romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

Q1: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
A1: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)
Q2:  What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide
A2: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.
Q3: What was built along the Rhine
A3: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine
Q4: How many soldiers did the fortress hold
A4: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers
Q5: Who settled near the fort
A5: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270–650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.

Q1: Who raided German territories regularly
A1: Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.
Q2: When did the Romans leave Utrecht
A2: Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned
Q3: What happens between 275 and 650
A3: Little is known about the next period 270–650.
Q4: What was built in the 7th century
A4: a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress
Q5: How was the the church destroyed
A5: In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.
By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

Q1: Who tried to convert Frisians
A1: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians
Q2: Who did the pope appoint Bishop
A2: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians
Q3: What did Charles Martel do
A3: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops
Q4: What year did Utrecht gain in power
A4: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands
Q5: What showed the importance of Utrecht
A5: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522
When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.

Q1: What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism
A1: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops
Q2: What was part of the territory of bishopric
A2: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast
Q3: What conflict affected Utrecht
A3: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht
Q4: Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric
A4: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders
Q5: What region was seized
A5: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders
Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

Q1: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
A1: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress
Q2: What began in 1254
A2: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire
Q3: Was the cathedral finished
A3: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished
Q4: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
A4: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht
Q5: What else was housed in the city
A5: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.
The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.

Q1: What did Utrecht's location allow
A1: allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.
Q2: Who granted Utrecht city rights
A2: Henry V in 1122
Q3: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht
A3: the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy
Q4: What Industry did the bishop hurt
A4: The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding
In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

Q1: What year did the bishop lose power
A1: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Q2: What did Charles V combine
A2: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union
Q3: What did the loss of power end
A3: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop
Q4: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to
A4: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

Q1: Why was the transition to a new union difficult
A1: Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops
Q2: What was the purpose of the castle
A2: The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city
Q3: How long did the castle last
A3: The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

Q1: What was signed in 1579
A1: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule
Q2: What is this union seen as
A2: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic
Q3: What became the dominant province
A3: towards its dominant province Holland
Q4: What was the state of Utrecht
A4: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

Q1: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672
A1: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht
Q2: In 1674 what hit Utrecht
A2: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado
Q3: What collapsed during the tornado
A3: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral
Q4: What did Utrecht host in 1713
A4: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession
Q5: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become
A5: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).

Q1: What hapend in the early 19th century
A1: the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete
Q2: In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht
A2: a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened
Q3: What was reinstated in 1853
A3: the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism
Q4: what was built in the 1920's and 1930's
A4: New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built
The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.

Q1: What was railway area developed into
A1: were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style
Q2: What mall was constructed
A2: the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne
Q3: What happened in the early 21 st century
A3: In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

Q1: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face
A1: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare
Q2: percentage of population that's dutch
A2: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry
Q3: What boroughs are known for high crime
A3: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

Q1: What does the dense population make difficult
A1: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.
Q2: Least populates areas of Utrecht
A2: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen
Q3: More populated areas include
A3: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants
Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

Q1: what dominates the cityscape
A1: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin
Q2: What is being debated in Utrecht
A2: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)
Q3: What is the name of the stadium
A3: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

Q1: What is a landmark in the city
A1: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city
Q2: What does the inner city look like
A2: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact
Q3: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city
A3: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out
Q4: What part of the city remains open
A4: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open
Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

Q1: What is the main railway station
A1: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht
Q2: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
A2: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service
Q3: Are there rail services to Germany
A3: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal
Q4: where to regular local trains provide service
A4: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations