romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (59,000 t) of shipping destroyed and 450,000 long tons (460,000 t) damaged. Yet, overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period although there were significant falls during April 1941, probably influenced by the departure of workers of Easter Holidays according to the British official history. The British official history on war production noted the great impact was upon the supply of components rather than complete equipment. In aircraft production, the British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month, arguably the greatest achievement of the bombing, as it forced the dispersal of industry. In April 1941, when the targets were British ports, rifle production fell by 25%, filled-shell production by 4.6%, and in smallarms production 4.5% overall. The strategic impact on industrial cities was varied; most took from 10–15 days to recover from heavy raids, although Belfast and Liverpool took longer. The attacks against Birmingham took war industries some three months to recover fully from. The exhausted population took three weeks to overcome the effects of an attack.

Q1: The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz?
A1: 45,000 short tons
Q2: The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping?
A2: 58,000 long tons
Q3: How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing?
A3: overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period
Q4: What was the greatest achievement of the bombings?
A4: British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month
Q5: How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?
A5: most took from 10–15 days
The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.

Q1: How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?
A1: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot
Q2: What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?
A2: about tactics rather than strategy
Q3: What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?
A3: an economic-industrial analysis
Q4: How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?
A4: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000
The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives. They also noted regional production was severely disrupted when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack, and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.

Q1: What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?
A1: the German experience
Q2: What did the RAF conclude?
A2: bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives
Q3: What caused the most production disruption?
A3: when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport.
Q4: What did the Luftwaffe fail?
A4: failed in precision attack
Q5: What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean?
A5: using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.
Some writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 Western Air Plans drafted mentioned morale as a target. The first three directives in 1940 did not mention civilian populations or morale in any way. Morale was not mentioned until the ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940. The 10th directive in October 1940 mentioned morale by name. However, industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.

Q1: What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?
A1: Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.
Q2: Aviation strategists disputed over what?
A2: that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.
Q3: What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?
A3: morale as a target.
Q4: When was morale finally mentioned?
A4: ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940
Q5: When were industrial cities to be targeted?
A5: if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.
AOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale. In late 1943, just before the Battle of Berlin, he declared the power of Bomber Command would enable it to achieve "a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable." A summary of Harris' strategic intentions was clear:

Q1: Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris?
A1: without the destruction of the German economy.
Q2: What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives?
A2: to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale
Q3: Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what?
A3: "a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable."
A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. This imagery of people in the Blitz was and is powerfully portrayed in film, radio, newspapers and magazines. At the time it was a useful propaganda tool for home and foreign consumption. Historians' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. In the Myth of the Blitz, Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours. What he saw as the myth—serene national unity—became "historical truth". In particular, class division was most evident.

Q1: What view became popular of the British people in WWII?
A1: people locked in national solidarity.
Q2: When did this popular view come to be?
A2: in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).
Q3: Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?
A3: aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy.
Q4: What was the Historians' critical response to this view?
A4: over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity.
Q5: What did Calder try to expose in his book?
A5: some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours
In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The "Communist threat" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.

Q1: What was the communist party agitated over?
A1: the need for bomb-proof shelters.
Q2: What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?
A2: Underground railway system
Q3: What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?
A3: that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made.
Q4: Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?
A4: the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests
Q5: What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?
A5: the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.
The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Market, were the first to panic under attack (even the cause of the panic), and secured the best shelters via underhanded methods, were also widespread. Moreover, there was also racial antagonism between the small Black, Indian and Jewish communities. However, the feared race riots did not transpire despite the mixing of different peoples into confined areas.

Q1: The success of the Communists helped what political group?
A1: British Union of Fascists (BUF)
Q2: Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?
A2: particularly in London
Q3: What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?
A3: secured the best shelters via underhanded methods
Q4: What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?
A4: race riots
In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Q1: What was another reason for populations moving?
A1: industry dispersal may have been a factor
Q2: How much of London's population left?
A2: Over a quarter
Q3: What locations saw an increase in populations?
A3: south Wales and Gloucester
Q4: How much of the population returned in four months?
A4: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children
Q5: How many evacuees were there?
A5: 1.4 million
In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings, news bulletins and public information broadcasts. Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside, and Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.

Q1: What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?
A1: The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting
Q2: What are some of the things included in these recordings?
A2: period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings
Q3: What is one of the notable recordings included?
A3: Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside
Q4: What is a second recording that is of note?
A4: Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." The U.S. Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Q1: Which president signed the Act into law?
A1: Richard Nixon
Q2: On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?
A2: December 28
Q3: What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
A3: to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost
Q4: Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
A4: the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Q5: In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
A5: 1973
One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.

Q1: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
A1: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast
Q2: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
A2: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss
Q3: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
A3: 16 birds
Q4: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
A4: eight years
The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively rare–and little opposition was raised.

Q1: What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?
A1: Lacey Act of 1900
Q2: What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?
A2: interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws
Q3: What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?
A3: all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants
Q4: What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?
A4: Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940
It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.

Q1: What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
A1: list endangered domestic fish and wildlife
Q2: The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
A2: $15 million per year
Q3: The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
A3: the National Wildlife Refuge System
Q4: How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
A4: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts
Q5: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
A5: Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species
This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

Q1: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
A1: "Class of '67"
Q2: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
A2: It included only vertebrates
Q3: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
A3: habitat destruction
Q4: How did being listed initially impact species?
A4: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction
The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

Q1: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
A1: December, 1969
Q2: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
A2: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States
Q3: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
A3: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans
Q4: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
A4: alligators and crocodiles
Q5: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
A5: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection
President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (Pub.L. 93–205). It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ),an outgrowth of NEPA (The "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969") Dr. Russell E. Train. Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA (currently Assistant Chief, Office of Endangered Species and International. Activities), Dick Gutting (U.S. Commerce Dept. lawyer, currently joined NOAA the previous year (1972), and Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand, a marine biologist (Ph.D, Oregon State University) by training, who had transferred from his post as the Scientific Adviser to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corp. to join the newly formed White House office. The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation; crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States. Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act, the "takings" clause - Section 2.

Q1: Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
A1: Dr. Russell E. Train
Q2: The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?
A2: the Council on Environmental Quality
Q3: Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?
A3: Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand
Q4: Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?
A4: Dr. Earl Baysinger
Q5: What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
A5: the 93rd United States Congress