romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

Q1: When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?
A1: 30 July 2003
Q2: What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?
A2: First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process
Q3: What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?
A3: a person's business, bookstore, and library records
Q4: Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?
A4: governing bodies in a number of communities
In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism", which stated that it constituted the "comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense".

Q1: What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?
A1: Resolution 1624
Q2: Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?
A2: the United States and Israel
Q3: What plan did the DoD release in 2005?
A3: National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism
Q4: What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?
A4: international human rights laws
Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.

Q1: What phrase has been called a misnomer?
A1: War on Terror
Q2: What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?
A2: to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights
Q3: Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?
A3: War on Drugs
Q4: What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?
A4: it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means
Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West. There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.

Q1: What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?
A1: "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic
Q2: What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?
A2: differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen
Q3: Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?
A3: Shirley Williams
Q4: What fed US hysteria about terrorism?
A4: media
Q5: What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?
A5: damaged
Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.

Q1: Who runs the Welsh Assembly?
A1: Carwyn Jones
Q2: What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?
A2: The Labour Party
Q3: How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?
A3: twenty
Q4: What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?
A4: 2015
The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party.

Q1: About when did the Labour Parry start?
A1: late 19th century
Q2: when was george odger elected?
A2: 1870
In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.

Q1: What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?
A1: 1899
Q2: Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?
A2: Doncaster
Q3: WHere was the proposed conference held?
A3: Memorial Hall
After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour." This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 "Khaki election" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to £33. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.

Q1: How many delegates passed the motion?
A1: 129
Q2: Who was elected Secretary?
A2: Ramsay MacDonald
Q3: How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?
A3: 15
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.

Q1: What boosted support in 1901?
A1: Taff Vale Case
Q2: What was the Taft Vale Case?
A2: a dispute between strikers and a railway company
Q3: From this case, what happened?
A3: made strikes illegal
Q4: How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?
A4: £23,000
In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.

Q1: Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?
A1: Liberal Government
Q2: Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?
A2: Keir Hardie
Q3: How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?
A3: one vote
Q4: Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?
A4: David Shackleton
The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.

Q1: How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?
A1: 42
Q2: Who passed the Osborne judgment?
A2: Trade Disputes Act
Q3: When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?
A3: 1913
The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.

Q1: WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?
A1: between 1921 and 1923
Q2: HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?
A2: 142
Q3: Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?
A3: Ramsay MacDonald
The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons).

Q1: In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?
A1: 1924
Q2: How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?
A2: 191
The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.

Q1: When was the Zinoviev letter published?
A1: 1924
Q2: After how long did the government collapse?
A2: nine months
As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.

Q1: When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?
A1: 1931
Q2: What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?
A2: he and his supporters were promptly expelled
Q3: Who won the 1931 election?
A3: National Government
The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.

Q1: In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?
A1: 1979
Q2: How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?
A2: a single vote
Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

Q1: In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?
A1: 1978
Q2: Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?
A2: lorry drivers
Q3: Why were they striking?
A3: higher pay
Q4: What was this strike called?
A4: Winter of Discontent
After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.

Q1: When was the Labout party defeated?
A1: 1979
Q2: What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?
A2: 1980
Q3: What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?
A3: Social Democratic Party
Q4: Why was the electoral college introduced?
A4: widen the voting franchise
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.

Q1: Who was Foot replaced by?
A1: Neil Kinnock
Q2: Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?
A2: Roy Hattersley
Q3: What years were the miners strike?
A3: 1984–85
Q4: What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?
A4: Arthur Scargill
In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party. However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government. On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.

Q1: How many seats did Labour win in 2010?
A1: 258
Q2: How many seats did the Conservatives win?
A2: 307
Q3: WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?
A3: 10 May 2010
Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over £3 million in donations and were £17 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' £6 million in donations and £12 million in debt.

Q1: How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?
A1: £3 million
Q2: How far was the party in debt for the same time period?
A2: £17 million
Q3: How far was the Conservative party in debt?
A3: £12 million
Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

Q1: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?
A1: 20
Q2: What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?
A2: Liberal Democrats
Q3: Who did the NEC expel
A3: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.
The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 "Poll of Polls" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.

Q1: What year did Kinnock call for a general election?
A1: 1991
Q2: What was Kinnocks party theme?
A2: "It's Time for a Change"
Q3: What was the original Tory lead percentage?
A3: 14
Q4: What did the percentage fall to?
A4: 8%
Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as "modernisers", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called "OMOV" — but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations.

Q1: Who replaced Kinnock?
A1: John Smith
Q2: When did Smith change the party's rules?
A2: 1993
Q3: What does OMOV stand for?
A3: one member, one vote
The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.

Q1: WHen was Black Wednesday?
A1: September 1992
Q2: What was Black Wednesday?
A2: economic disaster
Q3: When was the recession declared over?
A3: April 1993
Q4: When did Smith die?
A4: May 1994
Q5: What did Smith die of?
A5: a heart attack