: What is I-94 called?
A1: Edsel Ford Freeway
Q2: Who built I-94?
A2: Henry Ford
Q3: A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?
A3: limited-access
Q4: During which conflict was I-94 built?
A4: World War II
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

Q1: Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?
A1: I-375
Q2: What is I-696 called?
A2: Reuther Freeway
Q3: Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?
A3: I-696
Q4: Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?
A4: M
Q5: Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?
A5: I-275
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.

Q1:  How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
A1: the way of life
Q2: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
A2: Terror Management Theory
Q3: What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
A3: larger brain
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

Q1: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
A1: 50,000 years ago
Q2: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
A2: kinship, gender and marriage
Q3: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
A3: technology, architecture and art
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

Q1: What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
A1: body modification, clothing or jewelry
Q2: Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
A2: 20th century
Q3: What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
A3: as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness
When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

Q1: What does the term "Count Noun" mean?
A1: a culture
Q2: What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?
A2: customs, traditions and values of a society or community
Q3: What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"?
A3: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism
The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

Q1: What is the modern term "culture" based on?
A1: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero
Q2: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
A2: Samuel Pufendorf
Q3: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?
A3: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Q1: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture?
A1: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models
Q2: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
A2: U.S. feminist movement
Q3: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
A3: ice age
Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

Q1: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?
A1: War or competition over resources
Q2: In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?
A2: fast food
Q3: What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?
A3: the sharing of ideas
Q4: Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?
A4: Diffusion of innovations
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Q1: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
A1: Immanuel Kant
Q2: What does the term Sapere aude mean?
A2: Dare to be wise
Q3: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
A3: Johann Gottfried Herder
In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Q1: Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
A1: Wilhelm von Humboldt
Q2: During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
A2: Romantic era
Q3: What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
A3: Weltanschauung
In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

Q1: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?
A1: elementary ideas
Q2: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?
A2: Adolf Bastian
Q3: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
A3: Franz Boas
In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Q1: What did culture refer to in practice?
A1: élite ideal
Q2: What was associated with culture during this German practice?
A2: art, classical music, and haute cuisine
Q3: Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
A3: urban life
Q4: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
A4: inequalities within European societies.
Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Q1: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?
A1: anarchy
Q2: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?
A2: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q3: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?
A3: Native Americans
Q4: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?
A4: "civilized" and "uncivilized."
Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

Q1: What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?
A1: folk music
Q2: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?
A2: classical music
Q3: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?
A3: noble savages
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Q1: Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?
A1: Tylor's
Q2: What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?
A2: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
Q3: In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?
A3: 20th century
The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

Q1: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?
A1: Georg Simmel
Q2: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
A2: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects
Q3: What does non-material culture refer to?
A3: non physical ideas
Q4: The term material culture is only relevant to what?
A4: archeological and anthropological studies
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

Q1: Where did sociology culture stem from?
A1: Weimar Germany
Q2: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?
A2: Alfred Weber
Q3: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?
A3: scientific methods