romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

Q1: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
A1: a rubber stamp
Q2: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
A2: primary schools to be abolished
Q3: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
A3: home schooling
Q4: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
A4: allow women into the armed forces
With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

Q1: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
A1: Qur'an
Q2: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
A2: protection of private property
Q3: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
A3: commercial
Q4: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
A4: shirk
Q5: Who won a border war with Libya?
A5: Egypt
In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

Q1: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
A1: 1978
Q2: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?
A2: Secretary-General
Q3: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?
A3: Leader of the Revolution
Q4: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
A4: commander-in-chief
Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

Q1: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?
A1: public sector
Q2: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?
A2: private sector
Q3: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?
A3: worker cooperatives
Q4: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?
A4: several hundred
On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the "Green Terror."

Q1: On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?
A1: 2 March 1979,
Q2: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?
A2: Mohammad Maghgoub
Q3: What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?
A3: The Green March
Q4: How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?
A4: weekly
Q5: What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?
A5: Revolutionary Committees
In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

Q1: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
A1: Jefara plain
Q2: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
A2: 1981
Q3: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
A3: 1000 dinar
Q4: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
A4: state supermarkets
Q5: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?
A5: black market
The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

Q1: What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
A1: Qaddadfa
Q2: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
A2: head of military intelligence
Q3: In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?
A3: National Front for the Salvation of Libya
Q4: Who founded the NFSL?
A4: Mohammed Magariaf
Q5: What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
A5: al-Borkan,
In 1979, the U.S. placed Libya on its list of "State Sponsors of Terrorism", while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. The following year, Libyan fighters began intercepting U.S. fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the two countries. Libyan relations with Lebanon and Shi'ite communities across the world also deteriorated due to the August 1978 disappearance of imam Musa al-Sadr when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's £1 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. Gaddafi later came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticising him.

Q1: What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?
A1: State Sponsors of Terrorism
Q2: In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?
A2: Tripoli
Q3: What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?
A3: Iran hostage crisis
Q4: How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?
A4: £1 billion
Q5: What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?
A5: Tanzanian
The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

Q1: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
A1: $5.4 billion
Q2: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
A2: Gaddafi's Pet Project
Q3: In what country did FROLINAT operate?
A3: Chad
Q4: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
A4: 1981
Q5: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
A5: Hassan II
In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters – in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, D.C., Reagan advised U.S. companies operating in the country to reduce the number of American personnel stationed there. In March 1982, the U.S. implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all U.S. companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K., after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. In Spring 1986, the U.S. Navy again began performing exercises in the Gulf of Sirte; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the U.S. sank several Libyan ships.

Q1: In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?
A1: 1981 and 1985
Q2: What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?
A2: a puppet regime of the Soviet Union
Q3: As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?
A3: Warsaw Pact
Q4: What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?
A4: Su-22
Q5: What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?
A5: policewoman
After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

Q1: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
A1: 100
Q2: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
A2: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing
Q3: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
A3: two
Q4: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
A4: Hanna
Q5: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
A5: Syria
The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

Q1: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin?
A1: 1987
Q2: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?
A2: 1988
Q3: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?
A3: 27
Q4: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?
A4: Nelson Mandela
Q5: What was Mandela's nationality?
A5: South African
In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

Q1: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
A1: army and police
Q2: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
A2: Rabta
Q3: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
A3: mustard gas
Q4: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
A4: Misrata
Q5: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
A5: Benghazi
In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.

Q1: Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?
A1: Mauritania
Q2: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?
A2: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi
Q3: How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?
A3: 11
Q4: What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?
A4: 748
Q5: What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?
A5: $900 million
As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed "King of Kings" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his "coronation ceremony" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.

Q1: What organization did Libya join in 1999?
A1: Community of Sahel-Saharan States
Q2: Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?
A2: Algiers
Q3: What organization was founded in July of 2002?
A3: African Union
Q4: What is COMESA?
A4: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Q5: Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?
A5: Thabo Mbeki