romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.

Q1: How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?
A1: 600,000
Q2: Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?
A2: The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia
Q3: Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?
A3: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901
In 1977, two thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views. The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers. The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership. The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed. A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism.

Q1: In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?
A1: 1977
Q2: In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?
A2: 1991
Q3: The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?
A3: New South Wales
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church. The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland. The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila. The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa. The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province. There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican. Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership. The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC). The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school. The church is strong in the rural villages.

Q1: What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?
A1: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu
Q2: From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?
A2: Scotland
Q3: What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?
A3: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu
Q4: Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?
A4: Scotland
Q5: Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?
A5: Penama and Torba
Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rhön Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.

Q1: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia?
A1: Lutheranism
Q2: How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?
A2: Today over two thirds of the population
Q3: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?
A3: The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany
Q4: How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?
A4: 7.8% of the population
Q5: How many Jews live in Thuringia?
A5: 750 Jews
The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is Galicia today. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.

Q1: Where does the name Thuringia come from?
A1: the Germanic tribe Thuringii
Q2: When did Thuringii emerge?
A2: the Migration Period
Q3: Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?
A3: the Huns
Q4: When were the thuringii first mentioned?
A4: around 400
The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.

Q1: How long did the Thuringian realm exist?
A1: until 531 and later
Q2: Which state was the largest in the region?
A2: the Landgraviate of Thuringia
Q3: Where is Thuringia located?
A3: the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west.
Q4: Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig?
A4: the Ernestine Wettins
Q5: Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?
A5: Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen
Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "Saxon duchies", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.

Q1: When did Thuringia become a landgraviate?
A1: in 1130 AD
Q2: Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?
A2: 1247–1264
Q3: When did the western half of the state become Hesse?
A3: 1247
Q4: Where was the Wettin dynasty from?
A4: Margraviate of Meissen
Q5: Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?
A5: the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.

Q1: When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?
A1: as early as 1520
Q2: What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?
A2: were driven away
Q3: When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?
A3: during the German Peasants' War of 1525
Q4: Who was Thomas Muntzer?
A4: a leader of some non-peaceful groups
Q5: Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?
A5: the Eichsfeld district
Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.

Q1: When was the German Mediatisation?
A1: 1795 to 1814
Q2: When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?
A2: The 1815 Congress of Vienna
Q3: Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?
A3: the Kingdom of Prussia
Q4: Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?
A4: Prussian-led
Q5: Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1?
A5: Weimar
In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.

Q1: When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?
A1: 1930
Q2: Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?
A2: Wilhelm Frick
Q3: How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?
A3: six delegates
Q4: Who did Frick remove from the police force?
A4: anyone he suspected of being a republican
Q5: Who did Frick replace republican police with?
A5: men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party
The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km² wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): Dün, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffhäuser, Hohe Schrecke, Schmücke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, Hörselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner Höhe and Heilinger Höhen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rhön Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Weiße Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Pleiße river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

Q1: Where are the Harz mountains located?
A1: The far north
Q2: What is the landscape of Eichsfeld?
A2: hilly and sometimes forested
Q3: What is Thuringia's highest mountain?
A3: Großer Beerberg
Q4: Where is Orlasenke located?
A4: in the middle
Q5: How many big rivers flow through Thuringia?
A5: The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east
The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.

Q1: Which river in Thuringia is the most important?
A1: the Saale
Q2: Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?
A2: There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia
Q3: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?
A3: the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam
Q4: Which tributary is located on the southern border?
A4: the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)
Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

Q1: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?
A1: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement
Q2: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia?
A2: a mixture of beech and spruce
Q3: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?
A3: forest with beech as its predominant species
Q4: Where do most landscape problems come from?
A4: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months
Q5: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?
A5: more natural and tough vegetation
Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

Q1: Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?
A1: 1990
Q2: What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?
A2: modernizing factories
Q3: What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?
A3: Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated
Q4: What are today's big environmental problems?
A4: the salination of the Werra river
Q5: What is causing the salination of the Werra river?
A5: discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach
During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

Q1: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?
A1: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories
Q2: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?
A2: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule
Q3: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?
A3: World War I
Q4: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?
A4: 1950
In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

Q1: How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?
A1: 41,000
Q2: What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?
A2: 24%
Q3: How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?
A3: 4%
Q4: What is the largest group of foreigners?
A4: Russians
Q5: Which towns have the highest immigrant population?
A5: Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau
The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

Q1: What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
A1: 115 to 120 men per 100 women
Q2: What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
A2: emigration of young women
Q3: How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?
A3: more than 30%
Q4: What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?
A4: there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.
Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Q1: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
A1: +6,700 persons
Q2: How many migrants went to Eisenach?
A2: +1,400
Q3: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating?
A3: The international migration is fluctuating heavily
Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Q1: How many municipalities are in Thuringia?
A1: 850
Q2: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?
A2: 126
Q3: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?
A3: ten
Q4: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?
A4: the 20th century
Q5: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?
A5: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.