romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. "New Labour" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

Q1: What was the other name for the Labout Party?
A1: "New Labour"
Q2: When was this branding first used?
A2: 1994
Q3: When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?
A3: 1996
Q4: What was this manifesto called?
A4: New Labour, New Life For Britain
A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.

Q1: Who did Tony Blair side with?
A1: President George W. Bush
Q2: Why did Blair side with Bush?
A2: the Iraq War
Q3: Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?
A3: Sir John Chilcot
Q4: Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?
A4: deeply unpopular
Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

Q1: When did Blair announce he was quitting?
A1: September 2006
Q2: When were the next elections?
A2: May 2007
Q3: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
A3: Scottish National Party
Q4: Who was Blair replaced by?
A4: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown
Q5: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
A5: 156,205
Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.

Q1: What is the official name for Estonia?
A1: the Republic of Estonia
Q2: Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?
A2: the Baltic region
Q3: What borders the north of Estonia?
A3: the Gulf of Finland
Q4: What body of water borders Estonia on the west?
A4: the Baltic Sea
Q5: What country borders south Estonia?
A5: Latvia
After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.

Q1: When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?
A1: the period of national awakening
Q2: Who was in control during the national awakening?
A2: the Russian Empire
Q3: Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?
A3: Danish, Swedish and German rule
Q4: What year was the Republic of Estonia established?
A4: 1918
Q5: What war ended as Estonia was born?
A5: World War I
A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.

Q1: What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?
A1: high-income economy and high living standards
Q2: What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?
A2: the Human Development Index
Q3: What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?
A3: Estonia
Q4: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?
A4: 2012
Q5: What financial institution is associated with Estonia?
A5: the Nordic Investment Bank
In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.

Q1: When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?
A1: first centuries AD
Q2: What subdivision was associated with the province?
A2: kihelkond
Q3: What subdivision was associated with the land?
A3: maakond
Q4: What type of structure did most provinces have?
A4: fortress
Q5: Who commanded the defense of an area?
A5: The king or other highest administrative official elder
The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.

Q1: Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?
A1: The Oeselians
Q2: Where is Saaremaa located?
A2: the Baltic Sea
Q3: Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?
A3: Ptolemy's Geography III
Q4: Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?
A4: Henry of Latvia
Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.

Q1: What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?
A1: 1187
Q2: Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?
A2: the Swedish town of Sigtuna
Q3: What important figure was killed in the raid?
A3: Swedish archbishop Johannes
Q4: What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?
A4: the piratica and the liburna
Q5: What type of ship was the liburna?
A5: merchant ship
The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper"/"Thor keeper" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.

Q1: What god did the Oeselians worship?
A1: Tharapita
Q2: Who described Tharapita?
A2: Henry of Latvia
Q3: Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?
A3: on a forested mountain in Virumaa
Q4: What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?
A4: Thor
Q5: What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?
A5: meteor disaster
The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted Lübeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.

Q1: What was the capital of Danish Estonia?
A1: Reval
Q2: What event preceded the founding of the capital?
A2: the invasion of 1219
Q3: What structure was built at Toompea Hill?
A3: the fortress of Castrum Danorum
Q4: What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights?
A4: 1248
On St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.

Q1: What is the date of St. George's Night?
A1: 23 April 1343
Q2: When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?
A2: St. George's Night
Q3: What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove?
A3: the non-indigenous Christian religion
Q4: What event ended the uprising?
A4: the invasion of the Teutonic Order.
Q5: What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?
A5: 1 November 1346
From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

Q1: When was Terra Mariana established?
A1: 2 February 1207
Q2: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?
A2: Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Q3: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?
A3: 1237
Q4: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?
A4: 1346
Q5: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?
A5: German rule
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .

Q1: When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?
A1: 1410
Q2: What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?
A2: the Battle of Grunwald
Q3: Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?
A3: the Livonian Order
Q4: What is date of the Battle of Swienta?
A4: 1 September 1435
Q5: When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?
A5: 4 December 1435
The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (Pärnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.

Q1: When did the The Reformation in Europe start?
A1: 1517
Q2: Who led the The Reformation in Europe?
A2: Martin Luther
Q3: What was the year of Martin Luther's death?
A3: 1546
Q4: What parts of society did the Reformation change?
A4: Language, education, religion and politics
Q5: What was the previous language of the church?
A5: Latin
As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.

Q1: What form of servitude was eliminated?
A1: serfdom
Q2: When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?
A2: 19th century
Q3: The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?
A3: the Age of Awakening
Q4: Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?
A4: Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.
On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. On 16 June, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on 17 June 1940 to avoid bloodshed.

Q1: What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?
A1: Paris
Q2: When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?
A2: 14 June
Q3: What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?
A3: Kaleva
Q4: Where was the destination of Kaleva?
A4: Helsinki
Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.

Q1: Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?
A1: the Estonian government
Q2: Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?
A2: the Red Army
Q3: What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?
A3: the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion
Q4: When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?
A4: 21 June
On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month. Additionally those who had failed to do their "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals. The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940–1941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.

Q1: What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?
A1: 6 August 1940
Q2: Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?
A2: the Soviet Union
Q3: The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?
A3: the Estonian constitution
Q4: What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?
A4: elections
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.

Q1: What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?
A1: 22 June 1941
Q2: When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?
A2: 7 July
Q3: What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?
A3: the Pärnu River
Q4: When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?
A4: 12 July
Q5: When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?
A5: 22 June 1941
Q6: When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?
A6: 7 July
Q7: Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?
A7: the Estonian Forest Brothers
Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.

Q1: What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?
A1: liberators
Q2: Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?
A2: the USSR
Q3: What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?
A3: the country's independence
Q4: What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?
A4: Estonia's resources
Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.

Q1: Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?
A1: the Finnish Army
Q2: Who was the Finnish Army allied with?
A2: the Nazis
Q3: Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?
A3: Estonian volunteers in Finland
Q4: What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?
A4: 1944