romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

Q1: When was the Air Commerce Act passed?
A1: May 20, 1926
Q2: Who was charged with fostering air commerce?
A2: Secretary of Commerce
Q3: What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?
A3: Aeronautics Branch
Q4: Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?
A4: Aeronautics Branch
Q5: Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?
A5: Secretary of Commerce
The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.

Q1: When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?
A1: 1956
Q2: when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?
A2: 1958
Q3: What agency would now act like the CAA?
A3: Federal Aviation Agency
Q4: Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?
A4: CAB
Q5: Who was the FAA's first administrator?
A5: Elwood R. Quesada
On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism  from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.

Q1: When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?
A1: October 31, 2013
Q2: What mode must mobile phones be put into?
A2: airplane mode
Q3: What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?
A3: all phases
Q4: Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?
A4: seat-back pocket
Q5: Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?
A5: can also be used.
In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president.

Q1: When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?
A1: 1967
Q2: What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?
A2: Federal Aviation Administration
Q3: Who would the FAA administrator report to?
A3: Secretary of Transportation
Q4: Who approves new programs and budget requests?
A4: DOT
Q5: Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?
A5: president
The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities.

Q1: What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?
A1: Bureau of Air Commerce
Q2: When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?
A2: 1934
Q3: When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?
A3: 1936
Q4: What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?
A4: air traffic controllers
In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take "a biographical questionnaire" that many applicants found baffling.

Q1: When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?
A1: 2014
Q2: What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?
A2: personality test
Q3: Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?
A3: anyone
Q4: What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?
A4: biographical questionnaire
The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation, but placing key people to head these regulators." Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: "Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, Gutheinz said, airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots." Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel.

Q1: What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?
A1: Joseph Gutheinz
Q2: How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?
A2: $25,000
Q3: A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?
A3: impact their ability to continue operating
Q4: What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?
A4: $10.2 million
The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire. One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994. In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities.

Q1: In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?
A1: 1998
Q2: In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire
A2: 1994
Q3: Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?
A3: Warrington and Widnes
Q4: Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?
A4: Merseyside
Q5: Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?
A5: Simonswood
The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster. While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries. As a result, the High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".

Q1: When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?
A1: 1970s
Q2: What is the Duchy of Lancaster?
A2: one of two royal duchies in England
Q3: What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?
A3: a property company
Q4: Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?
A4: High Sheriffs
Q5: Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?
A5: The Duchy of Lancaster
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.

Q1: How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?
A1: four
Q2: How many state schools are in Lancashire?
A2: 77
Q3: How many independant schools are in Lancashire?
A3: 24
Q4: Who has the largest school population?
A4: South Ribble
Q5: Who has the smallest school population?
A5: Fylde
Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895. Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.

Q1: What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?
A1: 1895 to 1970
Q2: Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?
A3: 1993
Q4: What year did Rugby League start?
A4: 1895
Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.

Q1: Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?
A1: Manchester
Q2: What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?
A2: 1853
Q3: Where was David Atherton born?
A3: Blackpool
Q4: What did David Atherton co-found?
A4: the London Sinfonietta
Q5: Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?
A5: Leslie Stuart
Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.

Q1: What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?
A1: Manchester and Liverpool
Q2: By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?
A2: 85%
Q3: Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?
A3: Blackpool
Q4: What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?
A4: wakes week
Q5: When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?
A5: during the Industrial Revolution
The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.

Q1: When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?
A1: 1974
Q2: How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?
A2: 709
Q3: What is to the north of Lancashire today?
A3: Cumbria
Q4: What is to the east of Lancashire today?
A4: West Yorkshire
Q5: Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?
A5: Duke of Lancaster
Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.

Q1: When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?
A1: 1889
Q2: What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?
A2: ceremonial county
Q3: Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?
A3: the western part of Todmorden
Q4: Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?
A4: reform of local government
Q5: What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?
A5: the administrative county and the county boroughs
During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

Q1: When did the county become more urbanised?
A1: 20th century
Q2: Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?
A2: the southern part
Q3: When was Warrington added to Lancashire?
A3: 1900
Q4: When was Southport added?
A4: 1905
Q5: When was Blackpool added to the county?
A5: 1904
To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

Q1: What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?
A1: dairy farming and cheesemaking
Q2: What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?
A2: sheep
Q3: What is in the highest ground?
A3: uncultivated moorland
Q4: Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?
A4: modern-day Greater Manchester
Q5: where is Beacon Fell County Park located?
A5: North of the Ribble
The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine.

Q1: What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?
A1: bona vacantia
Q2: What serves as the county town of the county palatine?
A2: Lancaster
Q3: When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?
A3: many centuries ago
Q4: Who is the Duchy administered by?
A4: the Queen
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

Q1: What does the Lancashire economy rely on?
A1: the M6 motorway
Q2: Which direction does the M6 motorway run?
A2: north to south
Q3: What road connects Preston to Blackpool?
A3: The M55
Q4: Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?
A4: M58
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.

Q1: Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?
A1: Fylde coast
Q2: Where is the Fylde coast?
A2: Blackpool Urban Area
Q3: Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?
A3: north
Q4: How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?
A4: 100,000
Q5: What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?
A5: 6%