romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.

Q1: What was the original name of Mexico City?
A1: Tenochtitlan
Q2: Who originally built Mexico City?
A2: the Aztecs
Q3: When was the Federal District formed?
A3: 1824
Q4: Where was the city first built?
A4: on an island of Lake Texcoco
Q5: When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?
A5: 1585
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.

Q1: Why can't Mexico City become a state?
A1: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution
Q2: When did people become able to vote for representation?
A2: 1997
Q3: What political party controls the Mexico City legislature?
A3: Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)
Q4: What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?
A4: Federal District
Q5: How are officials elected to the legislature?
A5: popular vote
The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

Q1: What was the labor draft called?
A1: the desagüe
Q2: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?
A2: Indians
Q3: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?
A3: flooding
Q4: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?
A4: changed the habitat for fish and birds
Q5: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure?
A5: thousands
The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

Q1: What is a common nickname for Mexico City?
A1: The city of palaces
Q2: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?
A2: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes
Q3: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?
A3: the last half of the 18th century
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

Q1: When did Mexico gain independence?
A1: September 27, 1821
Q2: How long was the war?
A2: a decade
Q3: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called?
A3: The Battle of Guanajuato
Q4: What was the battle cry of the war?
A4: Grito
Q5: When did the war begin?
A5: September 16, 1810
The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.

Q1: Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?
A1: Winfield Scott
Q2: What war did America and Mexico fight in?
A2: Mexican–American War
Q3: When did the battle for Mexico City take place
A3: September 8 to September 15, 1847
Q4: What American divisions got into Mexico City?
A4: U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.

Q1: Who led the 4th division?
A1: John A. Quitman
Q2: What treaty was signed?
A2: Guadalupe Hidalgo
Q3: Who were the future confederate generals?
A3: George E. Pickett and James Longstreet
Q4: Who carried the castle?
A4: the 4th Division
Q5: When did the castle fall?
A5: on September 13
During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

Q1: When was most of the urbanization completed?
A1: by 1908
Q2: The extensive modernization started with what?
A2: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed
Q3: What was built during the modernization?
A3: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works
Q4: What famous street was built during this period of modernization?
A4: Reforma Avenue
Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

Q1: What was turned into a monument after the war?
A1: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall
Q2: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?
A2: Diaz
Q3: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed?
A3: the Mexican Revolution
Q4: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?
A4: Porfirian/French style
Q5: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?
A5: Colonia Roma
Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution.

Q1: Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?
A1: Plutarco Elias Calles
Q2: Where was Alvaro Obregon killed?
A2: in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel
Q3: When was Alvaro Obregon killed?
A3: 1928
Q4: Where were the Zapatist forces from?
A4: Morelos
Q5: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?
A5: Adolfo de la Huerta
In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.

Q1: How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?
A1: half
Q2: What did the countryside workers make to live in?
A2: shantytowns
Q3: What did the shantytowns create?
A3: serious air pollution
On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.

Q1: What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?
A1: Thursday
Q2: How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?
A2: 8.1 on the Richter scale
Q3: What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?
A3: September
Q4: Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?
A4: paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption
Q5: Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?
A5: ordinary citizens
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.

Q1: What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?
A1: 2,200
Q2: Where is Mexico City located?
A2: Valley of Mexico
Q3: How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?
A3: 5,000 metres (16,000 feet)
Q4: Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?
A4: no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides
Q5: How does the city prevent flooding?
A5: canals and tunnels
Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.

Q1: When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?
A1: 17th century
Q2: How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?
A2: none
Q3: How much has the city fallen?
A3: as much as nine metres (30 feet)
Q4: What does Mexico City rest on?
A4: Lake Texcoco
Q5: Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?
A5: southern boroughs
The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.

Q1: How much rain falls on Mexico City?
A1: 820 millimetres (32.3 in)
Q2: When is it warm, yet does not rain?
A2: March to May
Q3: When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?
A3: June to October
Q4: When is it coldest in Mexico City?
A4: November to February
Q5: What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?
A5: tropical winds
Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.

Q1: What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?
A1: destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan
Q2: Where does the lake still remain?
A2: municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico
Q3: Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?
A3: The Aztecs
Q4: What made up Lake Texcoco?
A4: a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes
Q5: Where is the lake located in Atenco?
A5: Federal District
By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

Q1: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?
A1: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits
Q2: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?
A2: 1992
Q3: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?
A3: Los Angeles
Q4: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution?
A4: 1990s
Q5: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?
A5: WHO
To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

Q1: What is the bus system called in Mexico City?
A1: Metrobús
Q2: What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?
A2: Ecobici
Q3: How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?
A3: two days
Q4: What pollutants does the city closely monitor?
A4: ozone and nitrogen oxides
Q5: How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?
A5: biannual
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.

Q1: What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?
A1: Querétaro
Q2: What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?
A2: Section XXVIII of Article 50
Q3: When was the federal constitution signed?
A3: October 4, 1824
Q4: What type of land is Mexico City?
A4: federal
Q5: Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?
A5: federal government
Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.

Q1: When was Mexico City declared the capital?
A1: November 18, 1824
Q2: How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?
A2: two leagues square (8,800 acres)
Q3: Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?
A3: Palace of the Inquisition
Q4: What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?
A4: Museum of Mexican Medicine
Q5: Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?
A5: Texcoco
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Q1: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
A1: twenty-two
Q2: What is the current area of Mexico City?
A2: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)
Q3: How large was Mexico City at its largest?
A3: 1,700 km2
Q4: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted?
A4: 1902
Q5: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
A5: Antonio López de Santa Anna