romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22–48 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

Q1: What kind of bodies to insects have?
A1: segmented bodies
Q2: Insects bodies are supported by what?
A2: exoskeletons
Q3: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
A3: hard
Q4: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
A4: interconnected
Q5: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?
A5: tagmata
The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90° to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13

Q1: What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?
A1: head
Q2: What is another word for head capsule?
A2: epicranium
Q3: What displays the most features on an insect?
A3: Orthoptera
Q4: What is the vertex also known as?
A4: apex
Q5: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
A5: compound
The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.

Q1: The throax has how many sections?
A1: three sections
Q2: Another term for tagma is?
A2: thorax
Q3: The anterior section is closest to the what?
A3: head
Q4: The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
A4: anterior
Q5: The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
A5: two
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.

Q1: What is the largest tagma of an insect?
A1: abdomen
Q2: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?
A2: 11–12 segments
Q3: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?
A3: head
Q4: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?
A4: sternum
Q5: The pleural area holds what?
A5: Spiracles
The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22–24 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.

Q1: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?
A1: the cuticle
Q2: The cuticle has how many layers?
A2: two
Q3: Which cuticle later is like wax?
A3: the epicuticle
Q4: The epicuticle does not consist of what?
A4: chitin
Q5: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?
A5: thicker
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.

Q1: Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?
A1: invertebrates
Q2: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
A2: flight
Q3: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
A3: important
Q4: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
A4: multiple
Q5: Insects muscles are attached to their what?
A5: exoskeletons
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.

Q1: What is on each side of a thoracic segment?
A1: ganglion
Q2: How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
A2: one
Q3: Ganglia are connected into a what?
A3: a pair
Q4: How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
A4: one pair
Q5: What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
A5: abdomen
At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe. Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is no consensus that insects feel pain consciously

Q1: How many insects have nociceptors?
A1: a few
Q2: Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?
A2: nociceptors
Q3: When were nociceptors discovered?
A3: 2003
Q4: Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?
A4: fruitfly Drosophila
Q5: Which probe did the larvae react to?
A5: the heated probe
The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source.:31 The gut is where almost all of insects' digestion takes place. It can be divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.

Q1: What produces saliva in an insects mouth?
A1: salivary glands
Q2: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?
A2: salivary ducts
Q3: What is an opening through the head called?
A3: salivarium
Q4: Where is the salivarium located?
A4: behind the hypopharynx
Q5: Where does an insect's digestion happen?
A5: The gut
Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.:32

Q1: What is another name for mesenteron?
A1: midgut
Q2: Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?
A2: the crop
Q3: The majority of an insects digestion happens where?
A3: the mesenteron
Q4: What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?
A4: Microscopic
Q5: What are microscopic projections called?
A5: microvilli
In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71–72, 78–80

Q1: What is a proctodaeum?
A1: the hindgut
Q2: What kind of food particles have uric acid?
A2: undigested
Q3: What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?
A3: uric acid
Q4: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?
A4: 90%
Q5: Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?
A5: the anus
The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by the number of ovarioles with the rate that eggs can be develop being also influenced by ovariole design. Female insects are able make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance, transport and fertilization, as well as for protection of eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae. Spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized.:880

Q1: Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?
A1: ovaries
Q2: What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?
A2: accessory glands
Q3: What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?
A3: ducts
Q4: Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?
A4: ovaries
Q5: What are egg tubes called?
A5: ovarioles
For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885

Q1: What is the male reproductive system called?
A1: testis
Q2: Where is tracheae located?
A2: the body cavity
Q3: Most make insects contain a pair of what?
A3: testes
Q4: What are inside male testes?
A4: sperm tubes
Q5: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?
A5: the vas deferens
Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61–65 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.

Q1: Respiration for insects happens without what?
A1: lungs
Q2: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?
A2: internal tubes
Q3: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?
A3: gases
Q4: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?
A4: oxygen
Q5: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?
A5: circulatory system
There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65–68 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle. In discontinuous gas exchange, however, the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest. Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen. Some species of insect that are submerged also have adaptations to aid in respiration. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures.

Q1: What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?
A1: gas exchange
Q2: Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?
A2: diffusive ventilation
Q3: Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?
A3: continuous gas exchange
Q4: What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?
A4: discontinuous gas exchange
Q5: Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?
A5: diffusion
The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive.:129, 131, 134–135 Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos.:136–137 Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year.

Q1: Where are insects hatched from?
A1: eggs.
Q2: Fertilization happens where?
A2: inside the egg
Q3: Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?
A3: development
Q4: Chorion is another word for what?
A4: shell
Q5: Broods is another term for what word?
A5: generations
Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects.

Q1: Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?
A1: variations
Q2: Haplodiploidy is what type of system?
A2: sex-determination system
Q3: The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?
A3: sex
Q4: The sex-determination system is found in which insects?
A4: bees and wasps
Q5: Polymophism species have different forms or what else?
A5: morphs
Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs.

Q1: How many insects use parthenogenesis?
A1: Some
Q2: GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?
A2: parthenogenesis
Q3: What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?
A3: aphids
Q4: Aphis have asexual and sexual what?
A4: reproduction
Q5: Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?
A5: parthenogenetic
Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142

Q1: Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?
A1: Hemimetabolous
Q2: What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?
A2: incomplete
Q3: Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?
A3: gradually
Q4: Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?
A4: molts
Q5: Insect's molt when they outgrow what?
A5: exoskeleton
Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.

Q1: What is a complete metamorphosis called?
A1: Holometabolism
Q2: How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?
A2: four stages
Q3: What is another word for egg?
A3: embryo
Q4: What is an imago?
A4: the adult
Q5: Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?
A5: Butterflies