romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

Q1: What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?
A1: Nabatean Kingdom
Q2: What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?
A2: Petra
Q3: Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?
A3: Hasmoneans
Q4: Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?
A4: Aretas III Philhellene
Q5: What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?
A5: 1st
During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

Q1: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
A1: Judea
Q2: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
A2: Judaism
Q3: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
A3: Antioch
Q4: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
A4: High Priest of Israel
Q5: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.
A5: y of
Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).

Q1: What was the Jewish elite class called?
A1: the Tobiads
Q2: Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?
A2: Antiochus III
Q3: When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?
A3: 198
Q4: What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?
A4: Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus
Q5: What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
A5: 174–135 BCE
Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

Q1: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
A1: Hasmonaean Dynasty
Q2: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?
A2: 165 BCE to 63 BCE
Q3: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?
A3: Antigonus II Mattathias
Q4: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?
A4: Herod
Q5: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?
A5: 37 BCE
The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.

Q1: Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?
A1: Diodotus
Q2: When was Diodotus II overthrown?
A2: 230 BC
Q3: What leader overthrew Diodotus II?
A3: Euthydemus
Q4: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?
A4: Antiochus III
Q5: Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?
A5: Euthydemus
According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

Q1: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?
A1: Strabo
Q2: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?
A2: 180 BC
Q3: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?
A3: Demetrius
Q4: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?
A4: Heliocles
After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

Q1: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
A1: Apollodotus I
Q2: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
A2: Antimachus II
Q3: Who succeeded Antimachus II?
A3: Menander I
Q4: What religion did Menander I convert to?
A4: Buddhism
Q5: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
A5: Milinda
After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

Q1: When did Menander die?
A1: 130 BC
Q2: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?
A2: Indo-Scythian
Q3: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?
A3: Paropamisadae
Q4: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.
A4: dom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek
Q5: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.
A5: in
Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

Q1: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean?
A1: the all-knowing Yavanas
Q2: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."?
A2: The Mahabharata
Q3: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?
A3: Varahamihira
Q4: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."
A4: The Mahabharata
Q5: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."
A5: Varahamihira
Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

Q1: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
A1: Hellenistic
Q2: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?
A2: Hellenistic
Q3: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
A3: Hellenistic
Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

Q1: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
A1: Crimean
Q2: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
A2: Bosporan
Q3: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
A3: Pontic-Caspian steppe
Q4: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
A4: Greeks of Bactria
Q5: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
A5: young Scythians
In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

Q1: What did the Greeks call Bahrain?
A1: Tylos
Q2: Where was the central point of pearl trading?
A2: Bahrain
Q3: Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?
A3: Nearchus
Q4: Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?
A4: Greek
Q5: Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?
A5: Shams
Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

Q1: Carthage was on the coast of what country?
A1: Tunisia
Q2: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
A2: military
Q3: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
A3: Mago I of Carthage
Q4: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
A4: phalanx
Q5: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
A5: Xanthippus of Carthage
Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

Q1: Rome dominated what peninsula?
A1: Italian
Q2: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
A2: Roman
Q3: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
A3: First Punic War
Q4: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
A4: Romans
Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Q1: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
A1: Roman
Q2: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
A2: Philip V
Q3: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
A3: the Romans
Q4: When was the Battle of Cannae?
A4: 216 BC
Q5: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
A5: Second Punic War
Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.

Q1: In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?
A1: the Balkans
Q2: Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?
A2: Philip
Q3: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?
A3: 200 BC
Q4: What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?
A4: Battle of Cynoscephalae
Q5: What empire won the Second Macedonian War?
A5: Roman
As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192–188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.

Q1: Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?
A1: Philip V
Q2: Who defeated Ptolemy?
A2: Antiochus
Q3: In what war was Ptolemy defeated?
A3: Fifth Syrian War
Q4: What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?
A4: Roman-Syrian War
Q5: What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?
A5: 192–188 BC
Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.

Q1: What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?
A1: Perseus
Q2: Perseus fought the Romans in what war?
A2: Third Macedonian War
Q3: When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?
A3: 146 BC
Q4: Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?
A4: Lucius Mummius
Q5: When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?
A5: 146 BC