romikgosai/squad_modified_2 huggingface dataset:
The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

Q1: What affects the climate in Europe?
A1: The altitude and size of the range
Q2: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
A2: ibex
Q3: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
A3: Edelweiss
Q4: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era?
A4: Paleolithic era
A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.

Q1: How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?
A1: 5,000 years old
Q2: What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC?
A2: the Celtic La Tène culture
Q3: Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants?
A3: Hannibal
Q4: What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes?
A4: Napoleon
Q5: Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?
A5: Bavarian Alps
The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.

Q1: The alps is home to how many people?
A1: 14 million people
Q2: How many visitors go to the Alps annually?
A2: 120 million
Q3: What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region?
A3: tourist industry
The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Q1: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word?
A1: Alpes
Q2: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
A2: Maurus Servius Honoratus
Q3: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?
A3: Celtic languages
This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

Q1: There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?
A1: Indo-European origin
Q2: What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?
A2: Albania
Q3: Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?
A3: the eastern Caucasus
Q4: Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?
A4: Scotland
It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

Q1: What words are likely to have common origins?
A1: alb ("white") and albus
Q2: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?
A2: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.
Q3: Alb can also mean what?
A3: white
In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont, pic, dent and aiguille in French speaking regions; and monte, picco or cima in Italian speaking regions.

Q1: The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages?
A1: a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks
Q2: What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?
A2: An alp
Q3: Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?
A3: German speaking regions
Q4: Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?
A4: French speaking regions
The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues toward Vienna in Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and into Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the south border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Neuschwanstein, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.

Q1: What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?
A1: The Alps
Q2: What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?
A2: 2.5 km (1.6 mi)
Q3: How far does the Alps range stretch?
A3: the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland
Q4: Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?
A4: alpine territory
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

Q1: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?
A1: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley
Q2: Where are the peaks smaller in the range?
A2: the easterly portion
Q3: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?
A3: northern
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splügen Pass.

Q1: What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?
A1: The variances in nomenclature
Q2: Who came up with the general classification?
A2: geologist Stefan Schmid
Q3: Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?
A3: Splügen Pass
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

Q1: The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?
A1: Mont Blanc
Q2: How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?
A2: 4,810 m
Q3: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
A3: Piz Bernina
Q4: How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
A4: 4,049 metres
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

Q1: Where are the French Prealps located?
A1: France
Q2: What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?
A2: the Jura Mountains
Q3: What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?
A3: The secondary chain of the Alps
Q4: What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?
A4: the line of the main chain
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.

Q1: What have been crossed for war and commerce?
A1: The Alps
Q2: What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?
A2: hospices
Q3: Where were hospices established?
A3: the summits of many of the main passes
Q4: What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?
A4: Col de l'Iseran
Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile (1.6 km) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in the late 19th century the 14 km (9 mi) long Saint Gotthard Tunnel was built connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial road between Western Europe and Italy. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Road and Rail tunnel. At 2,756 m (9,042 ft), the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy is one of the highest of the Alpine passes; the road was built in the 1820s. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft).

Q1: What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
A1: the Brenner Pass
Q2: How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route?
A2: since the 14th century
Q3: The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation?
A3: 985 m (3,232 ft)
Q4: Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops?
A4: Napoleon Bonaparte
Q5: Where is the highest point in the alps located?
A5: col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)
Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

Q1: Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
A1: naturalists
Q2: When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains?
A3: theory of geosynclines
Q4: What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century?
A4: the theory of plate tectonics
The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia—a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.

Q1: When did the formation of the alps began?
A1: about 300 million years ago
Q2: What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?
A2: a single tectonic plate
Q3: When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?
A3: the Mesozoic Era
Q4: The Tethys sea developed during what period of time?
A4: Jurassic Period
Q5: The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time?
A5: the late Cretaceous Period
Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

Q1: What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure?
A1: marine sedimentary rocks
Q2: When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
A2: As the rising peaks underwent erosion
Q3: What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
A3: Coarse sediments
Q4: Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
A4: flysch
The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are subdivided by different lithology (rock composition) and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the center and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the Southern Alpine system.

Q1: What caused the development of the Jura Mountains?
A1: a late-stage orogeny
Q2: What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
A2: A series of tectonic events
Q3: What is another word for rock composition?
A3: lithology
Q4: What geological subdivision is located in the north?
A4: Helveticum
According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.

Q1: What is Stefan Schmid's profession?
A1: geologist
Q2: What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
A2: a metamorphic event
Q3: When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?
A3: the Cretaceous Period
Q4: The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?
A4: nappe formations
Q5: When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?
A5: Cretaceous
Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.

Q1: What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?
A1: Houillière zone
Q2: What are more common in the Western Alps?
A2: High "massifs"
Q3: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?
A3: Eastern Alps
In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.

Q1: Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?
A1: the structure of the Alps
Q2: What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure?
A2: continental Europe
Q3: Where are the top of the nappes derived from?
A3: the African plate
Q4: What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?
A4: The Matterhorn
The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonnais, and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock.

Q1: What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?
A1: folded and fractured
Q2: Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?
A2: layers of rock from the various orogenies
Q3: What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?
A3: steep vertical peaks
The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-thousanders" with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence.

Q1: What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?
A1: Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)
Q2: What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?
A2: subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives
Q3: The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?
A3: 500 m (1,640 ft)
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911.

Q1: When was Mont Blanc first climbed?
A1: 1786
Q2: When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?
A2: first half of the 19th century
Q3: When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?
A3: 1865
Q4: What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?
A4: the end of the golden age of alpinism
Q5: Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?
A5: Karl Blodig
The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger).

Q1: When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent?
A1: 1788
Q2: When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?
A2: 1819
Q3: When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks?
A3: the mid-1850s
Q4: What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?
A4: 1865
Q5: When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed?
A5: 1938
The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are found throughout much of the Alpine region such as cinnabar, amethyst, and quartz. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments.

Q1: What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years?
A1: minerals
Q2: What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?
A2: copper
Q3: What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?
A3: gold
Q4: What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?
A4: high-quality iron ore
Q5: The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?
A5: Slovenia
Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals.

Q1: How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?
A1: hundreds of years
Q2: When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: Who studied the shapes of crystals?
A3: Leonhard Euler
Q4: By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?
A4: crystal hunting
Q5: Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?
A5: David Friedrich Wiser
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.

Q1: Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?
A1: Miocene Epoch
Q2: What was the cause of the severe erosion?
A2: glaciation
Q3: Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?
A3: Louis Agassiz
Q4: What was Louis Agassiz also known as?
A4: the "father of the ice-age concept"