romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Q1: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?
A1: get up earlier
Q2: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?
A2: television
Q3: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?
A3: winter
Q4: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
A4: coordination with others
DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Q1: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
A1: 3.5%
Q2: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
A2: morning
Q3: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
A3: incandescent
Q4: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
A4: climate
Q5: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
A5: Franklin
Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Q1: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?
A1: increases
Q2: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?
A2: 2008
Q3: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?
A3: extension of DST
Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Q1: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
A1: sporting goods
Q2: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
A2: the National Golf Foundation
Q3: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
A3: 1984
Q4: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
A4: 3%
Q5: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
A5: $30 million
Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Q1: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
A1: after
Q2: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
A2: cows
Q3: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
A3: disrupts their systems
Q4: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
A4: earlier
Q5: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
A5: parents of young children
Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Q1: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?
A1: 2007
Q2: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?
A2: William F. Shughart II
Q3: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
A3: decreased economic efficiency
Q4: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?
A4: the daylight-saving effect
Q5: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
A5: methodology
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Q1: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?
A1: 1976
Q2: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?
A2: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Q3: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
A3: SDST
Q4: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?
A4: 11%
Q5: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
A5: 40 minutes
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Q1: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?
A1: violent crime rate
Q2: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
A2: two
Q3: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
A3: one
Q4: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
A4: 1970s
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Q1: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
A1: heating
Q2: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?
A2: carbon monoxide detectors
Q3: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
A3: the first days of spring and autumn
Q4: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
A4: lights
Q5: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
A5: hazardous materials
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Q1: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
A1: outdoor exercise
Q2: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
A2: vitamin D
Q3: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
A3: Gordon Gund
Q4: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
A4: skin cancer
Q5: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
A5: rise earlier
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Q1: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
A1: circadian rhythm
Q2: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?
A2: Kazakhstan
Q3: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
A3: Dmitri Medvedev
Q4: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?
A4: three
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Q1: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
A1: higher
Q2: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
A2: before dawn
Q3: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
A3: air pollution
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Q1: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
A1: twice
Q2: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
A2: confusion
Q3: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
A3: change their clocks
Q4: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
A4: multiple DST rules
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Q1: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
A1: 1993
Q2: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
A2: one hour
Q3: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
A3: software developers
Q4: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
A4: Coordinated Universal Time
Q5: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
A5: Unix-based
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Q1: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
A1: weekly
Q2: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
A2: complexity
Q3: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
A3: Some clock-shift problems
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Q1: What does DST inherit from standard time?
A1: disadvantages
Q2: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
A2: magnify
Q3: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
A3: two
Q4: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
A4: sun-exposure guidelines
Q5: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
A5: time zone
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Q1: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
A1: Richard Meade
Q2: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
A2: daylight savings time
Q3: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
A3: daylight saving time
Q4: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
A4: American Heritage
Q5: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
A5: daylight time
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Q1: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
A1: daylight saving
Q2: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
A2: summer time
Q3: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
A3: zomertijd
Q4: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
A4: ora legale
Q5: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
A5: solar time
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Q1: What usually changes when a place observes DST?
A1: The name of local time
Q2: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
A2: standard
Q3: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
A3: Pacific Daylight Time
Q4: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
A4: British Summer Time
Q5: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
A5: summer
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Q1: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
A1: spring forward, fall back
Q2: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
A2: mnemonic
Q3: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
A3: which direction to shift clocks
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Q1: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
A1: Changes to DST rules
Q2: What year did DST rules change in North America?
A2: 2007
Q3: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
A3: upgrades
Q4: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
A4: email
Q5: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
A5: corporate information technologists
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Q1: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
A1: UTC
Q2: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
A2: time zone differences
Q3: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
A3: operating systems
Q4: Where do computers usually use UTC?
A4: internally
Q5: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
A5: local time
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Q1: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
A1: the IANA time zone database
Q2: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
A2: date/time
Q3: What's another name for the IANA database?
A3: zoneinfo