romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

Q1: When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?
A1: 20 June 1794
Q2: When did Burke's son die?
A2: August 1794
Q3: What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?
A3: Beaconsfield
Q4: How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?
A4: £2,500
Q5: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?
A5: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale
Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms".

Q1: What was Burke's final publication?
A1: Letters on a Regicide Peace
Q2: When was Burke's final publication?
A2: October 1796
Q3: What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?
A3: Individuality
Q4: What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?
A4: dominion and conquest
Q5: What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?
A5: negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government
This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

Q1: What did Burke think the war with France was against?
A1: an "armed doctrine"
Q2: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?
A2: France
Q3: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?
A3: universal
Q4: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?
A4: the revolutionaries governing her
In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

Q1: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?
A1: Pitt
Q2: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?
A2: Samuel Whitbread
Q3: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?
A3: Arthur Young
Q4: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?
A4: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity
Q5: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?
A5: 1800
Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Q1: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?
A1: Protestant
Q2: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?
A2: Indianism
Q3: Which continent did Jacobinism affect?
A3: Europe
Q4: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?
A4: March 1796
Q5: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?
A5: Jacobinism
Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

Q1: What did Burke think was crucial for human life?
A1: property
Q2: What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?
A2: property
Q3: Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?
A3: all subjects
Q4: Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"?
A4: Christopher Hitchens
Q5: What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?
A5: the ancestral and the immemorial
In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke "like the ghost of Burke" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it "a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke "the most sagacious Politician of his age" whose predictions "time has verified". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke ("Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809–10) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring "habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: "... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections "has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's "last works and words [as] the manual of my politics". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli "was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings".

Q1: Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?
A1: Philip Francis
Q2: What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?
A2: passion
Q3: Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?
A3: William Windham
Q4: When did Windham speak against peace with France?
A4: 1801
Q5: When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?
A5: 1793
The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

Q1: What political party was Gladstone in?
A1: Liberal
Q2: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?
A2: Ireland and America
Q3: What was Cobden an activist against?
A3: Corn Law
Q4: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?
A4: Milton
Q5: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?
A5: Francis Hirst
The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Q1: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
A1: Piers Brendon
Q2: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
A2: a plan of freedom
Q3: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
A3: opium trade
Q4: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
A4: opium trade
Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Q1: Which church did Burke most defend?
A1: Anglican
Q2: What did Burke think was the foundation of society?
A2: religion
Q3: What religion was Burke's mother?
A3: Catholic
Q4: What religion was Burke's father?
A4: Protestant
Q5: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?
A5: political arrangements
The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

Q1: What was Samoa's old name?
A1: Western Samoa
Q2: How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?
A2: eleven
Q3: How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?
A3: four
Q4: What's the name of Samoa's capital?
A4: Apia
Q5: About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?
A5: 3,500 years
The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Q1: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
A1: 2003
Q2: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?
A2: anthropology
Q3: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
A3: Austronesian
Q4: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
A4: 1,500 BCE
Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Q1: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
A1: John Williams
Q2: What English organization did John Williams belong to?
A2: London Missionary Society
Q3: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
A3: headhunting
Q4: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?
A4: Robert Louis Stevenson
Q5: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
A5: 1894
Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.

Q1: What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?
A1: Britain
Q2: For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?
A2: eight
Q3: How many contenders were vying for power in the war?
A3: three
Q4: When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?
A4: March 1889
Q5: What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?
A5: A massive storm
From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

Q1: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
A1: the Department of External Affairs
Q2: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?
A2: one fifth
Q3: What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?
A3: New Zealand
Q4: During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?
A4: 1918–1919
Q5: What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?
A5: Department of Island Territories
However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.

Q1: What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?
A1: 1920s
Q2: What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?
A2: Olaf Frederick Nelson
Q3: What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?
A3: non-violent philosophy
Q4: What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?
A4: High Chief
Q5: On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?
A5: 28 December 1929
The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.

Q1: What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?
A1: Lewis machine gun
Q2: Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?
A2: killed
Q3: What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?
A3: "Peace, Samoa"
Q4: Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?
A4: Ten
Q5: What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?
A5: Black Saturday
After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.

Q1: What act gave Samoa independence?
A1: New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961
Q2: What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?
A2: 1 January 1962
Q3: What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?
A3: Trusteeship Agreement
Q4: Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?
A4: first
Q5: On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?
A5: 1 June
Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

Q1: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?
A1: Prime Minister
Q2: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?
A2: life
Q3: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?
A3: 1963
Q4: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?
A4: Malietoa Tanumafili II
Q5: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?
A5: constitutional monarchy