romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.

Q1: Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?
A1: insulin resistance
Q2: Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?
A2: lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia
Q3: Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?
A3: chronic inflammation
Q4: The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?
A4: insulin resistance
Q5: Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?
A5: prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2
The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).

Q1: Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?
A1: obesity
Q2: If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?
A2: type 2
Q3: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?
A3: marked insulin resistance
Q4: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?
A4: reverse insulin resistance
Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

Q1: Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?
A1: leptin
Q2: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?
A2: insulin/leptin resistance
Q3: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?
A3: insulin/leptin
Q4: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?
A4: satiety signals to the hypothalamus
Q5: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?
A5: reduce this signal
There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).

Q1: The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?
A1: to what extent
Q2: Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?
A2: high glycemic index
Q3: What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?
A3: metabolic syndrome epidemic
Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

Q1: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
A1: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts
Q2: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?
A2: water-drinking
Q3: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
A3: long-distance endurance
Q4: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?
A4: swelling of the brain
Q5: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
A5: osmosis
The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.

Q1: The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?
A1: sugar
Q2: What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?
A2: more than doubled
Q3: What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?
A3: 35
Q4: Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?
A4: quadrupled
Q5: What does the term LDL stand for?
A5: Low-density lipoprotein
Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

Q1: When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?
A1: two hundred years ago
Q2: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?
A2: keep foods fresh longer
Q3: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
A3: Cooling
Q4: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?
A4: last longer without becoming spoiled
Q5: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?
A5: heating
Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.

Q1: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?
A1: Modern separation techniques
Q2: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?
A2: nutritional content
Q3: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?
A3: reduced
Q4: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?
A4: enriched
Q5: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?
A5: trans fatty acids
A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Q1: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
A1: polished rice
Q2: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
A2: thiamine
Q3: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
A3: scurvy
Q4: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
A4: Pasteurisation
Q5: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
A5: vitamin C
As mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy, and as such it is influential in political decisions (e.g., nutritional recommendations, agricultural subsidising). In any known profit-driven economy, health considerations are hardly a priority; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend. In general, whole, fresh foods have a relatively short shelf-life and are less profitable to produce and sell than are more processed foods. Thus, the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive, but nutritionally superior, whole, fresh foods, and cheap, usually nutritionally inferior, processed foods. Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.

Q1: What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?
A1: widespread application of some modern food processing technologies
Q2: Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?
A2: nutritional recommendations
Q3: What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?
A3: effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life
Q4: The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?
A4: superior
Q5: Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?
A5: more convenient
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose", yet led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery."

Q1: What year did the Crimean War begin?
A1: 1853
Q2: What year did the Crimean War end?
A2: 1856
Q3: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?
A3: Ottoman Empire
Q4: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?
A4: The French
Q5: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?
A5: Russia
While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.

Q1: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
A1: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III
Q2: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
A2: Nicholas
Q3: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
A3: Britain
Q4: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
A4: Ottomans
Q5: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
A5: October
The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constanța there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible".

Q1: Where did the war begin?
A1: Balkans
Q2: Russian troops took over which provinces first?
A2: modern Romania
Q3: Who were the Ottomans led by?
A3: Omar Pasha
Q4: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?
A4: Sinop
Q5: Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?
A5: France and the UK
Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to horrible conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea and in the North Pacific.

Q1: Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?
A1: Black Sea
Q2: In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?
A2: 1854
Q3: The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?
A3: October
Q4: Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?
A4: Omar Pasha
Q5: The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?
A5: Sevastopol
Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415

Q1: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?
A1: eleven months
Q2: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?
A2: Russia
Q3: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
A3: Treaty of Paris
Q4: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A4: 30 March 1856
Q5: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?
A5: Orthodox church
The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.

Q1: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
A1: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs
Q2: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
A2: Florence Nightingale
Q3: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
A3: written reports and photographs
In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

Q1: In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?
A1: 1821
Q2: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?
A2: Sultan Mahmud II
Q3: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?
A3: 1826
Q4: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?
A4: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet
Q5: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?
A5: 1830
France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

Q1: In what year did France move into Alger?
A1: 1830
Q2: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?
A2: Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Q3: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?
A3: Egyptians
Q4: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?
A4: Russian
Q5: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?
A5: 10 000
In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Q1: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
A1: Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Q2: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
A2: Egyptians
Q3: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
A3: 1839
Q4: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London?
A4: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia
Q5: In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
A5: 1840