romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of ground combat brigades are:

Q1: What is the army replacing divisions with?
A1: brigades
Q2: How will the brigades be structured?
A2: modular
Q3: Who can command any brigade?
A3: divisional headquarters
The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade.

Q1: What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?
A1: 9 mm M9 pistol
Q2: What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?
A2: M67
Q3: The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?
A3: smoke
Q4: Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?
A4: Modular Handgun System
The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. Other vehicles include the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier, and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.

Q1: What does HMMWV stand for?
A1: High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle
Q2: What is the HMMWV also known as?
A2: Humvee
Q3: The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?
A3: battle tank
Q4: What does MRAP stand for?
A4: Mine Resistant Ambush Protected
The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen).The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power, that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I.

Q1: Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?
A1: Wilhelm I
Q2: What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?
A2: 10 May 1871
Q3: The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?
A3: Alsace-Lorraine
Q4: Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?
A4: Otto von Bismarck
Q5: Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?
A5: another Franco-German war
The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart." A crowd of 15–20,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia.

Q1: What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?
A1: Ems telegram
Q2: Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?
A2: he felt "he had just received a slap"
Q3: In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?
A3: Adolphe Thiers
Q4: Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?
A4: Emile Ollivier
Q5: On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?
A5: 19 July 1870
The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.

Q1: In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?
A1: Battle of Königgrätz
Q2: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?
A2: 25-year-old design
Q3: What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?
A3: 600 m (2,000 ft)
Q4: What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?
A4: Krupp
Q5: What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?
A5: a contact-detonated shell
The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

Q1: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
A1: 4 August 1870
Q2: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?
A2: Bavarian and two Prussian corps
Q3: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border?
A3: General Douay of I Corps
Q4: Douay's initial success was credited by what?
A4: long-range fire of the Chassepots
Q5: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
A5: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians
The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was too late. Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren, German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights. Because the reserves had not arrived, Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach. Instead of continuing to defend the heights, by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south. The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle. They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain—Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights.

Q1: What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?
A1: German numerical superiority
Q2: Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?
A2: Frossard
Q3: What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?
A3: Seriously flawed communications
Q4: What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?
A4: effectiveness of the chassepot rifle
Q5: What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?
A5: Frossard had abandoned his position
The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal François-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112,800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat.

Q1: On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?
A1: 18 August
Q2: Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?
A2: The Battle of Gravelotte
Q3: Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte?
A3: 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz
Q4: Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?
A4: Count Helmuth von Moltke
Q5: Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?
A5: Marshal François-Achille Bazaine
With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Châlons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Châlons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field.

Q1: What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?
A1: the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army
Q2: At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?
A2: over 150,000
Q3: Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?
A3: Napoleon III and MacMahon
Q4: Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?
A4: the Prussian Third Army
Q5: How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?
A5: 5,000 men
When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means." Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war.

Q1: At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?
A1: the Germans
Q2: In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?
A2: Florence
Q3: What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?
A3: Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace
Q4: To whom is the quote, "Rescue the French Republic by every means" attributed?
A4: Garibaldi
Q5: What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?
A5: the Army of the Vosges
On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops joined the German 'Southern Army'. The French were forced to abandon Orléans on 4 December, and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans (10–12 January). A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens (27 November), the Battle of Bapaume (3 January 1871) and the Battle of St. Quentin (13 January).

Q1: On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?
A1: 10 October
Q2: Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?
A2: the Germans
Q3: On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?
A3: 9 November
Q4: On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?
A4: 4 December
Q5: Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?
A5: Battle of Amiens
Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France.

Q1: What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?
A1: any form of surrender
Q2: On what date did president Trochu resign?
A2: 25 January
Q3: Who replaced President Trochu?
A3: Favre
Q4: In which French city was the surrender made official?
A4: Versailles
Q5: Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?
A5: Gambetta
The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems.

Q1: What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?
A1: The quick German victory
Q2: What outcome had most people expected from the war?
A2: French victory
Q3: Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?
A3: the Germans
Q4: What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath?
A4: their military system
Q5: What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?
A5: highly detailed mobilization systems
The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway system, with multiple competing companies, had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains. Furthermore, no system had been put in place for military control of the railways, and officers simply commandeered trains as they saw fit. Rail sidings and marshalling yards became choked with loaded wagons, with nobody responsible for unloading them or directing them to the destination.

Q1: The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?
A1: pre-war preparations
Q2: What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?
A2: detailed mobilization plans using the railway system
Q3: What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?
A3: multiple competing companies
Q4: What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?
A4: frequent changes between trains
Q5: Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?
A5: nobody
At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the battlefield. Use of traditional cavalry on the battlefields of 1914 proved to be disastrous, due to accurate, long-range rifle fire, machine-guns and artillery. Von Bredow's attack had succeeded only because of an unusually effective artillery bombardment just before the charge, along with favorable terrain that masked his approach.

Q1: Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?
A1: General Adalbert von Bredow
Q2: What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?
A2: a French artillery battery
Q3: What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?
A3: von Bredow's Death Ride
Q4: What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?
A4: Use of traditional cavalry
Q5: What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?
A5: favorable terrain that masked his approach
In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German–Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.

Q1: In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?
A1: Posen
Q2: What was there strong support of in Posen?
A2: the French
Q3: What calls were made for the Polish recruits?
A3: to desert from the Prussian Army
Q4: On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?
A4: 16 August 1870
Q5: What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?
A5: prolonged period of repressive measures
The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon III, then the emperor of France, demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France's strategic position, which the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, flatly refused. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, into a unified Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military.

Q1: What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?
A1: the unification of Germany
Q2: In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?
A2: North German Confederation
Q3: What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?
A3: new power destabilized
Q4: What established the European balance of power in 1815?
A4: the Congress of Vienna
Q5: As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?
A5: strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states
The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Franco-Mexican War. However, following the "Seven Weeks War" between Prussia and Austria four years earlier, it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when perhaps 1,000,000 would be required. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made. Universal conscription (rather than by ballot, as previously) and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000. However, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. The mobilisation of reservists was chaotic and resulted in large numbers of stragglers, while the Garde Mobile were generally untrained and often mutinous.

Q1: In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?
A1: 400,000
Q2: Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?
A2: the Franco-Austrian War
Q3: The "Seven Weeks War" was between which two countries?
A3: Prussia and Austria
Q4: Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?
A4: Marshal Adolphe Niel
Q5: If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?
A5: the Garde Mobile