romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.

Q1: What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?
A1: Eritrea and Italian Somaliland
Q2: Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?
A2: as a reward for their support during World War II
Q3: Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?
A3: Emperor Haile Selassie
Q4: Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?
A4: The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties
Q5: Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?
A5: The British and Americans
The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

Q1: How is the Eritrean highway system named?
A1: according to the road classification
Q2: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?
A2: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved
Q3: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?
A3: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)
Q4: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?
A4: single-layered asphalt road
Q5: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?
A5: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)
According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

Q1: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?
A1: 50%
Q2: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?
A2: 48%
Q3: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?
A3: a registration process
Q4: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?
A4: May 2002
Q5: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?
A5: personal information
Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.

Q1: What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?
A1: between seven and 13 years of age
Q2: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?
A2: 70%
Q3: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?
A3: 61%
Q4: What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?
A4: 45 to 1
Q5: What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?
A5: 54 to 1
A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Eritrean dishes are also frequently "lighter" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy.

Q1: What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?
A1: beef, kid, lamb or fish
Q2: Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?
A2: Ethiopia
Q3: Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?
A3: their coastal location
Q4: How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?
A4: lighter
Q5: What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?
A5: seasoned butter and spices
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).

Q1: What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?
A1: Depleted
Q2: What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?
A2: radium
Q3: How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?
A3: ballast
Q4: What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?
A4: high density
Q5: What type of alpha emitter is uranium?
A5: weak
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.

Q1: What is another term for uranium ore?
A1: pitchblende
Q2: Who isolated radium in uranium ore?
A2: Marie Curie
Q3: In what types of paints was radium first used?
A3: glow-in-the-dark
Q4: What devices were painted with radium paint?
A4: clock and aircraft dials
Q5: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?
A5: mauve
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.

Q1: What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?
A1: Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile
Q2: In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?
A2: Tennessee
Q3: Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?
A3: the Clinton Pile
Q4: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?
A4: Idaho
Q5: On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?
A5: 20 December 1951
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

Q1: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?
A1: 51st
Q2: Where is uranium naturally formed?
A2: in supernovae
Q3: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?
A3: thorium
Q4: In what state is the Earth's outer core?
A4: liquid
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

Q1: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?
A1: 235
Q2: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?
A2: an explosion
Q3: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
A3: two
Q4: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
A4: neutron poison
Q5: What does a neutron poison absorb?
A5: free neutrons
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

Q1: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
A1: carbonate
Q2: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
A2: carbonate
Q3: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
A3: Sphingomonas sp.
It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.

Q1: How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?
A1: 5.5
Q2: How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?
A2: 35
Q3: What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?
A3: $10
Q4: In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?
A4: US$200 million
Q5: How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?
A5: $774 million
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

Q1: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?
A1: 1934
Q2: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?
A2: Enrico Fermi
Q3: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?
A3: hesperium
Q4: What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?
A4: Dean of the Faculty of Rome
Q5: Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?
A5: Lise Meitner
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.

Q1: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?
A1: carbonate containing solution
Q2: What notable carbonates are often water soluble?
A2: uranium
Q3: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?
A3: anionic complexes
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).

Q1: Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?
A1: molybdenum
Q2: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?
A2: antimony
Q3: What is the most prevalent uranium ore?
A3: uraninite
Q4: What mineral sometimes contains uranium?
A4: lignite
Q5: What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?
A5: phosphate
Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.

Q1: What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?
A1: uranium-234
Q2: What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?
A2: 0.71%
Q3: What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?
A3: uranium-239
Q4: When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?
A4: uranium-233
Q5: What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?
A5: thorium-232
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Q1: About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?
A1: 4.6 billion
Q2: What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?
A2: HiCap
Q3: The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?
A3: carbonate
Q4: Where were ORNL's results verified?
A4: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Q5: When was HiCap announced?
A5: 2012
Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

Q1: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?
A1: Uranium-235
Q2: What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?
A2: Uranium-238
Q3: What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?
A3: uranium-233
Q4: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?
A4: uranium-233
Q5: What is 238U?
A5: Depleted uranium
A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health.

Q1: What is OSHA?
A1: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Q2: What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?
A2: 0.25 mg/m3
Q3: What does REL stand for?
A3: recommended exposure limit
Q4: What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?
A4: 0.2 mg/m3
Q5: At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?
A5: 10 mg/m3
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U
3O
8) and UO
2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO
2 will gradually convert to U
3O
8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Q1: Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?
A1: triuranium octoxide
Q2: What is the stablest uranium compound?
A2: Triuranium octoxide
Q3: In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?
A3: Uranium dioxide