romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Q1: Why was the internet developed?
A1: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities
Q2: when was the internet developed?
A2: 1980s
Q3: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
A3: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet
Q4: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
A4: 1995
Q5: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
A5: 4 years
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Q1: Where were the first isps established?
A1: Australia and the United States
Q2: where was the first commercial isp in the us located?
A2: Brookline, Massachusetts
Q3: when was the first commercial isp customer served?
A3: November 1989
Q4: when were the first commercial isps established?
A4: 1989
Q5: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
A5: The World
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Q1: What would the absence of net neutrality permit?
A1: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content
Q2: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns?
A2: municipal broadband
Q3: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet?
A3: a telecommunications service
Q4: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet?
A4: Title II (common carrier)
Q5: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii?
A5: telecommunications
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Q1: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
A1: February 2015
Q2: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
A2: in favor
Q3: what did the FCC adopt for the internet?
A3: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934
Q4: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?
A4: the First Amendment
Q5: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
A5: free speech
On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

Q1: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
A1: 13 April 2015
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Q1: What do ISPs provide?
A1: Internet access
Q2: how do isps provide internet access?
A2: a range of technologies to connect users to their network
Q3: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet?
A3: television cable (CATV)
Q4: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly?
A4: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)
Q5: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet?
A5: telephone lines
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Q1: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?
A1: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)
Q2: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
A2: Fiber To The Home
Q3: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
A3: users and small businesses
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Q1: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?
A1: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs
Q2: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?
A2: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Q3: what is high-speed dsl used for?
A3: customers with more demanding requirements
Q4: what is SONET?
A4: synchronous optical networking
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Q1: What is a mailbox provider?
A1: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes
Q2: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?
A2: A mailbox provider
Q3: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?
A3: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email
Q4: how does a user store electronic mail?
A4: A mailbox provider
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Q1: What is SMTP?
A1: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Q2: What is IMAP?
A2: Internet Message Access Protocol
Q3: How is access to mail provided?
A3: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
Q4: what are most mailbox providers as well?
A4: access providers
Q5: who possibly controls their own mail servers?
A5: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Q1: What do internet hosting services provide?
A1: email, web-hosting, or online storage services
Q2: Who provides a virtual server service?
A2: Internet hosting services
Q3: who provides cloud services?
A3: Internet hosting services
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Q1: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
A1: upstream ISPs
Q2: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
A2: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP
Q3: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
A3: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to
Q4: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
A4: upstream ISPs
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Q1: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?
A1: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network
Q2: what do transit ISPs provide?
A2: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs
Q3: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
A3: a tier 1 carrier
Q4: What is a PoP?
A4: point of presence
Q5: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
A5: Transit ISPs
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Q1: What is a VISP?
A1: virtual ISP
Q2: What do VISPs resemble?
A2: mobile virtual network operators
Q3: What do visps purchase services from?
A3: a wholesale ISP
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Q1: What are free ISPs?
A1: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge
Q2: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
A2: advertisements
Q3: What are free ISPs similar to?
A3: commercial television
Q4: How are freenets run?
A4: on a nonprofit basis
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Q1: What is a WISP?
A1: wireless Internet service provider
Q2: What technology is part of a WISP?
A2: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment
Q3: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?
A3: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands
Q4: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
A4: wireless networking
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Q1: What is peering?
A1: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points
Q2: What does peering allow?
A2: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted
Q3: Why is peering used?
A3: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP
Q4: What are IXs?
A4: Internet exchange points
Q5: Where do multiple ISPs connect?
A5: peering points or Internet exchange points
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Q1: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?
A1: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible
Q2: What sort of route does data follow?
A2: the most efficient route
Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Q1: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?
A1: intelligence agencies
Q2: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
A2: PRISM
Q3: What does PRISM do?
A3: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic
Q4: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies?
A4: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment
Q5: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do?
A5: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

Q1: Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?
A1: fumetti
Q2: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?
A2: speech balloons
Q3: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?
A3: online webcomics
Q4: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
A4: narrative pacing
The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

Q1: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
A1: 1830s
Q2: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
A2: Superman
Q3: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
A3: manga
The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Q1: French comics are also known as what?
A1: bandes dessinées
Q2: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
A2: when it refers to the medium
Q3: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
A3: recurring characters
Q4: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
A4: images and text
Q5: What are Japanese comics called?
A5: manga
The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Q1: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
A1: Rodolphe Töpffer
Q2: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?
A2: Richard F. Outcault
Q3: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?
A3: 1890s
Q4: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
A4: satirical
Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

Q1: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?
A1: Lascaux cave paintings
Q2: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
A2: The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel
Q3: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?
A3: hieroglyphs
Q4: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
A4: Trajan's Column
Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Q1: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
A1: The Glasgow Looking Glass
Q2: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
A2: 1825
Q3: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
A3: Punch
Q4: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
A4: Ally Sloper
Q5: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
A5: 1884
American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Q1: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?
A1: New York World
Q2: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
A2: Outcault's The Yellow Kid
Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

Q1: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
A1: Mutt and Jeff
Q2: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
A2: 1907
Q3: When did comic books make an appearance?
A3: 1930s
Q4: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
A4: Action Comics