romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.

Q1: Who was Otzi the Iceman?
A1: a mummy of a neolithic body
Q2: When was Otzi the Iceman found?
A2: In 1991
Q3: Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?
A3: the Similaun glacier
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

Q1: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?
A1: between 1000 to 1500 BC
Q2: The Raetians lived in what region?
A2: the eastern regions
Q3: The Helvetii occupied which region?
A3: the west
Q4: What did the Celtic tribes mine?
A4: salt
Q5: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
A5: The Celts
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.

Q1: When was the Second Punic War?
A1: 218 BC
Q2: Who was the Carthaginian general?
A2: Hannibal
Q3: What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
A3: roads
Q4: What can still be found on the mountain passes?
A4: Roman road markers
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.

Q1: What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?
A1: The Roman expansion
Q2: When were the Allobrogi defeated?
A2: in 121 BC
Q3: When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?
A3: 58 BC
Q4: What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?
A4: Germanic tribes
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

Q1: Who established Christianity in the region?
A1: Romans
Q2: What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
A2: feudalism
Q3: What area still has intricate frescoes?
A3: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy
Q4: What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
A4: Château de Chillon
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter that is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well-established as a separate state.

Q1: Much of the medieval period was a time of what?
A1: power struggles
Q2: Where were the Visconti from?
A2: northern Italy
Q3: What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?
A3: the House of Habsburg
Q4: What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?
A4: Switzerland
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.

Q1: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
A1: the Napoleonic Wars
Q2: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
A2: Napoleon
Q3: When was the Helvetic Republic established?
A3: 1798
Q4: Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
A4: Switzerland
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts. The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napoléon Bonaparte. The Barrière de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side.

Q1: When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?
A1: After the fall of Napoléon
Q2: Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?
A2: Savoy
Q3: Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?
A3: to protect the major alpine passes
Q4: Who ordered the construction of a paved road?
A4: Napoléon Bonaparte
In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken, Switzerland. The Great St Bernard Hospice, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travelers and place for pilgrims since its inception; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper.

Q1: What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?
A1: the monasteries built in the high Alps
Q2: Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?
A2: The Benedictines
Q3: Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?
A3: the Augustinians
Q4: When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?
A4: the 9th or 10th centuries
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.

Q1: How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
A1: 50,000 years
Q2: What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
A2: the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people
Q3: What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
A3: Seven bear skulls
Q4: People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
A4: Alpine passes
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying." Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

Q1: Where was Charles VII from?
A1: France
Q2: What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
A2: climb Mont Aiguille
Q3: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
A3: a bronze triptych of three crosses
Q4: When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
A4: 1492
Q5: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
A5: 18th century
Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.

Q1: Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
A1: Conrad Gessner
Q2: Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
A2: Geneva
Q3: Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
A3: Saussure
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.

Q1: Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
A1: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q2: Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
A2: Albrecht von Haller
Q3: When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
A3: After the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Q4: What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
A4: the sublime effects of monumental nature
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

Q1: Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
A1: Geneva
Q2: What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
A2: Mont Blanc
Q3: When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
A3: the mid-19th century
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Obersalzberg, to prevent Hitler from retreating with the Wehrmacht into the mountains.

Q1: Where was Adolf Hitler born?
A1: Austrian
Q2: What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with?
A2: the Alps
Q3: Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?
A3: the Obersalzberg region
Q4: When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?
A4: 1923
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

Q1: By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?
A1: the Third Reich
Q2: What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?
A2: Austria
Q3: What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?
A3: Switzerland
Q4: Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?
A4: The Swiss commanders
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.

Q1: Who were trained for the war?
A1: Ski troops
Q2: Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
A2: Italy
Q3: Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
A3: Austria
Q4: Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
A4: The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

Q1: What is the population of the Alpine region?
A1: 14 million
Q2: What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
A2: manufacturing and service jobs
Q3: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
A3: Alpine culture
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.

Q1: Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
A1: Alpine culture
Q2: When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
A2: the medieval period
Q3: What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
A3: carpentry
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

Q1: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
A1: Farming
Q2: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?
A2: tourism
Q3: Why is pasture land limited?
A3: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps
Q4: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
A4: mid-June
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Q1: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
A1: Cheesemaking
Q2: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
A2: up to 45 kg (100 lb)
Q3: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
A3: Haymaking
Q4: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
A4: twice
Q5: When is Carnival celebrated?
A5: before Lent
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

Q1: What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
A1: medieval designs that withstand cold winters
Q2: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called?
A2: the stube
Q3: The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
A3: the Bernese Oberland
Q4: Which direction do Chalets often face?
A4: south or downhill
Q5: What are Chalets built of?
A5: solid wood
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.

Q1: The food is passed from the kitchen to where?
A1: the stube
Q2: Where is the dining room table placed?
A2: the stube
Q3: Traditionally, what are meals served on?
A3: carved wooden plates
Q4: How is furniture traditionally carved?
A4: elaborately
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Q1: What are roofs traditionally constructed from?
A1: Alpine rocks
Q2: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found??
A2: the higher parts of the valleys
Q3: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much?
A3: 40%
Q4: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
A4: 19
Q5: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland?
A5: Romansh
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.

Q1: What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world?
A1: the Alps
Q2: Where is Saalbach located?
A2: Austria
Q3: How many people visit the Alps every year?
A3: over 120 million
Q4: What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
A4: tourism