romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

Q1: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
A1: three
Q2: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
A2: 2010
Q3: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
A3: The Economist
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.

Q1: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
A1: 182
Q2: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
A2: 169
Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.

Q1: What is another term for southern Europe
A1: Mediterranean Europe
Q2: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
A2: Iberian peninsula
Q3: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
A3: Balkan countries
Q4: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
A4: southern France
Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.

Q1: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
A1: political, economic, and cultural attributes
Q2: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
A2: geography, climate, and flora
Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

Q1: What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
A1: The Mediterranean climate
Q2: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
A2: Western and Southern coastal regions
Q3: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
A3: vegetations and landscapes
Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Q1: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
A1: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
Q2: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
A2: north coast of Spain
Q3: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
A3: Atlantic climate
Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.

Q1: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
A1: phytochoria
Q2: Who coined the term phytochoria?
A2: Armen Takhtajan
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.

Q1: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
A1: classical antiquity
Q2: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
A2: city-states
Q3: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
A3: Alexander the Great
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.

Q1: Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
A1: Rome
Q2: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
A2: Constantinople
Q3: Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
A3: Germanic
Q4: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
A4: AD 476
Q5: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
A5: 300 AD
During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Q1: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
A2: Germanic peoples
Q3: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
A3: kingdoms and empires of their own
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

Q1: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
A1: the Crusades
Q2: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
A2: 1204
Q3: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
A3: Genoa and Venice
Q4: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
A4: The Reconquista
Q5: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
A5: the Byzantine Empire
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Q1: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
A1: The Late Middle Ages
Q2: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
A2: the Black Death
Q3: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
A3: the Ottoman Empire
Q4: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
A4: 1453
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

Q1: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
A1: 14th century
Q2: In what city did the Renaissance begin?
A2: Florence
Q3: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
A3: science and theology
Q4: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
A4: Greek and Roman
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

Q1: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
A1: Portugal and Spain
Q2: When did religious conflict end in Europe?
A2: 1648
Q3: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
A3: Spain and France
Q4: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
A4: Galileo Galilei
Q5: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
A5: Guglielmo Marconi
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.

Q1: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
A1: the rise of colonial empires
Q2: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
A2: the Columbian Exchange
Q3: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
A3: manufacturing
Q4: Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
A4: the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

Q1: When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?
A1: between 1815 and 1871
Q2: From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?
A2: the Ottoman Empire
Q3: In what year was Rome conquered?
A3: 1870
Q4: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?
A4: The Age of Empire
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

Q1: In what year did World War I begin?
A1: 1914
Q2: When did a victor emerge in World War I?
A2: 1918
Q3: At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
A3: the Paris Peace Conference
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.

Q1: Which group took control in 1933?
A1: The Nazi regime
Q2: Who led the Nazis?
A2: Adolf Hitler
Q3: Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
A3: Italy
Q4: Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
A4: Mussolini
Q5: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
A5: the Warsaw Pact
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).

Q1: What does EU stand for?
A1: European Union
Q2: What was the European Union tasked with managing?
A2: market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
Q3: When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
A3: 1989
Q4: When did the USSR dissolve?
A4: 1991
Q5: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
A5: 2013
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.

Q1: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
A1: Romance languages
Q2: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
A2: Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican
Q3: Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
A3: eastern Spain
Q4: What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
A4: Galician
Q5: How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
A5: over 40 million
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.

Q1: What is another term for Greek?
A1: Hellenic
Q2: Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?
A2: Cyprus
Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

Q1: What language is used in Macedonia?
A1: Macedonian
Q2: What do people speak in Bulgaria?
A2: Bulgarian
Q3: Slovene is a major language in what country?
A3: Slovenia
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).

Q1: What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
A1: English
Q2: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
A2: Spanish
Q3: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
A3: Maltese
There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.

Q1: What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
A1: Albanian
Q2: What type of language is Maltese?
A2: Semitic
Q3: Where is Basque Country located?
A3: northern Spain and southwestern France
The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

Q1: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
A1: Christianity
Q2: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
A2: 380 AD
Q3: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
A3: Roman Catholic
Q4: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
A4: Greek Orthodox
For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:

Q1: What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?
A1: regions
Q2: What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?
A2: statistical convenience
Q3: What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?
A3: sub-regions
European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:

Q1: What does TDM stand for?
A1: Tourism Decision Metrics
Q2: Which group uses TDM as a metric?
A2: European Travel Commission
BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.

Q1: What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?
A1: BBC
Q2: Under what auspices does the BBC exist?
A2: Royal charter
Q3: When did the BBC start creating its own programming?
A3: 1932
Q4: On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?
A4: 2 November 1936
Q5: In what country is the BBC headquartered?
A5: United Kingdom
The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.

Q1: What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?
A1: 30%
The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.

Q1: As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?
A1: television production companies
Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

Q1: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?
A1: 30 September 1929
Q2: From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?
A2: Long Acre, London
Q3: How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?
A3: 30
Q4: When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?
A4: June 1932
Q5: When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?
A5: 30 March 1930
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.

Q1: Where was the BBC's first studio located?
A1: Broadcasting House, London
Q2: What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?
A2: telephone line
Q3: What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?
A3: electromechanical
Q4: Where was the BBC's second studio located?
A4: 16 Portland Place, London
Q5: When did the BBC first change studios?
A5: February 1934