romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.

Q1: How often is the AG2R Race held?
A1: every alternate year
Q2: Where does the AG2R originate from?
A2: Concarneau
Q3: What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?
A3: boats
Q4: What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?
A4: 10 m
Q5: How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?
A5: two
St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.

Q1: Where is the airport located on the island?
A1: the north coast
Q2: What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?
A2: charters
Q3: What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?
A3: Princess Juliana International Airport
Q4: What Island is the nearest major airport located on?
A4: Sint Maarten
Q5: What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?
A5: Gustaf III
Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.

Q1: What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?
A1: France
Q2: What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?
A2: Saint-Barth
Q3: In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?
A3: English
Q4: What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?
A4: Ouanalao
Q5: In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?
A5: west
Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

Q1: What kind of island is St. Barts?
A1: volcanic
Q2: What is the population of St. Barts?
A2: 9,035
Q3: What is the capital of St. Barts?
A3: Gustavia
Q4: What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?
A4: Swedish
Q5: When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?
A5: the winter holiday season
Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

Q1: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?
A1: Guadeloupe
Q2: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?
A2: 2003
Q3: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?
A3: 2007
Q4: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?
A4: Hotel de la Collectivité
Q5: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation?
A5: A senator
Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

Q1: What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?
A1: Colombier Bay
Q2: Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?
A2: small
Q3: The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?
A3: visible coral reef
Q4: Reefs are almost always in what type of water?
A4: shallow
Q5: Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?
A5: a marine reserve
There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

Q1: How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?
A1: 22
Q2: How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?
A2: 15
Q3: What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?
A3: leeward
Q4: What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?
A4: windward
Q5: The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?
A5: windsurfing
The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

Q1: What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?
A1: arid
Q2: How many hectares does the island have in total?
A2: 2,500
Q3: How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?
A3: 1000 mm
Q4: When does summer end in St. Barts?
A4: November
Q5: What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?
A5: 13 °C
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.

Q1: When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?
A1: 1744
Q2: What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?
A2: 1785
Q3: What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?
A3: Carénage
Q4: What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?
A4: Gustavia
Q5: What war occurred in the 18th century?
A5: the Caribbean war
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.

Q1: What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?
A1: St. Barts Municipal Museum
Q2: What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?
A2: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
Q3: What town is the Museum located in?
A3: Gustavia
Q4: Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?
A4: British
Q5: What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?
A5: Creole
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Q1: In what fields of science is the genome studied?
A1: molecular biology and genetics
Q2: What is the content of the human genome?
A2: DNA
Q3: What constitutes the viral genome?
A3: RNA
The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Q1: Who coined the word genome?
A1: Hans Winkler
Q2: In what year was the word genome first created?
A2: 1920
Q3: At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?
A3: University of Hamburg
Q4: Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
A4: biome, rhizome
Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

Q1: A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?
A1: half
Q2: What process splits the chromosome between gametes?
A2: meiosis
Q3: What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?
A3: mitochondria and chloroplasts
When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.

Q1: What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?
A1: genomics
Q2: In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?
A2: single genes or groups of genes
Q3: What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?
A3: sequenced
Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

Q1: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?
A1: C-value paradox
Q2: Which organism has the most genes?
A2: trichomoniasis
Q3: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?
A3: 60,000
Q4: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?
A4: three times
In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

Q1: Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?
A1: Walter Fiers
Q2: Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?
A2: Bacteriophage MS2
Q3: Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?
A3: Fred Sanger
Q4: What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?
A4: Institute for Genomic Research
Q5: In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?
A5: 1996
The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Q1: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?
A1: US National Institutes of Health
Q2: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?
A2: mouse
Q3: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?
A3: puffer fish
Q4: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?
A4: December 2013
Q5: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
A5: 130,000
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

Q1: What is a recent development in sequencing methods?
A1: massive parallel sequencing
Q2: Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?
A2: Manteia Predictive Medicine
Q3: Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?
A3: James D. Watson
Q4: What is Watson famous for helping discover?
A4: the structure of DNA
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Q1: What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
A1: genome map
Q2: Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
A2: The Human Genome Project
Q3: Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
A3: Jean Weissenbach
Q4: Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
A4: Genoscope
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.

Q1: What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?
A1: Genome composition
Q2: What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
A2: evolutionary history
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

Q1: What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
A1: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Q2: What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?
A2: exon-intron
Q3: In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
A3: mammals and plants
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.

Q1: What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?
A1: pathogenic microbe
Q2: What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?
A2: virus
Q3: Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
A3: plasmids
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".

Q1: What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?
A1: plants, protozoa and animals
Q2: What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?
A2: plastome
Q3: What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
A3: mitochondrial genome
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Q1: What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?
A1: Genome size
Q2: What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?
A2: morphological complexity
Q3: What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
A3: repetitive DNA
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

Q1: What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?
A1: minimal genomes
Q2: In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
A2: in vivo and in silico
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Q1: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
A1: Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
Q2: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
A2: proportion of non-repetitive DNA
Q3: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
A3: genome size
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

Q1: What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
A1: E. coli
Q2: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
A2: C. elegans and fruit fly
Q3: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
A3: 20%