romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha, from the University of Maryland, formed in 2001. Also, Dil se, another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley, hosts the "Anahat" competition at the University of California, Berkeley annually. Maize Mirchi, the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts "Sa Re Ga Ma Pella", an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest.

Q1: Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?
A1: Penn Masala
Q2: Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?
A2: South Asians
Q3: What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?
A3: Anokha
Q4: What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?
A4: Anahat
Q5: What group hosts the a capella competition "Sa Re Ga Ma Pella"?
A5: Maize Mirchi
Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

Q1: What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?
A1: Harmony Sweepstakes
Q2: Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?
A2: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music
Q3: What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?
A3: Nota
Q4: Who won The Sing-Off final season?
A4: Pentatonix
Q5: In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?
A5: Puerto Rico
In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally. More recently, "Twilight Zone" by 2 Unlimited was sung a cappella to the instrumentation on the comedy television series Tompkins Square. Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel (now ABC Family). Groups such as Vocal Sampling and Undivided emulate Latin rhythms a cappella. In the 1960s, the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music. Vocal artist Bobby McFerrin is famous for his instrumental emulation. A cappella group Naturally Seven recreates entire songs using vocal tones for every instrument.

Q1: What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?
A1: emulate instrumentation
Q2: What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?
A2: The Mills Brothers
Q3: What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?
A3: Baroque and Classical music
Q4: What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?
A4: The New Addams Family
The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song "Let Your Love Flow".[citation needed]

Q1: What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?
A1: nonsense words
Q2: What is another term for beatboxing?
A2: vocal percussion
Q3: What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?
A3: a four-track recorder
Q4: What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?
A4: Toyota
Q5: On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?
A5: YouTube
The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.

Q1: What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?
A1: Ordo Praedicatorum
Q2: What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?
A2: Pope Honorius III
Q3: After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?
A3: the Dominican Order
Q4: What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?
A4: Roman Catholic
Q5: What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?
A5: Saint Dominic de Guzman
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.

Q1: During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?
A1: the Middle Ages
Q2: What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?
A2: to combat heresy
Q3: The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?
A3: Master of the Order
Q4: Who is the current Master of the Order?
A4: Bruno Cadoré
Q5: What is the Order of Preachers known for?
A5: its intellectual tradition
The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

Q1: During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?
A1: Men of God
Q2: How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?
A2: two
Q3: Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?
A3: Francis of Assisi
Q4: Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?
A4: the Friars Preachers
Q5: What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?
A5: the Dominicans and Franciscans
Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, "selling" themselves through persuasive preaching.

Q1: The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?
A1: the Benedictines
Q2: What type of order was the Dominican Order?
A2: a preaching order
Q3: What did previous religious orders do for a living?
A3: farms
Q4: How did the Dominican Order earn money?
A4: by begging
Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

Q1: How did Dominic inspire his followers?
A1: with loyalty to learning and virtue
Q2: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?
A2: nuns
Q3: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?
A3: England
Q4: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?
A4: a "mixed" spirituality
As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.

Q1: What subject did Dominic particularly love?
A1: theology
Q2: Why did Dominic sell his books?
A2: to help his neighbors
Q3: In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?
A3: Spain
Q4: At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?
A4: twenty-five
Q5: After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?
A5: St. Augustine
In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Q1: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
A1: Prior Diego de Acebo
Q2: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
A2: monarchy of Spain
Q3: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
A3: south of France
Q4: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
A4: 1209–1229
Q5: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
A5: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark
Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

Q1: How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?
A1: with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony
Q2: Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?
A2: the Cathars
Q3: How did the Cathars live?
A3: in a state of self-sacrifice
Q4: In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?
A4: a strong leader
Q5: Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?
A5: the Albigensians
Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

Q1: In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
A1: 1206
Q2: What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
A2: Albigensian
Q3: What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
A3: Dominican nuns
Q4: Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery?
A4: too poor
Q5: How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
A5: two years
In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

Q1: What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?
A1: Rule of St. Augustine
Q2: In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?
A2: 1215
Q3: Who was the successor to Dominic?
A3: Jordan of Saxony
Q4: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?
A4: the "salvation of souls through preaching"
Q5: What were the Dominican Brothers?
A5: canons-regular
Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.

Q1: Dominic studied in what city?
A1: Palencia
Q2: Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?
A2: the Manicheans
Q3: What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?
A3: charity
Q4: In what city did Dominic establish a school?
A4: Paris
Q5: Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?
A5: Matthew of Paris
In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Q1: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
A1: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina
Q2: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
A2: Pope Honorius III
Q3: What was required of each new priory?
A3: its own studium conventuale
Q4: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
A4: June 5, 1222
Q5: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
A5: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum
The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

Q1: What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?
A1: England
Q2: What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?
A2: Oxford
Q3: What did the Dominican Order fight against?
A3: paganism
Q4: What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?
A4: Thomas Aquinas
Q5: Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?
A5: Pope Gregory IX
The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Q1: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
A1: German mysticism
Q2: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
A2: Germany and Italy
Q3: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
A3: St. Catherine of Siena
Q4: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
A4: the Netherlands
Q5: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
A5: Savonarola
At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.

Q1: What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?
A1: the Renaissance
Q2: What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?
A2: pagan tendencies
Q3: The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?
A3: Cologne
Q4: What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?
A4: Matteo Bandello
Q5: What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?
A5: Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo
During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

Q1: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?
A1: 500
Q2: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
A2: 4,472
Q3: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
A3: 6058
Q4: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?
A4: 2013
Q5: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
A5: 917