romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

Q1: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?
A1: a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military
Q2: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?
A2: 10-meter location-tracking accuracy
Q3: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?
A3: 10 centimetres
Q4: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?
A4: the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan
Q5: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?
A5: communication
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Q1: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?
A1: four bands
Q2: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?
A2: E1, E2, E5B, and E6
Q3: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?
A3: E1 and E2
Q4: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?
A4: E1 and E2
Q5: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
A5: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Q1: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?
A1: little was officially announced
Q2: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
A2: to study general characteristics of the signals
Q3: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
A3: to build a COMPASS receiver
Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Q1: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?
A1: 14 April 2007
Q2: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?
A2: for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing
Q3: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?
A3: the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system
Q4: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?
A4: 21,150 km
Q5: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?
A5: 55.5 degrees
Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Q1: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?
A1: E2, E5B, and E6
Q2: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?
A2: 90 degrees (in quadrature)
Q3: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?
A3: "I" and "Q"
Q4: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?
A4: likely to be intended for the open service
Q5: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?
A5: probably intended for the restricted service
The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Q1: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?
A1: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007
Q2: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?
A2: the spectrum and structure of the signals
Q3: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?
A3: researchers from Stanford University
Q4: Who built the COMPASS receiver?
A4: a group of engineers at Septentrio
Q5: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
A5: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B
Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Q1: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
A1: Compass signals have somewhat greater power
In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Q1: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?
A1: December 2011
Q2: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?
A2: 27 December
Q3: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?
A3: as more satellites are launched
Q4: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?
A4: accurate to the nearest 10 m
Q5: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?
A5: within 0.2 m per second
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Q1: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?
A1: December 2012
Q2: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?
A2: the Asia-Pacific region
Q3: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?
A3: between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N
In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Q1: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?
A1: December 2011
Q2: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?
A2: by 2020
Q3: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?
A3: 16
Q4: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
A4: 14
The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Q1: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?
A1: 2007
Q2: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?
A2: nine
Q3: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?
A3: functional regional coverage
Q4: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
A4: 16
In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Q1: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
A1: 2015
Q2: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
A2: with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites
On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Q1: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
A1: July 25, 2015
Q2: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
A2: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Q3: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
A3: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket
Q4: What is the Expedition-1?
A4: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Q1: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
A1: navigation services
Q2: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
A2: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links
Q3: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
A3: three
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Q1: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?
A1: Canon law
Q2: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?
A2: Christian
Q3: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?
A3: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches
Q4: What body was first responsible for creating canon?
A4: church council
Q5: What does canon law consist of?
A5: canons
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Q1: What is the Greek term for canon?
A1: kanon
Q2: What is the Hebrew term for canon?
A2: kaneh
Q3: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?
A3: Qanun
Q4: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?
A4: reed
Q5: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
A5: cane
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Q1: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?
A1: eighty-five
Q2: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
A2: fifty
Q3: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
A3: Ecclesiastical Canons
Q4: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
A4: 325
Q5: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
A5: a rule
In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Q1: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
A1: the Church's hierarchical authorities
Q2: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
A2: canon law
Q3: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
A3: external organization and government
Q4: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
A4: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Q1: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?
A1: rites
Q2: How many major rites exist?
A2: five
Q3: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
A3: the Supreme Pontiff
Q4: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?
A4: full union
Q5: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
A5: Roman Catholic
In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Q1: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A1: immutable divine and natural law
Q2: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A2: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law
Q3: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
A3: formal authority and promulgation
Q4: What is the pope's official title?
A4: Supreme Pontiff
Q5: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
A5: legislative, executive, and judicial
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Q1: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?
A1: The Catholic Church
Q2: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?
A2: Roman law
Q3: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
A3: canons
Q4: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?
A4: first century
Q5: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
A5: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Q1: Which period followed the jus antiquum?
A1: the jus novum
Q2: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
A2: the Code of Canon Law
Q3: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
A3: the jus vetus
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Q1: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?
A1: different disciplines and practices
Q2: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
A2: process of codification
Q3: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?
A3: 1990
Q4: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?
A4: Pope John Paul II
Q5: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
A5: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Q1: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
A1: lawyers, judges
Q2: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
A2: civilly-binding force
Q3: What does J.C.B. stand for?
A3: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus
Q4: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
A4: Bachelor of Canon Law
Q5: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
A5: Juris Canonici Licentiatus
Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Q1: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
A1: Roman Law Code of Justinian
Q2: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
A2: adversarial
Q3: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
A3: inquisitorial
Q4: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
A4: to enquire
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Q1: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?
A1: Europe
Q2: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
A2: modern civil law and common law
Q3: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
A3: Edson Luiz Sampel
Q4: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
A4: Europe and Latin American
Q5: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
A5: contemporary society
Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Q1: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
A1: Aristotelian-Thomistic
Q2: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
A2: Aquinas
Q3: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
A3: law
Q4: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
A4: the common good
Q5: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
A5: a rule of conduct
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Q1: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
A1: the Latin or Western Church
Q2: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
A2: more diversity in legislation
Q3: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
A3: custom
Q4: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
A4: 1929
Q5: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
A5: 1949 through 1958