romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Q1: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
A1: zinc
Q2: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?
A2: deficient in zinc
Q3: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
A3: zinc supplementation
Q4: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
A4: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.
Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

Q1: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?
A1: high-pH soils
Q2: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?
A2: disease.
Q3: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?
A3: toxic
Q4: How is zinc primarily added to soil?
A4: weathering of rocks
There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Q1: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
A1: copper
Q2: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
A2: urinary
Q3: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
A3: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals
Q4: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
A4: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"
Q5: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
A5: denture cream
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Q1: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?
A1: nerve receptors
Q2: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?
A2: polio infections
Q3: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?
A3: zinc-based intranasal cold products
Q4: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?
A4: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione
In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

Q1: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?
A1: pennies
Q2: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?
A2: zinc toxicosis
Q3: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?
A3: ataxia
Q4: Why have people reported zinc intoxication?
A4: ingestion of zinc coins
Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Q1: What are dogs known to ingest?
A1: Pennies
Q2: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
A2: zinc toxicity
Q3: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
A3: parrots
Q4: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
A4: juices stored in galvanized cans
Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Q1: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
A1: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Q2: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
A2: eternality
Q3: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
A3: sublime
Q4: What concept did Ledoux address?
A4: architectural character
Q5: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
A5: building should immediately communicate its function
The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Q1: What century were most four influential books published?
A1: 18th century
Q2: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
A2: Colen Campbell
Q3: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
A3: 18th-century
Q4: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?
A4: 1727
At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Q1: Who was the "architect earl"?
A1: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
Q2: When was Chiswick House designed?
A2: 1729
Q3: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
A3: Palladio's Villa Capra
Q4: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?
A4: Holkham Hall
By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Q1: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
A1: Ancient Greece
Q2: What englishman excavated pompeii?
A2: Sir William Hamilton
Q3: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
A3: Rome
Q4: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
A4: Sweden and Russia.
A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Q1: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
A1: Napoleonic Empire
Q2: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
A2: Louis XVI style
Q3: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
A3: "Directoire" or Empire
Q4: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?
A4: The Rococo style
Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Q1: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
A1: Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Q2: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
A2: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).
Q3: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
A3: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts
Q4: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
A4: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in
The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Q1: What were interiors seeking to recreate?
A1: authentically Roman
Q2: What colors were utilized for interiors?
A2: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours
Q3: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?
A3: Marie Antoinette
Q4: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?
A4: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones
Q5: What were styles in France initially?
A5: Parisian
A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Q1: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?
A1: Robert and James Adam
Q2: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?
A2: Italy and Dalmatia
Q3: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?
A3: The Works in Architecture
Q4: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?
A4: rococo and baroque styles
Q5: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?
A5: lighter and more elegant feel
From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

Q1: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?
A1: Greek architectural
Q2: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?
A2: Greek Revival
Q3: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?
A3: 18th century
Q4: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?
A4: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett
Q5: What was the first Greek building in England?
A5: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)
Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

Q1: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?
A1: William Wilkins
Q2: What monument was created in 1818?
A2: Burns Monument at Alloway
Q3: When was the General Post Office built?
A3: 1824–29
Q4: In what year was the British Museum built?
A4: 1823–48
Q5: When was the National Gallery constructed?
A5: 1832–38
At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

Q1: How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?
A1: more grandiose
Q2: What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?
A2: Napoleon I
Q3: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?
A3: Regency
Q4: In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?
A4: Federal style
High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

Q1: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?
A1: Late Baroque architecture
Q2: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?
A2: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes
Q3: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?
A3: isolated rather than interpenetrating
Q4: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?
A4: international movement
Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

Q1: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?
A1: ancient Romans
Q2: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?
A2: grid system
Q3: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?
A3: very logical and orderly
From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

Q1: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?
A1: Ancient Greco-Roman ideal
Q2: What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?
A2: Palmyra and Baalbec
Q3: Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?
A3: James 'Athenian' Stuart
Q4: What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?
A4: Adam Brothers
In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

Q1: What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?
A1: Albert Richardson
Q2: In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?
A2: interwar period
Q3: Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?
A3: New Delhi
Q4: What new design was trending after neoclassical?
A4: Gothic Revival