romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.

Q1: What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?
A1: civil war
Q2: What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?
A2: slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
Q3: When did military conflict resume in the Congo?
A3: December 1998
The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.

Q1: What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?
A1: stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
Q2: What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?
A2: Natural gas and diamonds
Q3: When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?
A3: 2007
The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.

Q1: What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?
A1: base metal, gold, iron and phosphate
Q2: What business organization is the Congo a member of?
A2: Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
Q3: How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?
A3: 200,000 hectares
Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.

Q1: What forms of transport are available in the Congo?
A1: land, air and water
Q2: When was the Congo's train system built?
A2: 1930s
Q3: What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?
A3: Paris
Q4: On what ocean is a major port located?
A4: Atlantic Ocean
The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

Q1: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?
A1: southwest
Q2: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?
A2: 534-kilometre (332 mi)
Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.

Q1: How many languages are used in the Congo?
A1: 62
Q2: What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?
A2: Kongo
Q3: How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?
A3: 2%
Q4: What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?
A4: 12%
Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

Q1: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?
A1: about 9,000
Q2: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?
A2: French
Q3: How many Americans live in the Congo?
A3: Around 300
According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.

Q1: What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?
A1: Catholics
Q2: What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?
A2: 22.3%
Q3: What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?
A3: 19.9%
Q4: What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?
A4: 1.6%
Q5: Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?
A5: foreign workers
Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).

Q1: How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?
A1: 8.9%
Q2: What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?
A2: 2.8%
Q3: How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?
A3: $30
Q4: For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?
A4: 20
As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.

Q1: As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?
A1: 560
Q2: What does FGM stand for?
A2: Female genital mutilation
Q3: How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?
A3: 59.34
Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

Q1: Public schooling is required for people under what age?
A1: 16
Q2: What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?
A2: 44%
Q3: What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?
A3: baccalaureate
Q4: What language is used in Congolese schools?
A4: French
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

Q1: What branch of government does the prime minister lead?
A1: executive
Q2: What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?
A2: cabinet
Q3: In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?
A3: civil service
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

Q1: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
A1: Westminster system
Q2: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
A2: ceremonial
The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.

Q1: What is a central duty of the prime minister?
A1: ensure the passage of bills
Q2: What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?
A2: royal prerogative
Q3: Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?
A3: parliament
As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior

Q1: What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?
A1: First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Q2: In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?
A2: Minister of Defence
The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.

Q1: When was the title of prime minister first used?
A1: 1625
Q2: Who coined the term prime minister?
A2: Cardinal Richelieu
Q3: What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?
A3: France
Q4: Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?
A4: Louis XIV
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

Q1: When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?
A1: 18th century
Q2: Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
A2: Sir Robert Walpole
The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".

Q1: Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?
A1: Thomas Cromwell
Q2: Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?
A2: Godolphin
Q3: Who served as the head minister under Charles II?
A3: Clarendon
The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.

Q1: From whom did ministers derive their power?
A1: the monarch
Q2: Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?
A2: the monarch
When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

Q1: Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?
A1: Harley and St John
Q2: Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?
A2: Clarendon
In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.

Q1: What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?
A1: Glorious Revolution
Q2: What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?
A2: Bill of Rights
Q3: What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?
A3: House of Commons
A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.

Q1: The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?
A1: George I
Q2: In what year did Queen Anne die?
A2: 1714
Q3: Where was George I's home?
A3: Hanover
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Q1: For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?
A1: twenty-one years
Q2: What party did Walpole belong to?
A2: Whig
Q3: What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?
A3: doctrine of cabinet solidarity
Q4: What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?
A4: resign
Q5: Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?
A5: Lord Melbourne
Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

Q1: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?
A1: parliamentarians and legal scholars
Q2: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?
A2: George II and George III
Q3: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?
A3: Benjamin Disraeli
Q4: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?
A4: 1905
By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

Q1: In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?
A1: president
Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

Q1: Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?
A1: Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
Q2: When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?
A2: 1970
Q3: What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?
A3: Bahrain
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".

Q1: Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?
A1: parliamentary republics
Q2: In whic type of government is the leader elected?
A2: parliamentary republics
This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

Q1: What is the term for the head of China's government?
A1: Premier of the State Council
Q2: What is another name for the Republic of China?
A2: Taiwan
Q3: Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?
A3: legislature
Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.

Q1: What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?
A1: cohabitation
Q2: What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?
A2: resignation of the government
Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Q1: Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?
A1: Bangladesh's
Q2: What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?
A2: the process of his/her appointment and dismissal
The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.

Q1: What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?
A1: the National People's Congress
Q2: What is the pinyin form of premier?
A2: Zŏnglĭ
Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.

Q1: Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?
A1: the Constitution Act
Q2: When was the Constitution Act passed?
A2: 1982
Q3: The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?
A3: federal and provincial first ministers
Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Q1: What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?
A1: constitution
The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).

Q1: When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?
A1: first decade of the twentieth century
Q2: Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?
A2: Balfour
Q3: When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?
A3: 1905